层层自组装聚电解质膜光纤传感器的制备和应用

在过去几十年中,光纤的应用已经渗透到多个学科领域。光纤的抗电磁干扰、可远程监控、多重监测、体积小及质量轻等特点,使其在传感器研究领域备受关注。聚电解质层层自组装膜构建的光纤传感器自2000年诞生以来,已快速发展成为传感器领域新的研究热点。该类光纤传感器在微量物质的监测方面具有广泛的应用前景。本文从光纤和光纤传感器优点出发,总结了基于层层自组装多层膜的光纤传感器种类、性能、检测原理以及相应的光纤结构和自组装材料;进而结合作者已做的相关工作,论述了在光纤基底上的聚电解质层层自组装及基于自组装膜的光纤传感器的测试;重点综述了近十年层层自组装膜的光纤pH传感器、湿度传感器、气体传感器、生物传感器及其他类型的光纤传感器的制备与应用,并展望了今后聚电解质层层自组装多层膜光纤传感器的发展。     

聚电解质PDDA/PSS层层自组装膜的渗透汽化性能

采用聚电解质层层自组装(LbL)技术, 在不同盐浓度下制备了聚(二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵)/聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PDDA/PSS) 多层自组装膜, 并用于渗透汽化性能的研究. 重点考察了组装溶液中NaCl的浓度、组装层数及操作温度对自组装膜的异丙醇脱水性能的影响. 同时, 用扫描电镜观测了不同条件下制备膜的表面形貌. 结果表明, 在高NaCl含量的聚电解质溶液中只需组装几个双层的LbL膜, 即能获得较高的分离因子和较大的通量, 并解释了该LbL膜呈现反“trade-off”现象的原因.     

利用层层自组装技术制备聚电解质多层膜高效液相色谱固定相

以聚(乙烯-alt-马来酸)的苯乙胺衍生物与聚烯丙基胺盐酸盐为原料,通过层层自组装技术(LBL)在色谱硅胶表面交替沉积得到聚电解质多层膜高效液相色谱(HPLC)固定相;利用紫外光谱、红外光谱和元素分析研究了HPLC固定相的结构和组成.结果表明,聚电解质多层膜HPLC固定相被成功构筑在硅胶颗粒表面;制备的多层膜固定相可方便地用于6种芳香烃类及4种烷基苯类物质的分离分析.本文的研究结果说明LBL技术在制备HPLC固定相方面具有一定的应用价值.     

聚电解质层层自组装线性多层膜的电荷分区互补理论建立及膜内聚电解质离子化率

提出了聚电解质层层自组装线性多层膜的电荷分区互补理论,基于该理论建立了表面电荷密度、诱导电荷、聚电解质的吸附量和形态、膜内电荷存在形态之间的半经验数学模型。提出了计算膜内聚苯乙烯磺酸钠（PSSS）与聚烯丙基胺盐酸盐（PAH）的离子化率和电荷诱导效应的方法,讨论了处于最外层和次外层聚电解质的离子化率的不同及其与聚电解质强弱的关系。该方法比红外光谱法和光电子能谱法更简便,可用于研究所有聚电解质的离子化率。     

层层自组装聚电解质多层膜的制备及在膜分离中的应用

扼要论述了聚电解质自组装膜制备过程中电荷密度、驱动力及增长方式等对膜厚和膜结构影响的基本规律,着重介绍了近年来聚电解质自组装渗透气化膜和离子分离膜研究概况。对聚电解质自组装分离膜今后的研究工作提出了建议。     

层层自组装聚电解质多层膜的制备及在膜分离中的应用

扼要论述了聚电解质自组装膜制备过程中电荷密度、驱动力及增长方式等对膜厚和膜结构影响的基本规律,着重介绍了近年来聚电解质自组装渗透气化膜和离子分离膜研究概况。对聚电解质自组装分离膜今后的研究工作提出了建议。     

层层自组装聚电解质多层膜的制备及在膜分离中的应用

扼要论述了聚电解质自组装膜制备过程中电荷密度、驱动力及增长方式等对膜厚和膜结构影响的基本规律,着重介绍了近年来聚电解质自组装渗透气化膜和离子分离膜研究概况.对聚电解质自组装分离膜今后的研究工作提出了建议.     

层层自组装制备基于多壁碳纳米管的胆碱生物传感器

以经混酸处理的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)修饰铂(Pt)电极,在此基础上固定(PAA/PVS)3复合膜,采用层层自组装技术将高分子聚电解质PDDA与胆碱氧化酶交替组装在已修饰的电极上,构建了电流型胆碱生物传感器。实验结果表明,MWCNTs的引入使电极对H2O2的催化电流明显增大,制成的酶电极可以有效控制酶量的使用,酶膜组装层数为8时最优,对胆碱的线性响应范围为5×10-7～1×10-4mol/L;灵敏度为12.53μA/mmol;响应时间为7.60s;检出限为2×10-7mol/L(S/N=3)。传感器的抗干扰能力强,稳定性好,30d时的响应电流值仍保持最初的89.5%。3次平行实验的RSD为3.64%。     

含乳糖聚电解质靶向微胶囊的层层自组装构筑

设计合成了己二酸乳糖乙烯酯/对苯乙烯磺酸钠共聚物（PLESS）,通过层层自组装技术构筑聚烯丙基胺盐酸盐（PAH）与含乳糖聚电解质PLESS的靶向微胶囊。以紫外-可见吸收光谱监测了PAH与PLESS在平面的石英片进行层层自组装过程,研究了不同实验条件（聚电解质浓度、溶液盐度、盐种类）对PAH/PLESS多层膜自组装的影响;PAH与PLESS在球形碳酸钙微球模板上层层自组装,去除模板后得到层状结构的微胶囊,用透射电镜（TEM）等方法观察其形态形貌;通过花生凝集素识别考察其潜在靶向性;通过细胞MTT活性试验评价其生物相容性。     

酞菁铜衍生物与聚电解质的自组装

用原子力显微镜研究了阿利新蓝(Alcian Blue)和聚电解质自组装膜的表面形貌结构以探讨染料小分子的静电自组装途径。并通过将氯甲基酞菁小分子挂接在高分子链上，制备了一种高分子染料，然后和聚电解质组装成一种高分子复合物。     

Ion-selective Membranes Prepared Upon Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Azamacrocycles and Polyelectrolytes

Summary : Recent studies on ion transport across multilayered membranes of azamacrocycles and polyelectrolytes are reviewed. Membranes were built up on porous PAN/PET supports using electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly. Two types of separation membranes were prepared, type I consisting of protonated hexaazacyclooctadecane and polyvinylsulfate, and type II of hexaazacyclo-octadecane hexaacetic acid and protonated polyvinylamine. Ion transport was studied under dialysis, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis conditions. Type I membranes were suitable for efficient separation of mono- and divalent anions, whereas type II membranes were suited for separation of mono- from di- and trivalent cations.     

多酸层层自组装复合材料应用的研究进展

多金属氧酸盐(简称多酸)具有独特的分子结构、性质的多样性和可调性,其在磁学、光电化学、材料化学、催化和生物医学等领域均有着潜在的应用。 近年来,层层自组装技术被广泛用于多酸超薄膜组装,进一步拓展了多酸的应用范围。 本文主要介绍基于静电相互作用的层层自组装方法制备的多酸基功能性超薄膜复合材料(平面薄膜、中空微胶囊和微球)在光催化、电催化、光致变色、电致变色、磁学、气体传感和光电催化等领域的研究进展并对其进行了展望。     

Preparation and Research of Butylene Fipronil Microencapsulation by Layer-by-Layer Polyelectrolyte Self-Assembly

This paper introduced the preparation of butylene fipronil-loaded microcapsules with oppositely charged chitosan and sodium lignosulfonate as shell materials. It summed up the performance, preparation methods of microcapsules and sketched the application status of layer-by-layer self-assembly. The whole progress of the preparation was controlled by measuring the change of the Zeta potential and the morphology of microcapsules was characterized by microscope and SEM. Entrapment efficiency and slow release performance of the microcapsule were determined as measurement index. The results of experiment showed that the surface of the microcapsules was rougher than the butylene fipronil particles. With the increasing layer number of assembly, the entrapment efficiency reduced while the slow release performance increased. After encapsulation, the photodegradation rate of butylene fipronil under the UV decreased obviously. Results showed that the condition of preparation was the best when NaCl with the concentration of 0.5 mol/L and PH of 5.0.     

Functional Polyoxometalate Thin Films via Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly

Polyoxometalates (POMs) comprise a structurally diverse class of inorganic transition metal oxygen clusters which—owing to their unique electronic properties—hold promise for a host of technological applications such as electrochromic windows, sensors, or heterogeneous catalysts, prototypic examples of which will be briefly exemplified. The integration of POMs into functional architectures and devices, however, necessitates the development of general methods that allow positioning these clusters in well-defined supramolecular architectures, thin films, or mesophases. This short review highlights recent advances in the preparation of composite multilayers fabricated by electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly (ELSA) of POMs and a variety of water-soluble cationic species, including transition metal complexes, cationic surfactants, polycations and bipolar pyridine.     

层层自组装修饰磁性纳米粒子及蛋白质吸附研究

采用层层自组装技术将聚天冬胺酸和聚乙二胺修饰到磁性纳米粒子表面上, 并研究了修饰后的磁性纳米粒子的zeta电势变化和对蛋白质的吸附. 先通过化学共沉淀的方法获得了四氧化三铁磁性纳米粒子, 然后利用层层自组装的方法对纳米粒子进行了修饰. 用TEM表征了纳米粒子的尺寸. 用红外光谱表征了修饰过程中磁性纳米粒子表面组成的变化情况. 研究了修饰过程对磁性纳米粒子的zeta电势的影响. zeta电势的正负和大小与表面连接的分子的带电性质有关. 磁性纳米粒子的等电点接近中性. 聚天冬胺酸修饰的磁性纳米粒子的Zeta电势为负值. 在聚乙二胺溶液的pH＝11时获得的双层修饰的磁性粒子的等电点接近9, 并且等电点随聚乙二胺溶液的pH的减小而减小. 结果也表明在pH＝7.4时具有不同表面电荷的磁性纳米粒子通过静电作用选择性地吸附蛋白质.     

Electroviscous Effects in Ceramic Nanofiltration Membranes

Membrane permeability and salt rejection of a γ‐alumina nanofiltration membrane were studied and modeled for different salt solutions. Salt rejection was predicted by using the Donnan‐steric pore model, in which the extended Nernst–Planck equation was applied to predict ion transport through the pores. The solvent flux was modeled by using the Hagen–Poiseuille equation by introducing electroviscosity instead of bulk viscosity. γ‐Alumina particles were used for ζ‐potential measurements. The ζ‐potential measurements show that monovalent ions did not adsorb on the γ‐alumina surface, whereas divalent ions were highly adsorbed. Thus, for divalent ions, the model was modified, owing to pore shrinkage caused by ion adsorption. The ζ‐potential lowered the membrane permeability, especially for membranes with a pore radius lower than 3 nm, a ζ‐potential higher than 20 mV, and an ionic strength lower than 0.01 m . The rejection model showed that, for a pore radius lower than 3 nm and for solutions with ionic strengths lower than 0.01 m , there is an optimum ζ‐potential for rejection, because of the concurrent effects of electromigration and convection. Hence, the model can be used as a prediction tool to optimize membrane perm‐selectivity by designing a specific pore size and surface charge for application at specific ionic strengths and pH levels.     

糖响应性生物基聚电解质胶囊的制备与性能研究

选用功能单体3-氨基苯硼酸(APBA)和乳糖酸(LA)分别对聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)和壳寡糖(CS)接枝改性后制备聚谷氨酸-g-氨基苯硼酸(γ-PGA-g-APBA)及糖基化壳寡糖(GC); 以二氧化硅微球为模板, 通过γ-PGA-g-APBA和GC间的静电相互作用进行层层自组装, 再经脱除模板则可获得形貌规整可控的生物基胶囊. 通过红外光谱(FTIR)和核磁共振(¹H NMR)对聚合物化学结构、接枝率进行表征; 利用Zeta电位监测聚合物电解质层层自组装的进程, 并通过透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)观测胶囊的形貌. 同时考察了胶囊在不同温度、盐浓度、pH值及糖浓度下的刺激响应, 研究结果表明胶囊在一定的温度、盐浓度、pH值下能稳定存在; 低浓度葡萄糖刺激时胶囊形貌完整, 而高浓度葡萄糖刺激时, 胶囊溶胀直至结构与形貌破坏, 说明功能单体LA和APBA的引入可赋予胶囊具有葡萄糖响应性. 这种具有良好稳定性和葡萄糖响应性的生物基胶囊有望应用于糖尿病的诊断和治疗.     

层层自组装法制备碳纳米管/酶多层膜电极及其检测酚类物质

将十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）分散的碳纳米管(CNTs)和辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)通过层层组装方法构筑HRP多层膜酶电极,并将其用于酚类物质的分析检测研究。紫外-可见光谱表明,SDS分散的CNTs可与HRP均匀有效地组装构筑多层酶膜。电化学研究表明,CNTs的引入很好地提高了HRP电极的灵敏度;随着CNTs/HRP组装层数的增加,电极的电化学响应增加。研究结果表明该HRP电极对酚类物质（邻苯二酚、对苯二酚和苯酚）的分析检测具有宽的线性范围、好的灵敏度和抗干扰性。     

In Situ Growth and Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles within Polyelectrolyte Membranes

This study describes a novel approach for the in situ synthesis of metal oxide–polyelectrolyte nanocomposites formed via impregnation of hydrated polyelectrolyte films with binary water/alcohol solutions of metal salts and consecutive reactions that convert metal cations into oxide nanoparticles embedded within the polymer matrix. The method is demonstrated drawing on the example of Nafion membranes and a variety of metal oxides with an emphasis placed on zinc oxide. The in situ formation of nanoparticles is controlled by changing the solvent composition and conditions of synthesis that for the first time allows one to tailor not only the size, but also the nanoparticle shape, giving a preference to growth of a particular crystal facet. The high‐resolution TEM, SEM/EDX, UV‐vis and XRD studies confirmed the homogeneous distribution of crystalline nanoparticles of circa 4 nm and their aggregates of 10–20 nm. The produced nanocomposite films are flexible, mechanically robust and have a potential to be employed in sensing, optoelectronics and catalysis.