Calculation of the rate of SO2 oxidation to SO3

Approximate equation to calculate the effectiveness factor of catalyst for SO₂ oxidation to SO₃ has been derived. Calculated data agree well with those predicted by a quasi-homogeneous model.

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. .

     

Interaction of nitric oxide with NiCr2O4

Interaction of NO with NiCr₂O₄ has been studied at 473–1173 K. It has been established that on nickel-chromium spinels NO decomposition practically does not take place. Nitric oxide can interact only with prereduced samples to reoxidize them.

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473–1173 NO NiCr₂O₄. , NO . (II) ; .

     

An IR study of the Ziegler system Co(acad)3/Mg(n-butyl)2 in THF

Applying IR spectroscopy for studying the Ziegler system Co(acac)₃/Mg(Bu)₂ (Bu=n-butyl) in tetrahydrofuran, it could be shown that the following reactions take place: reduction of cobalt (III), exchange of the acetylacetonate groups and their interaction with Mg(Bu)₂.

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Co(acac)₃/Mg(Bu)₂ (Bu=-) - , (III), Mg(Bu)₂.

     

High-temperature reduction of SO2 by methane at various CH4/SO2 ratios

The character of the effect of initial reaction mixture and temperature on the selectivity of catalytic reduction of sulfur dioxide by methane in the presence of oxygen has been studied.

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Formation of hexagonal MoO3 upon the decomposition of silica-supported ammonium paramolybdate

Upon the decomposition of silica-supported ammonium paramolybdate, hexagonal MoO₃ is formed at 300–350 °C. Irreversible transformation of hexagonal to rhombic MoO₃ is observed with increasing calcination temperature. The hexagonal MoO₃ structure is probably stabilized by the insertion of ammonium and silicon ions into the lattice of molybdenum trioxide.

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, , 300–359 °C . MoO₃ . MoO₃, , MoO₃.

     

Strong H2 chemisorption on Al2O3 or SiO2 supported group VIII metals

Following hydrogen treatments at high temperature a decrease in hydrogen chemisorption at room temperature is observed in almost all group VIII elements supported on SiO₂ or Al₂O₃. The effect is attributed to self inhibition by strongly chemisorbed hydrogen on the metals.

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VIII , SiO₂ Al₂O₃. .

     

Calorimetric studies of adsorptive properties of metallic carbides and nitrides of transition elements. Adsorption of H2, CO and O2 on titanium nitrides

Adsorption heats of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon monoxide on titanium nitrides have been measured calorimetrically in the temperature range from 473 to 673 K. With increasing Me/N ratio, the adsorption heat of oxygen grows.

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, 473–673 . Me/N.

     

CO/H2 and CO2/H2 reactions with amorphous carbon-metal catalysts

By metal impregnation of selected naturally occurring organic materials followed by controlled carbonization, metal semicoke catalysts can be readily prepared. These catalysts have been tested in the synthesis of hydrocarbons and alcohols from CO/H₂ and CO₂/H₂ mixtures. Fe and Co preparations have been used. Relatively high temperatures are required when using these catalysts, which are quite active for synthesis using CO₂ and H₂. The pressure (5150 kPa) is very favorable both for the synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons (C₅–C₃₀) and alcohols (C₁–C₅).

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. CO/H₂ CO₂/H₂. Fe Co. , CO₂ H₂. 5150 ) (C₅–C₃₀) (C₁–C₅).

     

Carbon monoxide adsorption and hydrogen-oxygen titration on Ru/Al2O3

Hydrogen-oxygen titration and carbon monoxide adsorption on Ru/Al₂O₃ samples were employed to determine metal dispersity values. To avoid Ru–CO polycarbonyl formation, before CO adsorption, the ruthenium surface was precovered with hydrogen. By this procedure, good agreement between H₂–O₂ titration, CO adsorption and electron microscopy is obtained.

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Ru/Al₂O₃ H₂–O₂ CO. Ru–CO, . H₂–O₂, CO .

     

Reduction kinetics of NiO-MoO3 catalysts

Reduction kinetics of NiO–MoO₃ catalysts in H₂ at 573–723 K has been studied. Reduction activation energies E_a have been determined. The degree of NiO–MoO₃ reduction is shown to increase with increasing NiO content.

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NiO–MoO₃ H₂ 573–723 . E NiO–MoO₃ . , NiO–MoO₃ NiO .

     

Effect of alkali metal ions on the catalytic of Pd/SiO2?AlPO4 systems

The effect of different alkali metal hydroxides on the metallic dispersity and catalytic activity of SiO₂–AlPO₄ (8020, by mass) supported palladium catalysts has been studied. The reduction by hydrogen transfer of benzylideneacetone and styrene (using cyclohexene and n-octanol, respectively, as hydrogen donors) and the liquid phase reduction of cyclohexene at low pressure (5 bar) in a Parr type reactor have been used as test reactions to follow changes in the catalytic activity.

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(SiO₂–AlPO₄/8020 ). ( n-, , , (5 ) .

     

Light and X-ray-induced chemistry of methane on TiO2

TPD studies of the established formation of ethane, ethylene and propylene in the irradiated CH₄/TiO₂ system indicate that the process is most effective under X-ray or long-wavelength light irradiation behind the edge of the fundamental absorption band of the oxide.

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, CH₄/TiO₂, .

     

Modification of preparation technique for highly dispersed Ni/γ?Al2O3 catalysts

Highly dispersed Ni/–Al₂O₃ catalysts have been prepared by the method of double impregnation. The application of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (H₄Y) as a chelating agent for activation of the -Al₂O₃ support enables us to prepare highly dispersed Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The use of this chelating agent according to the described modification of the impregnation technique results in the highest dispersity of the metal component in the catalysts obtained.

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Ni/-Al₂O₃ . (H₄Y) -Al₂O₃ Ni/Al₂O₃ . , .

     

Kinetic studies of Pt/Al2O3 catalyst pellets with nonuniform activity

Catalysts with nonuniform distribution of the catalytically active component (Pt) over their porous support (Al₂O₃) have been studied. A nonuniform activity distribution changes not only the reaction rate but also the kinetics can be different on these catalysts.

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(Pt) (Al₂O₃). , , .

     

Sulfuration of Pt/Al2O3, Pt?Re/Al2O3 and Pt?Ir/Al2O3 catalysts

Three reforming catalysts Pt/Al₂O₃, Pt–Ir/Al₂O₃ and Pt–Re/Al₂O₃ have been sulfurated by H₂S and tested by their activities in benzene hydrogenation. By treatment at 500°C under hydrogen flow only a part of the initial activity of the non-sulfurated catalyst is retained. So only a part of the adsorbed sulfur is easily removed in these conditions. The remaining sulfur for each of the catalysts (Pt/Al₂O₃, Pt–Ir/Al₂O₃ and Pt–Re/Al₂O₃) gives the same atomic ratio of 0.5 sulfur atom per accessible metallic atom.

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Pt/Al₂O₃, Pt–Ir/Al₂O₃ Pt–Pe/Al₂O₃ . 500°C H₂ . . ., . (Pt/Al₂O₃, Pt–Ir/Al₂O₃ Pt–Pe/Al₂O₃) 0,5.

     

Role of high temperature hydrogen treatment in n-hexane aromatization over Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. Temperature programmed reaction study

Ultrazet zeolites (Polish counterparts of the ZSM-5 zeolite) with SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios ranging from 40 to 186, have been studied to elucidate the correlation of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio with transformation of the orthorhombic into monoclinic symmetry in the zeolite (during preparation), cracking reaction of n-hexane and 3-methylpentane and zeolite acidity.

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( ZSM-5) SiO₂/Al₂O₃ 40 186 SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ( ), - - .

     

Temperature programmed reduction and oxidation of Ir/Al2O3 catalysts

3 % Ir/Al₂O₃ catalysts have been studied by means of temperature programmed reduction and oxidation. With growing degree of metal oxidation (higher T_ox) reducibility of the catalysts at low temperatures decreases.

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3% Ir/Al₂O₃ . ( ) .

     

Effect of vanadium content on the character of acidic sites on V2O5/Al2O3 catalysts

By IR spectroscopy and TPD the effect of vanadium content on the relative proportion of strongly acidic sites of V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ catalyst was studied.

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- - V₂O₅/Al₂O₃.

     

Nature of the active oxygen of Co3O4

The differentiation of surface oxygen forms of Co₃O₄ by energy, reactivity and centers of adsorption has been carried out.

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Co₃O₄ , .

     

Temperature programmed desorption of NH3 and H2O from NH4NaX and CoNH4NaX zeolites

A study has been made of temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of NH₃ and H₂O from samples of NH₄X and CoNH₄X zeolites of various degree of exchange. NH₃ TPD peaks could be explained by interaction of NH₃ with different Brönsted and Lewis acidic centers. Moreover a water peak at high temperatures allowed interpretations of the dehydroxylation, and by reason of the characteristic desorption temperatures a particular state of the Co²⁺ ions in the CoNH₄X zeolites is postulated.

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- () NH₃ H₂O NH₄X CoNH₄X . NH₃ NH₃ =qs . . Co²⁺ CoNH₄X.