Pulsed sonoelectrochemical synthesis of size-controlled copper nanoparticles stabilized by poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)

A novel sonoelectrochemical method for the size-controlled synthesis of spherical copper nanoparticles in an aqueous phase was developed. In this study, poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was used as the stabilizer for the copper clusters. The copper nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, UV-vis, IR, DLS, TEM, and HRTEM. The PVP was found to greatly promote the formation rate of copper particles and to significantly reduce the copper deposition rate, thereby making monodispersed copper nanoparticles. We could control the particle size by adjusting various parameters such as current density, deposition, temperature, and sonic power, and improve the homogeneity of the copper particles. The results also showed that the transfer rate of PVP-stabilized copper clusters from the cathodic vicinity to the bulk solution played an important role in the preparation of the monodispersed nanoparticles.     

Copper sols stabilized by poly(ethylene glycol-600-monolaurate) and its complexes with poly(acrylic acid)

Copper sols stabilized by a polymer-colloid complex are studied via dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the polymer-colloid complex including poly(acrylic acid) and the nonionogenic polymeric surfactant poly(ethylene glycol-600-monolaurate) is an effective protector of copper nanoparticles formed via the reduction of Cu²⁺ ions in an aqueous medium. The sizes of sol particles of the nanocomposite consisting of the polymer-colloid complex and copper nanoparticles depend on the method of preparation of the nanocomposite. The incorporation of the copper nanoparticles being formed (an average diameter of 5 nm) into particles of the polymer-colloid complex leads to an insignificant change in the sizes of the complex particles. The same sizes are typical for particles of the nanocomposite formed during the introduction of surfactant micelles in the copper sol formed in the solution of poly(acrylic acid). The interaction of copper nanoparticles formed in an aqueous medium with surfactant micelles entails their aggregation; as a result, these nanoparticles turn out to be incorporated into large aggregates with equivalent radii of up to 100 nm. When poly(acrylic acid) is incorporated into this sol, the sizes of its particles insignificantly change apparently because of the low rate of structural rearrangements accompanying the formation of the polymer-colloid complex.     

Cu nanoparticles of low polydispersity synthesized by a double-template method and their stability

Cu nanoparticles of well-defined size and stability were synthesized with the aid of a double-template method. The templates consisted of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) aggregates combined with and wrapped by poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) chains. Copper sulfate was reduced within the templates resulting in multicrystalline Cu nanoparticles. The size of the particles was uniform. They were capped by PVP–SDS complexes and the shape turned out to be non-spherical. PVP used in the experiments has an average molecular weight of 40,000. In this case, the particle dimensions were essentially determined by the chosen concentration of SDS in the reaction solution. No oxidation of the as-grown copper particles was detected even in the absence of inert gas protection during the synthesis process. When exposed to air at room temperature, Cu nanoparticles capped by PVP–SDS complexes showed much better resistance to oxidation than those without the capping agents. Furthermore, the steric and screening effect of the capping agents permitted the preparation of uniform colloidal dispersions stable over months. The material obtained by this double-template method was found to be very sensitive to the synthesis temperature. At synthesis temperatures above 40 °C, CuO instead of Cu was obtained.     

Fabrication of highly porous poly (ɛ-caprolactone) fibers for novel tissue scaffold via water-bath electrospinning

A non-toxic route was used for the preparation of silver nanoparticles using tryptophan (Trp) as reducing/stabilizing agent in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). Role of water soluble neutral polymer poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) has been studied on the growth of yellow colour silver nanoparticle formation. The synthesized nanostructures were characterized by UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) by observing the size and distribution of silver nanoparticles. As the reaction proceeded, particles grew up to about 10 and 20 nm in the presence and absence of PVP, respectively, as determined by TEM. The formed nanoparticles showed the highest absorption plasmon band at 425 nm. Rate of silver sol formation increases with the [Trp], [CTAB] and [PVP], reaching a limiting value and then decreases with the increase in concentrations of these reagents. It was observed that nanoparticles are spherical, aggregated and poly dispersed in the absence and presence of PVP, respectively. On the basis of kinetic data, a suitable mechanism is proposed and discussed for the silver sol formation.     

Transferring CdTe Nanoparticles from Liquid Phase to Polyvinylpyrrolidone Nanofibers by Electrospinning and Detecting Its Photoluminescence Property

The major aim of this work was to synthesize thio-stabilized CdTe nanoparticles(NPs) in an aqueous solution,which was then enwrapped with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB),and finally transferred to the polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) matrix by electrospinning,The PVP nanofibers containing CdTe NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM),to observe the morphology of the nanofibers and the distribution of CdTe NPs,The selective area electronic diffraction(SAED) pattern verified that CdTe NPs were cubic lattice,The photoluminescence(PL) spectrum indicated that CdTe NPs existed in an optical style in PVP nanofibers,Moreover,X-ray photoelectron spectra(XPS) revealed that thiol-stabilized CdTe NPs were enwrapped by CTAB,and PVP acted as a dispersant in the process of electrospinning.     

Transferring CdTe Nanoparticles from Liquid Phase to Polyvinylpyrrolidone Nanofibers by Electrospinning and Detecting Its Photoluminesccnce Property

The major aim of this work was to synthesize thio-stabilized CdTe nanoparticles（NPs） in an aqueous solution, which was then enwrapped with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide（CTAB）, and finally transferred to the polyvinylpyrrolidone（PVP） matrix by electrospinning. The PVP nanofibers containing CdTe NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, to observe the morphology of the nanofibers and the distribution of CdTe NPs. The selective area electronic diffraction（SAED） pattern verified that CdTe NPs were cubic lattice. The photoluminescence（PL） spectrum indicated that CdTe NPs existed in an optical style in PVP nanofibers. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectra（XPS） revealed that thiol-stabilized CdTe NPs were enwrapped by CTAB, and PVP acted as a dispersant in the process of electrospinning.     

Nanocomposite forming on the cathode in electrochemical reduction of copper ions from a polymer solution

Copper electrodeposition from a solution of a mixture of copper(II) sulfate and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) is accompanied by the formation of a nanocomposite on the cathode. The nanocomposite contains copper nanoparticles and up to 20 wt % polymer. The composite forms by a noncovalent interaction of polymer macromolecules with the surface of copper particles growing on the cathode.     

Copper nanoparticles synthesized by the polyol method and their oxidation in polar dispersion media. The influence of chloride and acetate ions

Copper nanoparticles have been synthesized from Cu(2+) acetate in the medium of dimethylformamide by the polyol method using hydrazine as a reductant and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) as a stabilizer. Optical spectroscopy has been employed to study the influence of chloride and acetate ions on the oxidation of copper nanoparticles by atmospheric oxygen in aqueous and dimethylformamide media, respectively. It has been established that the presence of ions of one of the aforementioned types in a colloidal solution significantly accelerates the oxidation of metal nanoparticles. In the case of acetate ions, copper oxide particles rapidly dissolve to form the corresponding salt. It has been shown that Cu nanoparticles can be repeatedly formed in such a solution by the addition of hydrazine.     

Synthesis of Poly（N-vinylpyrrolidone） Nanofibers Containing Gold Nanoparticles via Electrospinning Technique

Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)(PVP)nanofibers containing gold nanoparticles were prepared by electrospinning method.This simple route was used to prepare composites on a large scale,and the syntheses are simple.The optical property of gold nanoparticles in PVP aqueous solution was investigated by UV-Visible absorption spectra.The morphology of the fibers and the distribution of particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy.The structure of the composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.     

Preparation of Polymer Nanofibers Containing Silver Nanoparticles by Using Poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone)

Summary: Poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was used in two methods to prepare polymer nanofibers containing Ag nanoparticles. The first method involved electrospinning the PVP nanofibers containing Ag nanoparticles directly from the PVP solutions containing the Ag nanoparticles. N,N‐Dimethylformamide was used as a solvent for the PVP as well as a reducing agent for the Ag⁺ ions in the PVP solutions. In the second method, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) aqueous solutions were electrospun with 5 wt.‐% of the PVP containing Ag nanoparticles. The Ag nanoparticles were evenly distributed in the PVA nanofibers. PVP containing Ag nanoparticles could be used to introduce Ag nanoparticles to other polymer nanofibers that are miscible with PVP.

TEM image of a PVA nanofiber electrospun with 5 wt.‐% of the PVP containing Ag nanoparticles.     

Photochemical synthesis and self-assembly of gold nanoparticles

Colloidal gold was prepared by UV light irradiation of the mixture of HAuCl₄ aqueous solution and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) ethanol solution in the presence of silver ions. The resulting sheet-like nanoparticles were found to self-assemble into nanoflowers by a centrifuging process. The results of control experiments reflected that only suitable size sheet-like nanoparticles could assemble into the flower-like structures. The presence of Ag ions and PVP are essential for the formation process of nanoflowers. They perform their function by serving as structure-directing agents to produce the sheet-like particles. The appearance of the flower-like assemblages is attributed to the combination of Van der Waals force and the anisotropic hydrophobic attraction between the nanoparticles. The flower-like assemblages films can be used as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates with 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) molecule as a test probe.     

Stabilization of copper nanoparticles prepared by reduction from solutions of poly(acrylic acid) complexes with Cu2+ ions and poly(ethylene glycols)

Copper sols are prepared via the reduction of copper ions with hydrazine borane in dilute aqueous solutions of mixtures of the PAA-Cu²⁺ complex and poly(ethylene glycols) of various molecular masses at PEG: PAA = 0.25 base-mol/base-mol and PAA: Cu²⁺ = 10 base-mol/mol in the pH range 4.0–7.0. The stability of sols against oxidation (dissolution) or aggregation (enlargement) of metal nanoparticles is much higher than that of sols prepared in the absence of PEG. With an increase in the initial pH or a decrease in the molecular mass of PEG, the formed copper nanoparticles are much larger (no less than 20 nm in diameter) than copper nanoparticles occurring in the sol prepared in a solution of the PAA double complex with Cu²⁺ ions and high-molecular-mass PEG at a low initial pH (3–10 nm in diameter). Copper nanoparticles in sols prepared in solutions of complexes based on the high-molecular-mass PEG do not aggregate during exposure, thereby indicating the high stability of polymer screens on their surfaces.     

Capsules with Silver Nanoparticle Enrichment Subdomains and Their Antimicrobial Properties

The fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules with controllable submicron‐sized subdomains and the in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles are reported. Because poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is released from the shell of the capsules in the dissolution process of sacrificial cores, the remaining poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PVP) forms subdomains of spheres with controllable sizes, which can be tuned by the number of PVP/PAA bilayers. This creates capsules with special surface morphology and enables the in situ synthesis of Ag nanoparticles within the PVP subdomains on the shell of capsules. In addition, the in‐situ formed Ag nanoparticles can be mostly released from PVP subdomains of capsules in pH 2.0 solution, whereas they are stable in neutral solution. These specially designed capsules containing Ag nanoparticles can be used as antimicrobial materials and potentially benefit remote drug release by laser activation.     

β-环糊精调控水溶液中Cu~(2+)的辐射还原

在β-环糊精(β-CD)水溶液的安全吸收剂量范围内,利用β-CD来调控Cu2+的辐射还原.随着β-CD的加入,硝酸铜的辐射还原产物从Cu2O逐渐转变为Cu.当β-CD浓度增大至8.0mmol·L-1时,辐射还原产物主要为Cu纳米粒子.在辐照过程中,Cu2+的还原没有经历Cu2O的中间过程.这是由于β-CD对·OH的清除减少了·OH与水化电子(ea-q)的反应,增大了ea-q的产额,从而有利于Cu的生成.另外,β-CD通过羟基在Cu纳米粒子表面的吸附可增强Cu纳米粒子在水溶液中的稳定性.用紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱、粉末X射线衍射(XRD)和选区电子衍射(SAED)对Cu2+辐射还原产物进行了表征.     

A facile approach to synthesize poly(4-vinylpyridine)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites: highly water-dispersible carbon nanotubes decorated with gold nanoparticles

A facile approach to attach high-density and uniform gold nanoparticles on individual multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) is achieved. By simple grinding, water-soluble linear polymers poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP)-wrapped around nanotubes and thus rendered them reversibly soluble in water, ethanol, and DMF. Individual tubes are clearly observed after PVP-wrapped nanotubes were spin-coated onto a silicon wafer. Subsequently, Au nanoparticles were densely decorated on the individual MWNTs by in situ reduction of HAuCl₄ in the homogeneous aqueous solution of MWNTs–PVP to form stable water-dispersible Au/PVP/MWNTs hybrid. Morphology of Au nanoparticles was determined by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope. The diameter of the Au nanoparticles is controlled in the range of 3.5 to 13.5 nm. The presence of gold nanoparticles with decreased particle size was also detected by UV–Vis spectroscopy.     

纳米CeO2的制备及其在PMMA中的分散

制备得到一Ce-三乙醇胺(TEA)配合物,以该配合物作为制备纳米CeO2的前驱体.将甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)分散于配合物水溶液中,然后在同一反应器中依次进行水解、乳液聚合反应,得到纳米CeO2分散于聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)基质中的复合物粉末.分别运用XRD,TEM,TGA和DSC对复合物进行了表征.结果表明,纳米CeO2粒径为3～5nm,其均匀分散于聚合物基质中且单分散性良好.聚合物的热稳定性和玻璃化温度得到提高.     

核-壳结构P(AM-co-MAA)-W-Ag复合微球的制备

以丙烯酰胺(acrylamide, AM)和甲基丙烯酸(methacrylic acid, MAA)的共聚微凝胶(P(AM-co-MAA))为模板, 通过离心沉积法将钨粉沉积于高分子微凝胶表面, 得到具有核-壳结构的P(AM-co-MAA)-W复合微球; 再以经聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)修饰的P(AM-co-MAA)-W复合微球为模板, 在硝酸银溶液中充分溶胀后, 通过向反相悬浮体系中缓慢通入氨气, 制备得到了具有核-壳结构的P(AM-co-MAA)-W-Ag双金属复合微球材料. 实验发现, 通过改变制备过程中AgNO3的初始浓度和PVP的用量等条件, 可以改变复合微球表面银的沉积量; 并结合实验结果初步提出了银的形成机理, 即PVP的存在, 不仅可以作为稳定剂固定Ag+离子, 同时可以作为还原剂促进Ag+还原为Ag的反应.     

Biosynthesis and structural characteristics of selenium nanoparticles by Pseudomonas alcaliphila

In this paper, we report that selenium (Se) nanoparticles were first biosynthesized by Pseudomonas alcaliphila with a simple and eco-friendly biological method. The structural characteristics of Se nanoparticles were examined. The results showed that spherical particles appeared with diameters ranging from 50 to 500 nm during incubation and Se nanorods were present after incubating in an aqueous reaction solution for 24 h. However, the formation of Se nanorods was interrupted when 5% (w/v) poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) was added in the aqueous reaction solution, obtaining stable spherical Se nanoparticles with a diameter of about 200 nm.     

Gold-copolymer nanoparticles: Poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolydone) Biodegradable triblock copolymer as stabilizer and reductant

Block copolymers have been extensively used in the synthesis of many types of nanoparticles, where generally are considered as stabilizer and protective agent. In this work a double function of the biodegradable triblock copolymer poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), (PVP–PCL–PVP) in the gold nanoparticle-copolymer synthesis is reported.Gold-copolymer composed nanoparticles were synthesized using the triblock copolymer (PVP–PCL–PVP) and potassium tetrachloro aurate (III), both in aqueous solution. The copolymer work as both, reductant and stabilizer agent. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by FT-IR, dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The shape and the size of the obtained nanoparticles are dependent on the copolymer/salt of gold concentration ratio used in the synthesis.To complement the experimental results about the copolymer role in the nanoparticles synthesis, computational tools were used to characterize the reactivity of the reactant species.     

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵辅助作用下球形、蠕虫状和网状Pd纳米粒子的制备与表征

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为表面活性剂,NaBH4为还原剂,通过调节水相体系中CTAB和NaBH4浓度,合成了一系列不同形貌的Pd纳米粒子,合成过程简便易行且环境友好.结果表明,随着CTAB浓度的增加,Pd粒子形貌由纳米微球逐渐向纳米线网络形态转变.CTAB浓度和NaBH4浓度是决定Pd粒子形貌的两个重要因素.