凝视热成像系统的三角方向鉴别阈值曲线预测

为有效评价凝视成像系统的性能,依据凝视红外成像系统对红外辐射信号的转换机理,建立了凝视红外成像系统信号响应模型;利用线性系统理论和采样理论对成像系统的传递甬数进行了分析建模;借助于三维噪声模型表征了系统的噪声特性。以成像系统建模为基础,模拟生成不同尺寸、不同辐射温差的等边三角形方位靶标图像;针对不同刺激强度的三角形靶标仿真图像,统计观察者对靶标方向正确鉴别的概率,引入视觉心理测量函数——韦布尔（Weihull）函数拟合观察者鉴别概率数据,实现了三角方向鉴别阈值（TOD）曲线的预测。与实际测量结果进行比较,显示了此方法预测三角方向鉴别阈值曲线的合理性。     

热像仪空间NETD测量技术

凝视阵列型热像仪的空间噪声制约着热像仪对远距离目标的探测、分辨、跟踪性能。为解决热像仪空间噪声实际测量问题,分析了热像仪的空间噪声测量原理,给出了热像仪基于信号传递函数的空间噪声测量数学模型,介绍了热像仪某一组、某一区域或全部像素如何剔除时间域NETD,再通过统计计算得到其空间NETD的数学模型。对制冷型MCT320256凝视列阵热像仪的SiTF和空间NETD进行测量,当背景黑体温度为5 ℃时,FOV区域中心信号传递函数（SiTF）为27.29 mV/℃,NETD为0.128 ℃,20 ℃时FOV区域中心SiTF为29.03 ℃,NETD为0.121 ℃。测量结果表明:该方法可评估空间噪声对热像仪性能的影响。     

Field Performance Prediction Method Based On Contrast Metric Of Target Sub Regions

The field performance prediction of infrared imaging system is an important subject in infrared imaging field. In this paper, a novel method for predicting TA (target acquisition) performance is proposed, which combines the TOD (triangle orientation discrimination) threshold curve with an improved contrast metric based on the temperature in target sub regions. Specifically, the target is first subdivided into some sub regions with different target/background differential temperatures according to its thermal structure distribution. The number of equivalent triangle patterns across each sub region is calculated utilizing its effective size, the apparent temperature difference line, and the TOD curve. Further, the total number of equivalent triangle patterns over the integral target is achieved. Combining the TOD criteria, the target acquisition ranges for different discrimination (detection, recognition, and identification) levels are obtained by solving a set of equations. Comparisons with the preliminary experimental results show that this new TA approach can provide reasonable prediction of field performance. Foundation Item: The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 60477038).     

用于三角方向鉴别测量的客观判别模型

为减小人为因素对三角方向鉴别测量的影响,有效提高测量效率,研究了以机器视觉系统替代观察者进行三角方向鉴别测量的途径,建立了一种专门针对三角方向鉴别测量的客观判别模型。该模型以人眼视觉系统对信号的处理过程以及人眼视觉系统的主要效应为基础,利用方向通道滤波器实现图像信号分解,通过计算视觉特征矢量相关度,实现三角形靶标方向的判别。结合凝视型成像系统虚拟样机提供的三角形靶标,进行了客观判别模型与观察者的判别性能对比实验,并给出三组不同靶标尺寸下的对比实验结果。实验结果表明,客观判别模型很好地预测了观察者的判别性能。     

扫描型红外成像系统仿真及TOD曲线预测方法研究

针对实际三角形方向鉴别（TOD）阈值温差测试的数据量大、时间长,以及测试结果常具有不稳定和不确定性等问题,提出一种扫描型红外成像系统效应仿真。建立了红外成像系统性能预测仿真平台,并对靶标效应图进行人眼判定。根据人眼判定结果对神经网络进行了训练。由基于BP神经网络的TOD阈值温差预测方法判定仿真样条的方向,统计正确的判定概率,实现TOD曲线的预测。实验结果表明：该方法预测的TOD曲线与实际测量的TOD曲线具有很好的一致性。     

Uncertainty Analysis in Triangle Orientation Discrimination Threshold Measurement

The Triangle Orientation Discrimination Threshold (TOD) is a new figure of merit for characterizing the performance of an infrared imager. In this paper, focusing on a reflective infrared target projector, the TOD curve is measured utilizing four alternative forced choice (4AFC) test method. Furthermore, the dominant sources affecting uncertainties in the TOD measure values, are analyzed in detail, the effective temperature difference, sensor, and observer. And, the variation of the TOD measurement is described quantitatively utilizing the uncertainty analysis theory. Simulation results show that the TOD measurement values vary in a small range, which show a higher stability than minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) measure values. Project supported by National natural foundation of China (No: 60477038).     

红外凝视传感器定量仿真及模型验证

针对新一代红外凝视成像传感器,依据红外辐射能量传递和转换的物理过程,完成了对传感器各组成单元的物理效应建模.不同于以往成像模型的定性仿真,该模型实现了对系统各模块成像特性的定量描述,综合考虑了传感器的信号传递特性、空间传递特性、空间采样特性和时空噪音特性,构建了较为完善的高仿真度红外成像仿真模型.为验证仿真模型的有效性,搭建了有效性实验验证平台,获取了真实热像仪的性能曲线和输出图像.通过计算和比较仿真模型和真实热像仪性能曲线和输出图像相似程度,定量化评价了模型的仿真度,验证了仿真模型的有效性.     

Characterization of the Performance of Micro-Scanning Infrared Imager

According to the working mechanisms of micro-scanning imagery, an application-oriented analytical method of micro-scanning imager is proposed. Firstly, the sensitivity and resolution of infrared imaging system based on the micro-scanning are characterized respectively, and the modification of Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD) model due to the micro-scanning is implemented. A comparison of MRTD curve between the staring and micro-scanning imaging system is performed. Finally, the field performance of micro-scanning based infrared imaging system is predicted and discussed with the target acquisition model. The simulated results show whether micro-scanning improve the infrared imaging system performance depends on the other imaging system parameters, and working conditions.     

扫描型热像系统均匀性校正方法研究

随着热像系统时域噪声等效温差（NETD）的不断下降,残余固定图形噪声（RFPN）的不稳定性成为制约系统性能,特别是制约系统识别能力的一个关键因素。通过分析热像系统响应非均匀性产生的机理,介绍一种扫描型热像系统获得场景平均辐照度点的方法,实现了以场景平均辐照度点为校正基准点的动态校正。采用该方法研制的热像系统在（0～50）℃场景动态范围内可使系统的RFPN小于15mK。通过样机冬、夏两季外场试验以及各种环境试验,验证了该校正方法在热像系统温度发生变化以及场景辐照度发生变化时具有良好的适应性。     

屏电极结构对微通道板成像器间隙放电的影响

利用铝屏和氧化铟锡(ITO)屏两种结构的微通道板(MCP)成像器进行了放电实验,通过直流首击穿后器件的绝缘强度和电极熔蚀形貌变化,分析了屏电极结构对放电的影响。实验表明,铝屏MCP成像器首击穿后,铝膜电极出现如火山口状的熔蚀形貌,在10μs脉冲屏压下绝缘强度降低到3 kV/mm以下,绝缘强度与MCP无关。而ITO屏MCP成像器首击穿后,荧光质向MCP的质量迁移具有抑制阴极发射的作用,所以放电具有稳定的场发射特性,在10μs脉冲屏压下绝缘强度可达到9 kV/mm。分析表明,MCP成像器间隙放电的发展主要依赖于屏电极结构,ITO屏的电极结构有利于MCP成像器绝缘性能的提高。     

基于不同静态性能模型的热成像系统视距估算

 基于NVL75，FLIR92和CFLIR国内外3种不同的热成像系统静态性能模型，采用静态性能参量MRTD建立对面目标的视距估算方程，并通过CFLIR40软件计算，比较不同模型下视距估算结果，得出：凝视型热成像系统在CFLIR模型下计算得到的MRTD值比FLIR92模型计算得到的MRTD值更接近实际测量值；在基本参数相同的条件下，利用MRTD估算的凝视系统的视距远远优于扫描系统的视距；对凝视型系统，从视距估算的结果来看，CFLIR模型略优于FLIR92模型。     

Acoustic noise during functional magnetic resonance imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enables sites of brain activation to be localized in human subjects. For studies of the auditory system, acoustic noise generated during fMRI can interfere with assessments of this activation by introducing uncontrolled extraneous sounds. As a first step toward reducing the noise during fMRI, this paper describes the temporal and spectral characteristics of the noise present under typical fMRI study conditions for two imagers with different static magnetic field strengths. Peak noise levels were 123 and 138 dB re 20 microPa in a 1.5-tesla (T) and a 3-T imager, respectively. The noise spectrum (calculated over a 10-ms window coinciding with the highest-amplitude noise) showed a prominent maximum at 1 kHz for the 1.5-T imager (115 dB SPL) and at 1.4 kHz for the 3-T imager (131 dB SPL). The frequency content and timing of the most intense noise components indicated that the noise was primarily attributable to the readout gradients in the imaging pulse sequence. The noise persisted above background levels for 300-500 ms after gradient activity ceased, indicating that resonating structures in the imager or noise reverberating in the imager room were also factors. The gradient noise waveform was highly repeatable. In addition, the coolant pump for the imager's permanent magnet and the room air-handling system were sources of ongoing noise lower in both level and frequency than gradient coil noise. Knowledge of the sources and characteristics of the noise enabled the examination of general approaches to noise control that could be applied to reduce the unwanted noise during fMRI sessions.     

Influencing factors of microscanning performance based on flat optical component

To decrease the performance difference between the actual microscanning thermal imager and the theoretical value, a germanium lens (placed at a certain angle between the infrared focal plane array and infrared lens) dip angle model of flat optical component microscanning is introduced in this letter. The model is the basis for choosing the dip angle of the germanium lens, which is used in the microscanning thermal imager. In addition, the actual dip angle of the germanium lens is chosen according to the model, the infrared lens parameters of the thermal imager, and the germanium lens parameters of manufacture and installation. Only in this manner can the optimal performance of the microscanning thermal imager based on the flat optical component be obtained. Results of the experiments confirm the accuracy of the conclusions above.     

正三角型结构三光纤出射光场干涉理论模型及其实验

利用三根光纤以正三角形的方式组合在一起,实现了三光纤Moiré干涉,建立了纤端出射场干涉模型,并进行了理论计算.实验结果与理论计算结果符合较好.为光纤莫尔传感技术的应用和发展提供了理论和实验依据.     

Non-uniformity correction of infrared focal plane array in point target surveillance systems

We discuss the influence of non-uniformity and non-uniformity correction on point target detection in infrared surveillance system, and propose a non-uniformity correction approach which is based on signal intensity and sensor characteristics. Theoretical models are used to derive the combined effect of background clutter, sensor random noise, target, non-uniformity and correction error on the signal-to-noise-and-clutter ratio. From our analysis, it can be noted that background clutter intensity is successively modulated by sensor non-uniformity and non-uniformity correction, while sensor random noise is modulated by the non-uniformity correction process only. Furthermore, background clutter and sensor random noise are the key factors that affect the performance of a surveillance system, when it is used to detect point targets. The method presented in this paper takes all of the above into account, moreover, it considers the difference between scanning and staring focal plane array. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

目标表面发射率对红外热像仪测温精度的影响

介绍了红外热像仪测温原理,分析了影响红外热像仪测温精度的因素,计算了不同表面发射率下红外热像仪的测温误差曲线。理论分析表明,目标表面发射率越高,红外热像仪测温精度越高。实验改变表面发射率的设置,计算了不同表面发射率对应的总辐射亮度,得到TP8型长波红外热像仪能够精确测温时,目标表面发射率必须大于0.5的结果。最后,对表面发射率分别为0.96、0.93和0.3的3种材料进行实际测温,结果表明,材料表面发射率较高时,红外热像仪具有较好的测温精度。     

基于曲面棱镜的宽视场推帚式高光谱成像仪设计

设计了一种覆盖短波红外谱段的宽视场推帚式高光谱成像系统,可用于空间遥感平台搭载获取高光谱数据立方体,分析地表物质组成及其理化特性。采用曲面棱镜作为色散元件,它集色散和成像功能于一体,通过与Offner中继结构相结合,大大简化了光谱仪光学系统的设计。相比传统色散型光谱成像仪,其结构紧凑、体积小、重量轻,而且能够有效校正棱镜色散带来的谱线弯曲和色畸变的问题。相比同类型的基于Offner中继结构的光栅光谱成像仪,其能量利用率高。分析了曲面棱镜的近轴光学理论和Offner中继结构的成像特点,给出了光谱仪的设计指标和结果,并对其光谱成像质量进行了评价。     

转镜式高灵敏度干涉光谱成像仪ROSI

转镜式高灵敏度干涉光谱成像仪(ROSI) 是一种新型傅里叶变换光谱成像仪,采用了基于Sagnac横向剪切干涉仪的精密转镜扫描机构,通过旋转Sagnac干涉仪的一个反射面,得到被探测目标的空间与光谱信息.ROSI具有共光路、无狭缝、实时性好等特点,因此具有较高的系统稳定性和探测灵敏度并可凝视成像.通过与现有的多种高灵敏度干涉光谱成像仪的比较,表明ROSI克服了现有技术中存在的主要缺陷.     

Simulation of 4D spectral-spatial EPR images

Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) can be modeled by the forward projection of a 4D synthetic spectral-spatial phantom. We developed a simulation tool for EPRI and carried out a quantitative comparison between simulation and experiment, focusing on the signal and noise characteristics. The signal height in the simulation was compared to that in the experimental projections at gradients of different magnitudes and directions. We investigated the noise power spectrum of an EPR imager and incorporated it into the simulation. The signal and noise modeling of the simulation achieved the same performance as the EPR imager. Using this simulation, various sampling schemes were tried to find an optimized parameter set under the customized noise model of this EPR imager.     

基于超指向性多极子矢量阵的水下低频声源方位估计方法研究

针对水下低频声源的方位估计问题,基于基元紧密排列的二维矢量阵,建立了一种超指向性波束形成方法.根据矢量基元差分运算构建各阶多极子模型,获得了几乎与频率无关的模态函数,并经加权计算可在低频条件下实现超指向性波束,以解决阵列孔径对波束性能的限制.同时,结合输出信噪比最大准则所得波束,分析了超指向性波束形成算法的稳定性与波导的影响程度,探索模态阶数与阵列参数的选取原则.通过阵列性能的仿真计算与实际阵列的测量数据表明,该算法可在小尺寸阵列孔径下获得良好的阵列波束,兼具了水下线型超指向性阵和环形超指向性阵的优点,可有效实现水下低频声源的水平方位估计;且波束性能可通过调节模态阶数与基元间距以达到最佳,并受水下声波导多途与频散效应影响有限.