多层光纤布拉格光栅的理论与实验研究

从理论和实验两方面研究了在非周期性多层光纤上写入布拉格光栅的光学特性。从耦合模理论出发,讨论了光纤具有多于一个光敏层的情况。在实验室自制的两类多层光纤上写入光栅的实验也表明,该类光栅具备有一般光栅的普遍光学特性,说明在使用多层光纤作为关键部分构建器件时,需要的各类光栅部件能够通过直接在该类光纤上写入光栅实现。紫外光在氢载掺铒多层光纤上写入光栅的实验说明分层的异种元素掺杂将导致芯区应力增加,从而辅助提高光纤的光敏性。     

Optimization of near-field optical field of multi-layer dielectric gratings for pulse compressor

Multi-layer dielectric (MLD) gratings for pulse compressors in high-energy laser systems should provide high diffraction efficiency as well as high laser induced damage thresholds (LIDT). Nonuniform optical near-field distribution is one of the important factors to limit their damage resistant capabilities. Electric field distributions in the gratings and multi-layer film region are analyzed by using Fourier modal method. Optimization of peak electric field in the gratings ridge is performed with a merit function, including both diffraction efficiency and electric field enhancement when the top layer material is HfO₂ and SiO₂, respectively. A set of optimized gratings parameters is obtained for each structure, which reduce the peak electric field within the gratings ridge to being respective 1.39 and 1.84 times the value of incident light respectively. Finally, we also discuss the effects of gratings refractive index, gratings sidewall angle and incident angle on peak electric field in the gratings ridge.     

Plasmon resonances in deep nanogrooves of reflective metal gratings

Metallic gratings with very deep and narrow grooves are fabricated and their reflection spectra are characterized, which explicitly show high-order standing-wave-like resonances of surface plasmons in the cavity of nanogrooves. The effect of in-plane surface plasmon resonance is also observed, which is shown to have only a minor role on the reflection of such gratings, unlike that for shallow gratings. Using numerical simulations, the cavity resonances and their effects on the reflection of the gratings are identified and further analyzed. As field is more enhanced in the nanogrooves under cavity resonance conditions, the enhancement is also found to be dependent on the grating period, i.e. the strongest enhancement takes place for higher-order resonance modes for smaller grating period. For gratings with shallower grooves, comparable enhancement of field is also achievable by proper design of the grating period. The study suggests that field enhancement can be realized at selective wavelengths in a wide spectrum range using cavity resonances in the deep nanogrooves of metal gratings, and the position for field-enhancement can be tuned by the depth and period of the gratings.     

Fabrication of planar gratings by direct ablation using an ultrashort pulse laser in a common optical path configuration

Planar gratings have wide applications and to date, many methods for the fabrication of gratings have been reported. Ultrashort pulse lasers have been used for the machining of gratings primarily because they allow direct ablation and the manufacturing of sub-wavelength structures. In this paper, we present a novel direct ablation technique for the fabrication of planar gratings which makes use of the interference of ultrashort pulses in a common optical path configuration. This technique of grating fabrication not only simplifies the optical setup, but also immunizes the system to extraneous and inherent vibrations, thus enabling the manufacturing of planar gratings of good edge acuity. We have successfully fabricated planar gratings on a copper substrate. Received: 6 November 2001 / Accepted: 4 March 2002 / Published online: 10 September 2002 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +65/77-904-674, E-mail: mvenkata@ntu.edu.sg     

Diffraction from metallic gratings with locally varying profile forms

Measurements of the diffraction characteristics of one-dimensional surface-relief gratings of locally varying profile are compared with rigorous diffraction theory. These gratings result from the superposition of two linear sinusoidal gratings of uniform depth for which the relative phase between the two gratings varies slowly with position. The resultant surface profile exhibits a relatively large-period variation in profile form. The periodic variation in diffraction efficiency that results yields a visual moiré pattern that has interesting asymmetry and polarization properties that alter as the viewing conditions are changed; the gratings can be exploited by diffractive optically variable devices for document security.     

Efficient iterative technique for designing Bragg gratings

We present a new iterative method for designing Bragg gratings based on the Levenberg-Marquardt method of minimizing a chi-squared merit function. It is effective for designing both weak and strong gratings and is particularly well suited for unchirped gratings.     

Observation of type I and type II gratings behavior in polymer optical fiber

We report the first observation of type I and type II fiber grating behaviors in making polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings. Our observation reveals that there are two distinctive stages in the fabrication of polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings. Notably the two stages of grating formation correspond to low and high-index modulation gratings, which match well with those in silica fiber grating fabrication. Thus we refer them as type I and type II polymer fiber gratings, following the same nomenclatures for different types of silica fiber gratings. In addition, the characteristics and formation mechanism for type I and type II polymer fiber gratings are also examined.     

全息离子束刻蚀衍射光栅

全息离子束刻蚀衍射光栅集中了机械刻划光栅的高效率和全息光栅的无鬼线、低杂散光、高信噪比的优点．全息离子束刻蚀已作为常规工艺手段应用于真空紫外及软x射线衍射光栅的制作．文章对全息离子束刻蚀衍射光栅的制作方法、主要类型、研究现状和应用进行了综述．     

Analysis of optical propagation in thick holographic gratings

A method of analyzing optical propagation in thick holographic gratings by decomposition of the thick material into thin gratings is discussed. The method is readily applicable to study propagation in multiple gratings of arbitrary spatial frequency and orientation recorded in the same thick emulsion. Applied to the double grating case, the method predicts strong cross-coupling between the two gratings for proper relative slope of the gratings. Results are given.     

间隔叠合式双层亚波长光栅

提出了一种应用价值较高的防伪光栅结构-间隔叠合式双层亚波长光栅,可以展宽基本光栅的光谱峰值带宽、改善光谱线形和光变效果.分析了亚波长光栅光谱峰值带宽展宽和线形改善的原理,用矢量衍射理论验证了理论分析的合理性,并对特定防伪光变设计要求的双层光栅进行了参量优化和光变特性分析.结果表明,满足同相位条件的光谱线形与基本光栅相同,带宽为基本光栅的两倍;满足反相位条件的光谱线形为准矩形,带宽大于基本光栅;亚波长光栅在传统和非传统照明条件下倾斜均能产生彩色光变效果,且传统照明情况下的光变速率较大,利用这种光变速率差可以制作各向异性光变效果.     

Fabrication of long-period fiber gratings by focused irradiation of infrared femtosecond laser pulses

We have fabricated long-period fiber gratings by use of a novel technique using focused irradiation of infrared femtosecond laser pulses. We investigate the thermal stability of the fabricated fiber gratings. The values of the loss peak wavelength and the transmittance of the fiber gratings after heat treatment below 500 degrees C are the same as initial values before heat treatment. The fiber gratings that were fabricated by this technique have a high resistance to thermal decay. We propose that this technique will be useful for fabrication of fiber gratings with a superior aging characteristic.     

Bragg grating fabrication in germanosilicate fibers by use of near-UV light: a new pathway for refractive-index changes

Using 334-nm light, we demonstrate side writing of Bragg gratings with an index change of ~10(-4) in germanium-doped fibers. No hydrogen loading of the fibers was required. These gratings have the same temperature stability as gratings fabricated with 240-nm light. Our results suggest that photoionization is not needed for formation of gratings in Ge-doped glass. We observe an enhancement of the 334-nm photosensitivity in boron-codoped fibers and suggest that B facilitates a structural transformation of the glass.     

Thin and thick diffraction gratings: Thin matrix decomposition method

A brief review of the properties of transmission diffraction gratings is presented. Two types of gratings will be analyzed: thin and volume gratings explaining how the efficiency of the different orders that propagate inside the gratings can be calculated in both cases. For thin diffraction gratings the so-called amplitude transmittance method is applied in order to get the amplitude of the different orders, whereas in the case of volume gratings more complex methods are needed, such as Coupled Wave or modal theories. We will comment on the thin matrix decomposition method (TMDM), firstly proposed by Alferness, which gives a very intuitive approach and connects the properties of thin gratings to the properties of volume ones. The thin matrix decomposition method consists in dividing the volume grating in a number of thin gratings and applying the amplitude transmittance method to each thin grating. In this way the output of a grating will be considered as the input of the next and any individual grating can be treated by the amplitude transmittance method. The novelty of this work is that a comparison is made between the analytical expressions obtained by Alferness using the TMDM with the numerical results obtained using the coupled wave (CW) and rigorous coupled wave (RCW) theories for the efficiencies of the zero, first and second order when a plane wave incides onto a sinusoidal diffracion grating at the second on-Bragg replay angular condition.     

Dependence of temperature and strain coefficients on fiber grating type and its application to simultaneous temperature and strain measurement

We report an investigation of the dependence of the temperature and strain coefficients on the grating type for fiber Bragg gratings that are UV inscribed in B/Ge-codoped fiber with and without hydrogenation. The results reveal that all types of grating exhibit similar strain sensitivities but markedly different temperature sensitivities, greater for gratings inscribed in hydrogen-free rather than hydrogenated fiber and substantially less in type IA gratings than all others. The sensitivity characteristics of these gratings have been used to implement a new type of dual-grating sensor for simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain that has properties superior to those of previously reported structures.     

Producing binary diffraction gratings in the double-diffraction system

In this paper, a method — based on the diffraction of light — for producing binary diffraction gratings is presented. It is shown that using two master gratings of the Ronchi type and utilizing the results of the double diffraction system it is possible to produce binary gratings with an arbitrary opening ratio. The results have been extended for a two-dimensional case and it is shown that producing binary grid gratings with arbitrary opening ratios in both x and y directions is also possible.     

三角形大带宽反射光谱光纤光栅的设计和制备

反射谱具有三角形形状的光纤光栅在光纤传感等领域中具有重要的应用前景。利用遗传算法设计出了产生三角形光谱分布的光纤光栅的耦合系数沿光纤的分布。计算表明,三角形光谱光纤光栅是可以实现的,其反射带宽可以通过光栅的啁啾量进行调节,常周期的三角光栅反射带宽小,变周期的三角光栅反射带宽大,其带宽同其啁啾量大致相等。实验中,采用光束扫描法制备了反射底宽为0．77nm三角形光谱的光纤光栅。     

Analysis and design of grating couplers

Based on an accurate perturbation analysis of the guiding properties of dielectric gratings, simple design criteria are developed for grating couplers which transfer the energy of a beam into or out of an optical waveguide. Gratings having arbitrary groove shapes are considered and explicit formulae are given for the leakage parameters of gratings with symmetric profiles. The results cover TE_v and TM_v modes and they apply to both shallow and deep grating grooves. The variation of the leakage parameter α in rectangular gratings is examined in detail; these rectangular gratings are then used as basic configurations for predicting the characteristics of other grating profiles. Particular attention is given to trapezoidal and triangular profiles and gratings with asymmetric profiles are also discussed.     

Spectral polarization-dependent loss of cascaded long-period fiber gratings

We have measured the spectral polarization-dependent losses of cascaded long-period fiber gratings composed of single, double, and triple identical gratings and fabricated by exposure of a UV laser beam on one side of a fiber. The measurement was made by use of the Mueller matrix method for scanning the wavelength of the incident beam. The polarization-dependent loss was dramatically increased as the number of cascaded gratings was increased. The formation of the UV-induced geometric birefringence in the fiber grating and its relationship to the fine interference fringes formed by cascading gratings are discussed.     

多波长啁啾叠栅的矩阵分析

在分析多波长啁啾叠栅特征的基础上,提出了多波长啁啾叠栅的矩阵分析模型,采用矩阵分析模型对4波长和8波长啁啾叠栅的反射谱特性进行了理论分析,数值分析结果与实验结果非常一致.还首次数值模拟了波长间隔0.8 nm的16波长啁啾叠栅.此方法对多波长啁啾叠栅的设计和制作具有参考价值.     

Characterization of thermal (in)stability and temperature-dependence of type-I and type-IIA Bragg gratings written in B-Ge co-doped fiber

The temperature-dependence and the thermal stability of UV-exposed type-I and type-IIA fiber Bragg gratings written in boron-germanium co-doped silica fiber were examined, in terms of their refractive-index modulations and the change in the Bragg wavelengths. The decay in the reflectivity of the gratings with time at different temperatures was studied and modelled according to a power-law and a master aging curve approach. The distribution of the activation energy, for these types of gratings, was evaluated to describe their thermal stability and then the comparison of their stabilities has been made. Temperature-induced reversible and irreversible changes in the grating characteristics were observed. The temperature-induced reversible spectral characteristics of type-I and type-IIA gratings were found to be different in nature. All these results were discussed within the framework of the current theoretical approaches for predicting the stability and operational lifetime of these types of gratings.