固相力化学方法回收利用废弃聚丙烯/废旧电路板的研究

采用固相力化学技术制备废旧电路板非金属材料(WPCB)改性粉体,填充废弃聚丙烯(PP),制备了高性能废旧PP/WPCB复合材料,研究了固相剪切对WPCB粒度、粒度分布以及PP/WPCB复合材料结构、流变性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,磨盘碾磨使WPCB粉体体积粒径由282.4μm降到63.5μm,比表面积由0.06m2/g提高到0.14m2/g,粒度分布明显变窄,玻纤与环氧树脂剥离效果明显。固相力化学方法制备WPCB粉体填充废旧PP后,其分散大幅改善,加工性能明显优于未碾磨体系,复合材料力学性能优于纯PP和未经固相力化学处理的PP/WPCB复合材料,相对于纯PP拉伸强度提高14.6%,弯曲模量提高82.5%,缺口冲击强度提高11.2%。得到的材料表面色泽均一、成本低廉,具有良好工业化前景。     

磨盘碾磨制备PP/石墨复合粉末的研究

通过磨盘碾磨制备了PP 石墨复合粉末 ,用粒度分析、SEM和XRD表征了复合粉末的形貌特征、结构与性能 .结果表明 ,磨盘碾磨实现了PP与石墨的粉碎、分散和混合 ,经过 2 5遍碾磨 ,石墨与PP已互相嵌入 ,均匀分散 ;PP 石墨复合粉末具有不规则薄片状形貌特征 ;XRD表明 ,磨盘碾磨使PP和石墨的结晶度降低 ,晶面间距增大 ,晶粒尺寸减小 .PP 石墨复合粉末与聚丙烯共混复合可制备出具有良好抗静电性能的复合材料 .     

超细聚酰胺6粒子增韧聚丙烯体系的研究

采用磨盘形力化学反应器室温下制备了聚丙烯 (PP) /聚酰胺 6 (PA6 )超细粉体 ,研究了其粒度、粒度分布及PA6超细粒子填充对PP力学性能的影响 .结果表明 ,磨盘形力化学反应器可有效实现PP/PA6的粉碎 ,所得粉体平均粒径达微米级 ,初级粒子尺寸甚至可达纳米级 ,粒度分布呈双峰分布状态 .在PA6和PP熔点之间的温度下加工可制得PA6超细粒于填充的PP/PA6共混体系 ,其力学性能明显好于PP/PA6简单共混体系 ,30 %PA6用量下 ,拉伸强度由 2 3 .2MPa提高至 2 9 3MPa ,Izod缺口冲击强度由 4.6 2kJ/m2 提高到6 .34kJ/m2 .形貌分析结果表明 ,由于基本保持了PA6超细粉体的原始尺寸 ,填充体系中PA6相区尺寸小、分布均匀 ,与使用增容剂得到的相区结构类似 .     

固相力化学改性高聚物的方法研究

在固相应力作用下高聚物分子结构可被削弱或破坏,化学键可能发生畸变或断裂。固相力化学改性高聚物是研究各种高聚物因机械力影响而发生化学或物理化学变化的方法。由于该方法具有适用性广、产品纯净、操作方便、效率高、简便、节能、无污染等优点而成为高聚物改性的重要方法之一。本文系统综述了高聚物的固相剪切粉碎、固相磨盘型碾磨粉碎、高能...     

磨盘碾磨力场作用下聚丙烯/石墨体系中聚丙烯晶态结构的变化

通过磨盘碾磨制备了PP 石墨复合粉末 .用FT IR ,XRD和DSC表征了磨盘剪切力场作用下 ,PP 石墨体系中 ,聚丙烯结构与性能的变化 .结果表明 ,磨盘碾磨使PP有序结构破坏 ,分子链断裂并与石墨的表面官能团之间发生了固相力化学反应 ,导致其结晶度降低 (由 5 7 2 %降低到 2 6 4%) ,晶面间距增大 ( ( 0 1 0 )面由 0 62 3nm增加到 0 63 2nnm) ,晶粒尺寸减小 (由 1 2 83nm减小到 6 48nm) ,这些变化 ,在热压成型的非等温过程中部分得到恢复 ,且α 晶的 ( 0 40 )面生长有择优性 ,其XRD强度大大超过 ( 0 1 0 )面 ,微晶尺寸更大 .同时发现 ,在PP 石墨复合粉末和复合材料中 ,α 单斜晶部分地转化为γ 三斜晶 ,在PP 石墨复合材料中 ,γ 三斜晶占 3 4 8%.     

球形聚丙烯粒子固相接枝苯乙烯的研究

用负载型高效球形催化剂催化丙烯本体聚合获得了孔隙率较高的球形聚丙烯 (PP)粒子 .研究了苯乙烯在这种球形多孔PP粒子中的接枝聚合反应 ,考察了各种聚合条件对接枝率及接枝效率的影响 ,并用FTIR、DSC、GPC、粘度测定及偏光显微镜 (PLM)等方法表征了接枝聚合产物的结构和形态 .研究表明 ,球形PP粒子固相接枝苯乙烯不仅可达较高接枝率 (最高达 2 4 % )和接枝效率 (最高达 5 6 7% ) ,PS相区尺寸小、分布均匀 ,而且产物为形态规则的球形颗粒 ,有利于防止聚合物结块和粘壁 .但PP接枝PS后分子量有所下降 ,表明PP接枝PS的同时伴随着轻微的降解     

磨盘形力化学反应器及其在高分子材料制备中的应用

介绍了自行设计制造的可用于聚合物及填料的粉碎、混合及力化学反应的磨盘形力化学反应器的特点,研究了聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯及二氧化钛等在磨盘碾磨过程中结构性能的变化,讨论了磨盘形力化学反应器在高分子材料制备中的应用前景.     

磨盘碾磨制备PA6/PP/SBS共混物的结构与性能

采用磨盘形力化学反应器,在室温下制备了PA6/PP超细混合粉体,与SBS共混制得PA6/PP/SBS共混物,测定了材料的力学性能并用TEM研究了材料在不同加工温度下相结构的变化.结果表明,通过固相力化学粉碎制备的PA6/PP混合微粉,改善了PA6与PP和SBS的相容性,促进了PA6及PP的分散和与SBS的相界面结合.在微粉填充量为4%～8%(质量分数)时,材料的拉伸强度大幅度提高,扯断伸长率保持不变.加工温度变化引起材料相结构的变化对材料性能产生显著影响.在PP熔融温度下加工,PP粒子产生粘连形成链状结构,可提高材料的力学性能.     

双单体固相共聚改性聚丙烯技术及其机理研究

在马来酸酐(MAH)固相接枝改性聚丙烯(PP)的过程中加入合适比例的异氰脲酸三烯丙酯(TAIC)作为共聚单体,可以大大提高MAH在PP上的接枝率,同时可以有效抑制在普通固相接枝过程中PP的严重降解,得到了性能较好的高极性PP.与普通固相接枝法与熔体接枝法对比,双单体固相共聚接枝改性PP是一种得到高极性PP的有效方法.本文同时对双单体在固相接枝反应中的作用机理进行了探讨.     

PP固相接枝改性研究进展

聚丙烯(PP)是一种具有优异性能且价格低廉的通用高分子材料,但由于聚丙烯为非极性聚合物,其染色性、亲水性、粘结性等均较差,且与其它材料的相容性也很差,这些缺点限制了聚丙烯的应用。通过固相接枝法改性聚丙烯,不仅可以在保持聚丙烯原有优异性能的情况下引入极性官能团,而且具有低温、低压、低成本、较高的接枝率和无需溶剂回收等优点。本文简要介绍了PP固相接枝反应机理,从接枝单体角度综述了近几年PP固相接枝改性的研究进展,并讨论了反应工艺对接枝产物的接枝率、接枝效率和性能的影响。     

Characterization of fractal particles using acoustics, electroacoustics, light scattering, image analysis, and conductivity

Fractals are aggregates of primary particles organized with a certain symmetry defined essentially by one parameter-a fractal dimension. We have developed a model for the interpretation of acoustic data with respect to particle structure in aggregated fractal particles. We apply this model to the characterization of various properties of a fumed silica, being but one example of a fractal structure. Importantly, our model assumes that there is no liquid flow within the aggregates (no advection). For fractal dimensions of less than 2.5, we find that the size and density of aggregates, computed from the measured acoustic attenuation spectra, are quite independent of the assumed fractal dimension. This aggregate size agrees well with light-scattering measurements. We applied this model to the interpretation of electroacoustic data as well. A combination of electroacoustic and conductivity measurements yields sufficient data for comparing the fractal model of the particle organization with a simple model of the separate primary particles. Conductivity measurements provide information on particle surface conductivity reflected in terms of the Dukhin number (Du). Supporting information for the zeta potential and Du can also be provided by electroacoustic measurements assuming thin double-layer theory. In comparing values of Du from these two measurements, we find that the model of separate solid particles provides much more consistent results than a fractal model with zero advection. To explain this, we first need to explain an apparent contradiction in the acoustic and electroacoustic data for porous particles. Although not important for interpreting acoustic data, advection within the aggregate does turn out to be essential for interpreting electrokinetic and electroacoustic phenomena in dispersions of porous particles.     

EFFECT OF PAN-MILLING ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE*

The effect of pan-milling on the rheological properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE) was studied. Aninnovative milling apparatus, viz. an inlaid pan-mill, was used. Melt indexer, capillary rheometer, Haake Rheocord 90 single-screw extruder and Brabender rheometer were used to evaluate the rheologieal properties of HDPE. HDPE with higher initialmolecular weight and larger particle size was easier to degrade under pan-milling stress, as indicated by the melt index.Pressure oscillation in capillary flow occurred at significantly higher shear stress and shear rate for milled HDPE than forunmilled HDPE. The apparent shear viscosity of HDPE decreased with increasing times of milling. After milling, the flowactivation energy decreased and thus the sensitivity of viscosity to temperature was reduced. Die pressure and torque duringsingle screw extrusion were reduced significantly after milling. Plasticizing time as measured in a Brabander mixer decreasedmarkedly with increasing milling times.     

Characterization of the Microstructure Changes of Polypropylene Induced by Pan—milling

1 INTRUDUCTION Mechanochemistry is an interdisciplinary science based on chemistry and mechanics, related to the changes of structure, properties of matters and the preparation of new materials induced by external mechanical actions, such as attrition, milling, grinding, pulverization, impact etc. Mechanochemical process, such as high-energy ball milling and mechanical alloying, has become a popular method to make nanocrystalline materials and find their wide applications to numerous clas…     

甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯/苯乙烯固相接枝聚丙烯

以苯乙烯(St)为共单体，过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)为引发剂，采用固相接枝反应将甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)接枝到聚丙烯(PP)大分子链上。研究了反应时间、单体用量、引发剂用量等因素对接枝率的影响。采用凝胶渗透色谱(GPE)测定了PP和接枝物PP-g-(GMA-St)的分子量和分子量分布。结果 表明固相接枝PP反应条件为[GMA／[St]=2，反应3．5h，加入GMA 10份，BPO 5份。St的加入有助于GMA与PP的接枝，同时在一定程度上抑制了PP的降解。     

Numerical computations of molecular reactions in associated systems caused by the formation of fractal structures

The interaction between particles in a system containing fractal clusters has been computationally simulated. The fractal structure of the system has been demonstrated to determine the kinetic characteristics of particle interaction. If a system in an N-dimensional space (N = 2, 3, 4) contains fractal clusters with the fractal dimension D > N-1, the rate of interaction of a free particle with particles belonging to clusters depends on their concentration according to the power law. The exponent gamma of this power law formally corresponds to the kinetic order of the reaction with respect to the concentration of particles belonging to the clusters. Its value is determined by the free surface of the clusters and depends on its fractal dimension D. The results of simulation qualitatively agree with the data on high, non-integral orders of many liquid phase molecular reactions characterized by self-organization of the medium via weak intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonds.     

The influence of nano‐PS particle on structure evolution and electrical properties of PP/PS

The polypropylene‐g‐polystyrene (PP‐g‐PS) copolymers with different grafting ratios are used as compatibilizers to control the size of polystyrene (PS) particles at nanometer scale in polypropylene (PP) matrix. Then the PP/PS insulating nanocomposites (containing 10 wt % PS calculated from PS and PP‐g‐PS) are manufactured. With the increase in grafting ratio of PP‐g‐PS, the size of PS particle is reduced and the interfacial adhesion is enhanced. Meanwhile, the dielectric properties, DC breakdown strength and volume resistivity are increased with the decreasing of PS particle size. The spherulite size of PP is decreased and the boundary between crystals and amorphous regions is blurred or even disappears due to the presence of PS nanoparticles. This evolution of PP structure is attributed to the serious entanglements of PP and PS molecular chains. Finally, the correlation between morphological structure and electrical properties is ultimately established based on the in‐depth understanding of the molecular chain movement, crystal structure, and phase morphology. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018 , 56, 706–717     

Formation of fractal porous silica by hydrolysis of TEOS in a bicontinuous microemulsion

Mesoporous silica particles have been prepared by hydrolysis of TEOS (Si(OC₂H₅)₄) in bicontinuous microemulsions containing polyoxyethylene (POE) dodecylether, isooctane and water. TEOS was dissolved in a continuous water phase and hydrolyzed by the dispersed water at around the phase inversion temperature (60°C). Undulating solid materials with layered mesostructures were produced from middle-phase microemulsions in the three phase region (o/w=0.2–0.7). On the other hand, the solids obtained from the lower aqueous phase in the three phase region were found to have a heterogeneous disordered structure. Measurements of the fractal dimensions were performed in the macropore region using a box-counting method for the outline of the SEM texture. We found that the macropore size distribution in the particles prepared from the middle-phase microemulsion follows the fractal rule with a dimension of 1.7. From the results of nitrogen adsorption/desorption curves on the silica, a steep increase in the adsorption amounts was observed at a relative pressure below 0.2, and adsorption/desorption hysteresis was also observed at a relative pressure between 0.3 and 0.5. These studies suggest that the silica synthesized in the bicontinuous microemulsion mesostructure has a very broad size range from micro to macropores with a fractal distribution.     

Numerical simulation and experimental verification of particle coagulation dynamics for a pulsed input

Mathematical simulation of particle coagulation dynamics was carried out using improved sectional modeling techniques for a system with a pulsed input of primary particles. The methodological improvement included the modification of the size density function based on a realistic assumption of particle size distributions, the application of a new and comprehensive curvilinear collision model, and special adjustment for the mass transfer of a doublet of particles that were very different in size. The simulation results demonstrated that the rectilinear model over-predicted the rate of particle coagulation and that the degree of over-prediction increased as the particles increased in size and the system became more heterogeneous. The coagulation rate increased remarkably as the fractal dimension of the particle aggregates decreased. The curvilinear model and the fractal scaling relationship in place of the rectilinear model and the Euclidean sizing geometry are two important modifications to the conventional Smoluchowski modeling approach. However, both modifications, rather than only one of them, should be applied together to produce more accurate and realistic simulations of coagulation dynamics. As indicated by the simulation, the importance of fluid shear rate to particle coagulation is reduced according to the curvilinear model compared to that previously described with the rectilinear model. As particles increased in size, the role of shear rate in coagulation became even less significant according to the curvilinear view of particle collisions. The results of numerical simulations in terms of the evolution of particle size distributions compared reasonably well with the observations of the jar-test coagulation experiments, which suggested the applicability of the modeling system, including the modified curvilinear-fractal approach, established in the present study.