不同构型聚丙烯的玻璃化转变温度的分子模拟

应用分子力学和分子动力学的方法对3种不同构型聚丙烯高分子的玻璃化转变温度进行了模拟.用NPT(等温等压)分子动力学模拟获得聚丙烯(PP)在不同温度下的特征体积,通过对模拟得到的V-T做图,求得玻璃化转变温度,其结果与实验值吻合较好.并分析了聚丙烯主链柔顺性和立构规整度对高分子玻璃化转变的影响.     

杜仲胶玻璃化转变温度的分子模拟

对杜仲胶的玻璃化转变温度进行了分子动力学模拟。首先,计算了不同聚合度的反式聚异戊二烯的溶度参数,确定了合理的反式聚异戊二烯结构模型的聚合度为20;然后,用分子动力学模拟获得反式聚异戊二烯在不同温度下的比体积,通过对模拟得到的比体积-温度(V-T)作图,求得玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为210 K,采用差示扫描量热(DSC)法实测得到的Tg为203 K,两种结果在误差允许范围内基本一致,其模拟结果与实测值吻合得较好。     

对苯二甲酰氯与N-甲基吡咯烷酮反应机理以及对聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺聚合的影响

稳定合成高分子量聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺(PPTA)树脂是生产高性能芳纶纤维的基础.在PPTA聚合过程中,以单体对苯二甲酰氯(TPC)/N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)溶液与单体对苯二胺(PPD)/NMP溶液进行溶液缩聚反应是最理想高效的方式,但是因为TPC/NMP间未知的相互作用导致这种聚合方式难以实现.通过实验与计算模拟相结合的方式,利用红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振(1H NMR)、飞行时间质谱及示差扫描量热分析对TPC/NMP间的反应进行了分析,并通过分子模拟计算证明TPC与NMP会发生类似Vilsmeier-Haack反应,导致TPC上的酰氯基团失活,从而严重影响其聚合反应活性.最后,通过PPTA聚合实验验证了该结论的正确性.     

聚多联苯2,6-二甲酰对苯二胺的力学性能模拟

设计了一类线型聚多联苯2,6-二甲酰对苯二胺聚合物, 并对聚合物分子模型进行了计算机模拟, 通过分子力学和力学性质模块的计算得到了聚多联苯2,6-二甲酰对苯二胺的一些力学参数. 模拟结果表明, 聚多联苯2,6-二甲酰对苯二胺类型芳酰胺聚合物通过自组装可以呈现类倒插蜂窝结构排列, 除聚二联苯2,6-二甲酰对苯二胺和聚三联苯2,6-二甲酰对苯二胺以外, 该系列聚合物在xy平面内均具有负泊松比.     

共聚型全芳香聚酰胺的合成及其与聚酰亚胺的复合改性

以对苯二甲酰氯、间苯二甲酰氯和间苯二胺为单体,采用低温溶液缩聚的方法,合成了一系列共聚型全芳香聚酰胺。利用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、~1H NMR和傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)对所得聚合物的相对分子质量和结构进行了表征确认,并通过热重分析(TGA)、差示扫描量热(DSC)对所得聚合物的热稳定性和玻璃化转变温度进行了分析。结果显示,所得产物的相对分子质量超过10×10~4 g/mol,其共聚单体比例符合预期,玻璃化转变温度处于277～313℃范围内。此外,全芳香聚酰胺与聚酰亚胺共混改性的初步研究结果证实,共混可以显著提高聚酰亚胺材料的弯曲性能。     

含环氧基聚二甲基硅氧烷及其硫化过程的分子运动

采用扭辩分析法详细研究了含环氧基聚二甲基硅氧烷在１１０－２３０Ｋ范围内的的分子运动情况，讨论了氧基团对聚二甲基硅氧烷主链的玻璃化转变温度，次级转变温度、烷融温度及粘流浊国度等动态力学性能的影响。     

耐高温交联侧基苯乙炔封端酰亚胺预聚体

合成了含有苯乙炔基的二胺单体 3,5-二氨基-4'-苯乙炔苯甲酮(DPEB), 并与3,3',4,4'-联苯四酸二酐(s-BPDA)和1,4-双(4'-氨基苯氧基)-2-(苯基)苯(p-TPEQ)进行了缩聚反应, 以4-苯乙炔苯酐作为封端剂, 合成了交联侧基苯乙炔封端酰亚胺预聚体(n=4). DSC测试结果表明, 引入交联侧基后预聚体依然保持着较宽的加工窗口. 利用所合成的预聚体在370℃热压1 h制备了热固性薄膜. DMA测试结果表明, 引入交联侧基的预聚体树脂具有更高的玻璃化转变温度, 并且其储存模量在玻璃化转变后有很好的保持.     

DTA中升温速率及样品热导率对Tg测量值影响的模拟研究

就不同升温速率和实际样品的不同热导率对差热分析(DTA)中高分子材科的玻璃化转变曲线的影响进行了MonteCarlo模拟研究,发现当所有样品刚完成玻璃化转变时,在Tg曲线中该特征点要低于Tg的转变中点.转变中点所对应的样品温度肯定要高于实际的玻璃化转变温度.如果以玻璃化转变曲线的转变中点所对应的样品温度作为该材料的玻璃化转变温度,那么,升温速率越快、样品的热导率越小,所测得的玻璃化转变温度就越大,反之亦然.DTA测得的玻璃化转变温度与升温速率间有很好的线性依赖关系,但与样品热导率间的关系是非线性的.     

环氧丙烷聚醚三元醇/聚乳酸嵌段共聚物的合成与性能

以低不饱和度环氧丙烷聚醚三元醇与L型及DL型丙交酯为原料, 合成了不同单体物质的量比的聚醚与聚乳酸嵌段共聚物. 采用FTIR, 1H NMR, GPC对共聚物的结构进行了表征; 用DSC, DTA对共聚物的玻璃化转变温度、熔点及热分解温度进行了研究. 结果表明, 丙交酯在聚醚多元醇端羟基的引发下发生开环反应, 得到聚环氧丙烷L型乳酸(POLLA)或聚环氧丙烷DL型乳酸(PODLA)二嵌段共聚物. POLLA二嵌段共聚物具有结晶能力, 且随着L型聚乳酸链段的增长而增强. PODLA二嵌段共聚物为非晶态聚合物. 两种共聚物的玻璃化转变温度与共聚物的组成有关, 其值介于聚醚和聚乳酸玻璃化转变温度之间. 与聚醚三元醇相比, 二嵌段共聚物的耐热性得到提高, 其热分解温度提高了30～60 ℃, 约为235～262 ℃. 共聚物的结构和组成对材料的热降解机制有很大影响. PODLA在高温区发生热氧化降解.     

脂肪族聚酰胺热膨胀行为的研究

通过热膨胀测试,示差扫描量热分析(DSC)、广角X射线衍射(WAXD)与傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等方法研究了4种脂肪族聚酰胺玻璃化转变温度(Tg)、结晶行为以及氢键强度对热膨胀行为的影响,探索了影响脂肪族聚酰胺热膨胀的本质.DSC和X射线衍射结果表明,聚酰胺中结晶部分的热膨胀系数要低于无定形部分,但聚酰胺的熔融温度和结晶度对热膨胀的影响不够明确.相比较其它脂肪族聚酰胺,聚酰胺56(PA56)具有较高的玻璃化转变温度和较低的亚甲基/酰胺基(CH2/CONH)比例,表现出较低的热膨胀系数.研究发现,在相同条件下制备的脂肪族聚酰胺体系中,CH2/CONH比例或Tg与热膨胀系数具有明显的线性关系,随着CH2/CONH比例的降低或Tg的升高,热膨胀系数显著减小.FTIR的结果表明,聚酰胺分子链间的氢键密度和氢键强度随温度升高衰减的程度是影响其热膨胀行为的关键因素.     

Melting and glass transitions in paraffinic and naphthenic oils

Naphthenic and paraffinic oils were analyzed by modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). The results showed several improvements in the analysis of thermal properties when compared with standard DSC. The glass transition temperature (T_g), the enthalpy relaxation at T_g, and the melting endotherms could be deconvoluted, and reversible melting could be identified. This allowed for an easier interpretation of the thermal properties of the oils. With MDSC, the T_gs in mineral oils were found to coincide with endothermic enthalpy relaxation, which is generally regarded as a melting endotherm with standard DSC. A decrease in heat capacity after T_g was attributed to the existence of rigid amorphous material. From Δc_p at T_g and the oil molecular weight, the number of repeat units in the oil chains was estimated at less than 20. The T_g of a hypothetical pure aromatic oil was found to be similar to that for petroleum asphaltenes, and that for a naphthenic oil of infinite molecular weight to be similar to that of petroleum resins.     

Determination of the glass transition temperature of latex films: Comparison of various methods

The glass transition temperature (T_g) for two latices with different styrene/butadiene compositions was determined by the thermal SPM probe resonance frequency method. The results were compared with the T_g values obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA), process rheometer (PR) and thermo-mechanical analyzer (TMA) measurements. The T_g values detected by the thermal SPM method agreed well with the T_g values obtained by DSC and calculated by the Fox–Flory equation. DMA, on the other hand, showed a significantly higher T_g value for both latices than those obtained from theoretical calculations, the thermal SPM method and DSC. The T_g obtained from the PR curve was slightly higher for the latex with a low styrene content, whereas good agreement was obtained with the thermal SPM data for the latex with a high styrene content. The glass transition temperature determined by TMA agreed fairly well with the thermal SPM data for the latex with the low styrene content, whilst the value of T_g for the second latex was much less than those obtained by the other methods. The thermal SPM method detects changes in thermal behavior (thermal diffusivity, heat capacity) during heating of the latex films rather than changes in the mechanical properties. Information about the sample history could be seen in the thermal SPM curves, which was further associated with the degree of latex film formation, especially when the roughness of the films was taken into consideration.     

In situ determination of glass transition temperatures in thin polymer films

A method for determining the glass transition temperature T_g of waveguiding NLO-films is presented. This enables for the first time monitoring of the T_g of NLO-films on device substrates in situ. T_g is shown to follow from the temperature dependencies of the refractive index n(T) or the thickness d_f(T) of thin films.     

Consequences of the 'jacketed' effect on mesomorphic and orientational properties of 'side-on fixed' liquid crystalline polymers

The mesomorphic properties have been studied as a function of the degree of polymerization for certain 'side-on fixed' polyacrylates. A peculiar evolution of the clearing temperature, T_IN, as well as of the glass transition temperatures, T_g, revealed that beyond a certain backbone length, T_IN and T_g decrease as the main chain length increases. The nematic 'jacketed' structure of these polymers induces a more or less high anisotropy of the polymer backbone conformation in the nematic phase and this can counterbalance the usual effect of an increase in the degree of polymerization on the thermodynamical properties of these systems. This evolution allows us to explain the unusual diamagnetic anisotropy anomaly observed as a function of temperature for this type of polymer.     

Investigations of polarization profiles in sandwich cells containing a liquid crystalline polymer by using the heat wave method (LIMM)

The laser intensity modulation method (LIMM) was applied to the investigation of polarization distributions in sandwich cells of a side chain liquid crystalline polymer (LCP). The thermal poling procedure using a pulsating electric field was carried out for the nematic phase at 80°C. After cooling down the samples to room temperature T_R (i.e. below the glass transition temperature, T_g) a rather perfect alignment of the side chains could be obtained. Our first LIMM investigations at T_R show a nearly homogeneous polarization profile in the LCP layer.     

Photodegradation of aramids. I. Irradiation in the absence of oxygen

The photolysis reactions of a series of isomeric fully aromatic polyamides (aramids) have been investigated in the absence of oxygen by ultraviolet and luminescence spectroscopy. Several of the aramids were found to undergo photo-Fries rearrangements to give 2-aminobenzophenone backbone units when irradiated either as films, fibers, or dissolved in liquids. Quantum yields for this rearrangement were low, < 1 × 10^?6 mole/einstein, and increased with decreasing aramid glass transition temperature and increasing backbone mobility. The formation of gel, carbon monoxide, and a strong ESR signal were consistent with a free-radical mechanism for the rearrangement.     

聚酰亚胺玻璃化转变温度预测:基团贡献加和法与未知基团赋值

基团贡献加和法(GAP)假设聚合物性质来自于重复单元中各次级基团的贡献, 因此可以通过计算基团贡献值的加和值预测聚合物性质. van Krevelen建立了基团贡献加和法, 计算了数十种聚合物的性质, 包括常用的溶解度参数、 熔点和玻璃化转变温度(T_g)等参数. 聚酰亚胺是由二酐和二胺缩合反应得到的一类高性能聚合物, 其中T_g是决定聚酰亚胺使用温度范围的关键性质. 因此准确预测聚酰亚胺的T_g有助于优化和筛选单体分子结构. 本文首先利用van Krevelen提供的普适性基团贡献值计算了74种聚酰亚胺的T_g, 发现计算值与实验值具有较好的相关性(R²=0.88, s=21 K), 但存在系统误差, 如二者线性拟合斜率为0.78, 远偏离1. 由于普适性贡献值来自于不同聚合物的数据迭代, 对聚酰亚胺体系适用性较差, 必须对基团贡献值进行校正. 本文系统性地提高了刚性基团的贡献值, 同时降低了柔性基团的贡献值. 利用校正后的基团贡献值重新计算了T_g, 其与实验值具有更好的相关性(R²=0.88, s=18 K)和一致性(线性拟合斜率为0.94). 进一步使用上述校正后的已知基团贡献值对未知的7种二酐基团和6种二酐或二胺中的子基团进行赋值. 训练组(82个聚酰亚胺)和测试组(35个聚酰亚胺)数据验证了这13个基团贡献值的可靠性. 本文建立的基团贡献值校正方法和对未知基团的赋值法也可以推广应用于其它芳杂环类聚合物.     

Optical and dielectric properties of polyvinylchloride/polymethylmethacrylate blends

The optical and dielectric properties of prepared polyvinychloride/atactic polymethylmethacrylate (PVA/-PMMA) blends are studied as a function of applied field frequency and PMMA content. The observed optical energy gaps and the energy gap tails were determined from the measured absorption spectra. It was found that the applied frequency and the -PMMA concentration have some effects on the physical parameters such as the optical energy gap, the glass transition temperature (T_g), the dielectric constant, and the refractive index. Correlation between the determined optical energy gaps and the measured T_g is presented. The observed changes in these physical parameters are due to structural changes in the amorphous domains, impurities and space charge within the interfaces in the mixed phases.     

Preparation of silicon containing polymers. II.. Effect of structure on the thermal stability of organosilicon aramids

Two silicon-containing acid dichlorides, bis(4-chlorocarbonylphenyl)dimethylsilane and bis(4-chlorocarbonylphenyl)diphenylsilane, were synthesized and reacted with 1,3-phenylene diamine, 1,4-phenylene diamine, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether, and 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone in the preparation of 12 structurally different high molecular weight aromatic polyamides. A low-temperature interfacial polycondensation technique was used. Most of the polyamides formed tough, transparent, flexible films and were characterized by solubility, solution viscosity, infrared spectroscopy (IR), and glass transition temperature (T_g). The thermal behavior of these aramids was studied by dynamic thermogravimetry. The effect of diamine and acid dichloride structure on the aramids properties is also discussed.     

Aromatic polyamides. II. Thermal degradation of some aromatic polyamides and their model diamides

Thermal degradation behavior of poly(1,3-phenylene isophthalamide) and poly(chloro-2,4-phenylene isophthalamide) was investigated with the aid of some appropriate model compounds. The pyrolysis products of these materials were identified by gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (GC/FT-IR), and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The residual chars were characterized by IR spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was applied to study the effect of end-group concentration on the degradation characteristics of the two polyamides. Kinetic parameters that describe the thermal degradation of the polyamides were also evaluated by TGA. The results of this investigation suggest that the thermal decomposition of these aromatic polyamides involves homolytic as well as hydrolytic cleavages of the amide units.