第20届国际化学教育会议概况与评介

介绍了第20届国际化学教育会议的专题演讲、具体议题,重点分析了信息技术与化学课程整合、SATL和POGIL教学模式、ProBase案例教学等内容,对国内化学教育研究提供了借鉴。     

选准代表物质 开辟探究路径 培育核心素养——“卤代烃”的创新教学

在卤代烃的课堂教学实践中，选定1-溴丙烷为代表物，依据化学键理论并结合模型认知、实验探究等方式创新设计课堂教学，既规避和弥补按某些教材教学带来的尴尬与不足，又能突破教学难点（卤代烃消去反应原理），更能培育"宏观辨识与微观探析""证据推理与模型认知""科学探究与创新意识""科学态度与社会责任"等学科核心素养。     

项目教学法驱动研究生课程教学改革与实践——以“化工设计与过程优化”课程为例

以化工设计与过程优化课程为例，阐述了如何利用项目教学法设计教学内容、更新教学方法来培养研究生运用理论知识解决实际问题的能力，以"发现问题-分析问题-解决问题-总结经验"的教学理念为主线，展开了项目教学法的具体实施过程，形成了适合高校研究生课程的教学模式，着力培养了研究生的设计能力、实践能力以及创新能力。     

研究型教学的新方法——U型7步探究法

受私董会U型7步研讨法的启发，提出了可用于研究型教与学的一种新方法：U型7步探究法。"U型"即探究问题有一个先下沉寻找本质再使问题清晰的过程，躬问、探究等7步为具体操作流程，由教练引导，案主为主，全员受益。还以一次成功的运作实例对方法进行了详细说明。     

运用实验探究解决问题的高中化学课程研究——马耳他高中化学课程纲要述评

马耳他高中化学课程纲要在实验探究方面的设计具有鲜明特色，采用"课堂实验体系+基于问题解决的探究活动"建构高中化学课程。解析马耳他高中化学课程纲要，并着重分析其运用实验探究解决问题的基本思路。     

医用有机化学波谱分析绪论部分的教学研究

概述了问题导向式的研究型教学设计在医科院校"医用有机化学"课程中有机波谱分析章节的应用情况。该部分内容具有学生"难学" "难考" ，教师"难教"的教学特点。基于此，通过层层设问、循序解答的授课方式，结合丰富的应用示例，进行有机波谱分析核心概念（绪论）的理论教学。结果表明，该教学方法可有效提高学生学习兴趣，降低学习难度，使学生在有限的学时内掌握有机波谱分析的基础理论与核心概念，为后续识谱、解谱能力的培养夯实基础。     

以药物分子结构修饰为主题设计习题发展学生核心素养

以青蒿素、水杨酸、阿司匹林等药物分子结构修饰的发展史为素材设计了3组习题，分析了习题对促进学生"宏观辨识与微观探析""创新意识""模型认知""科学态度与社会责任"等化学核心素养发展的价值，论述了与素养达成目标相对应的关键能力的具体表现。     

基于化学学科核心素养的“铁盐和亚铁盐”教学设计

以"铁盐和亚铁盐"教学为例，从"暖宝宝"这一情境出发，创设了"暖宝宝使用前后发生了什么变化" "使用后暖宝宝中铁元素可能存在的价态是什么、如何验证" "如何回收利用暖宝宝中的铁元素"3个问题情境，通过引导学生积极开展探究学习和问题解决，培养学生"宏观辨识与微观探析" "证据推理与模型认知" "科学探究与创新意识""科学态度与社会责任"等化学学科核心素养。     

促进高中学生有机化学素养发展的复习课教学活动设计——以“合成高分子化合物”为例

在教学价值及学情分析的基础上，确定了学生有机化学素养发展在"合成高分子化合物"上的生长点。由滴眼液引入，围绕其主要成分设计问题情境，通过一系列的教学活动发展了学生对高分子化合物的合成方法及合成路线设计、高分子化合物的"链节"和"聚合度"等基本概念及高分子化合物的应用等的认识。     

高中化学教科书中概念定义类型的分析与思考——从高考争议试题谈起

2018年高考理科综合试卷（全国I卷）单项选择题第8题存在2个正确答案，引起了争议，其实质是对教科书中"酶"的概念界定的争议。借此契机，以人教版高中化学教科书为例，分析了教科书中化学概念定义类型及特点，发现教科书概念定义类型丰富，但对同一概念的定义类型较为单一，造成某些概念内涵或外延不清晰，这是引起此次争议的重要原因；其次从概念定义类型与课程主题内容关系的角度考虑，教科书中"酶"的概念实质上是介绍作为"酶"的一类蛋白质的功能和作用，而并非揭示酶的构成，因此也不能片面地判定教科书中"酶"的概念存在错误；最后为教科书概念表达和教师教学提供了建议。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Investigation of Kinetics of Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lithium Orthosilicate

The kinetics of the interaction between lithium carbonate and silica with various degrees of dispersion was investigated by TG and DTA methods. It was found that the utilization of pyrogenic silica with a specific surface area of about 300 m²g^-1 instead of aerosil with one of 175 m²g^-1 leads to an increase of the reaction rate between lithium carbonate and silica, which depends on the formation and growth of lithium orthosilicate crystals in the first stage, and is conditioned by the diffusion of lithium and oxygen ions through the lithium orthosilicate layer formed at temperatures above 800 K. This supposition is supported by the kinetic analysis results obtained with the use of the different models. The optimal regime of heating is recommended. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小环化合物中饱和碳质子化学位移的计算

小环化合物由于其张力、构型、构象和各向异性效应等原因,环碳上质子化学位移缺乏规律性,难以预测,对此作者曾提出一种近似算法。本文根据303种小环化合物中饱和碳质子的化学位移实验数据,将适于计算这类质子化学位移的公式表述为:     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

结合实际发展电化学科学─—武汉大学电化学研究室工作简介

结合实际发展电化学科学─—武汉大学电化学研究室工作简介查全性,陆君涛（武汉大学化学系电化学研究室,武汉４３００７２）在物理化学的众多分支学科中,电化学长期保持良好的发展势头。除了电化学所研究的体系（溶液、电极／溶液界面等）具有广泛的基础意义外,促使电...