On the Periodic Character of Some Difference Equations

We consider positive solutions of the following difference equation x n =max A x n m k , B x n m m , n =0,1,…, where A , B are any positive real numbers and k , m are any positive integers. We prove that every positive solution is eventually periodic and determine the period in terms of the parameters A , B , k , and m .     

A Note on the Difference Equation x n +1 = ∑ i =0 k α i x n − i p i

In this note we improve Theorem 2 in Ref. [3] , about the difference equation x n +1 = ~ i =0 k f i x n m i p i , n =0,1,2,..., where k is a positive integer, f i , p i ] (0, X ) for i =0,..., k , and the initial conditions x m k , x m k +1 ,..., x 0 are arbitrary positive numbers.     

一类高阶有理差分方程解的收敛性(英文)

本文考查下列高阶有理差分方程xn+1=(α+B1xn-1+B3xn-3+…+B2k+1xn-2k-1)/(A+B0xn+B2xn-2+…+B2kxn-2k,),n=0,1,…,其中k是非负整数,参数α,A,Bi,i=0,1,2,…,2k+1和初始值x-2k-1,x-2k,x-2k+1,…,x0是非负实数.给出充分条件,在此条件下当且仅当∑k+1i=1B2i-1=A时,方程的每个解收敛于方程的一个二周期解.     

Asymptotic Behavior of Solutions of Some Linear Difference Equations with Oscillatory Decreasing Coefficients

We investigate the asymptotic behavior of solutions of the system x ( n +1)=[ A + B ( n ) V ( n )+ R ( n )] x ( n ), n S n 0 , where A is an invertible m 2 m matrix with real eigenvalues, B ( n )= ~ j =1 r B j e i u j n , u j are real and u j p ~ (1+2 M ) for any M ] Z , B j are constant m 2 m matrices, the matrix V ( n ) satisfies V ( n ) M 0 as n M X , ~ n =0 X Á V ( n +1) m V ( n ) Á < X , ~ n =0 X Á V ( n ) Á 2 < X , and ~ n =0 X Á R ( n ) Á < X . If AV ( n )= V ( n ) A , then we show that the original system is asymptotically equivalent to a system x ( n +1)=[ A + B 0 V ( n )+ R 1 ( n )] x ( n ), where B 0 is a constant matrix and ~ n =0 X Á R 1 ( n ) Á < X . From this, it is possible to deduce the asymptotic behavior of solutions as n M X . We illustrate our method by investigating the asymptotic behavior of solutions of x 1 ( n +2) m 2(cos f 1 ) x 1 ( n +1)+ x 1 ( n )+ a sin n f n g x 2 ( n )=0 x 2 ( n +2) m 2(cos f 2 ) x 2 ( n +1)+ x 2 ( n )+ b sin n f n g x 1 ( n )=0 , where 0< f 1 , f 2 < ~ , 1/2< g h 1, f 1 p f 2 , and 0< f <2 ~ .     

Asymptotic Behavior of a Class of Nonlinear Delay Difference Equations

In this paper, we shall study the asymptotic behavior of solutions of difference equations of the form x n +1 = x n p f ( x n m k 1 , x n m k 2 ,…, x n m k r ), n =0,1,…, where p is a positive constant and k 1 ,…, k r are (fixed) nonnegative integers. In particular, permanence and global attractivity will be discussed.     

Asymptotically Constant Solutions of Functional Difference Systems

We consider the functional difference system ( A ) j x i ( n )= f i ( n ; X ), 1 h i h k , where X =( x 1 ,…, x k ) and f 1 (·; X ),…, f k (·; X ) are real-valued functionals of X , which may depend quite arbitrarily on values of X ( l ) for multiple values of l ] Z . We give sufficient conditions for ( A ) to have solutions that approach specified constant vectors as n M X . Some of the results guarantee only that the solutions are defined for n sufficiently large, while others are global. The proof of the main theorem is based on the Schauder-Tychonoff theorem. Applications to specific quasi-linear systems are included.     

A General Comparison Result for Higher Order Nonlinear Difference Equations With Deviating Arguments

The authors consider m -th order nonlinear difference equations of the form D m p x n + i h j ( n , x s j ( n ) )=0, j =1,2,( E j ) where m S 1, n ] N 0 ={0,1,2,…}, D 0 p x n = x n , D i p x n = p n i j ( D i m 1 p x n ), i =1,2,…, m , j x n = x n +1 m x n , { p n 1 },…,{ p n m } are real sequences, p n i >0, and p n m L 1. In Eq. ( E 1 ) , p = a and p n i = a n i , and in Eq. ( E 2 ) , p = A and p n i = A n i , i =1,2,…, m . Here, { s j ( n )} are sequences of nonnegative integers with s j ( n ) M X as n M X , and h j : N 0 2 R M R is continuous with uh j ( n , u )>0 for u p 0. They prove a comparison result on the oscillation of solutions and the asymptotic behavior of nonoscillatory solutions of Eq. ( E j ) for j =1,2. Examples illustrating the results are also included.     

On the difference equationx_{n + 1} = \frac{{a + bx_{n - k} - cx_{n - m} }}{{1 + g(x_{n - 1} )}}

In this paper we consider the difference equation $$x_{n + 1} = \frac{{a + bx_{n - k} - cx_{n - m} }}{{1 + g(x_{n - 1} )}},$$ wherea, b, c are nonegative real numbers,k, l, m are nonnegative integers andg(x) is a nonegative real function. The oscillatory and periodic character, the boundedness and the stability of positive solutions of the equation is investigated. The existence and nonexistence of two-period positive solutions are investigated in details. In the last section of the paper we consider a generalization of the equation.     

Existence and Comparison Results for First Order Periodic Implicit Difference Equations with Maxima

In this paper, we establish comparison results (maximum principles) which allow us to use the monotone method and the method of upper and lower solutions in order to build convergent sequences to the solutions of difference equations of the type j u k = f k , u k +1 , max l ] { k m h +1,…, k +1} u l , k ] I , u 0 = u T , with j u k = u k +1 m u k , I ={0,1,…, T m 1} and f ] C ( I 2 R 2 R , R ).     

Blow-up solutions of inhomogeneous nonlinear Schrödinger equations

In this paper, we study blow-up solutions to the Cauchy problem of the inhomogeneous nonlinear Schrödinger equation $ \partial_t u = i ( f(x) \Delta u + \nabla f(x) \cdot \nabla u +k(x)|u|^2u) $ on ${\mathbb{R}}^2In this paper, we study blow-up solutions to the Cauchy problem of the inhomogeneous nonlinear Schr?dinger equation on . We present existence and non-existence results and investigate qualitative properties of the solutions when they exist. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000) 35Q55, 35G25 Dedicated respectfully to Professor Weiyue Ding on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday.     

一組函數方程

<正> 我們要證明以下定理: 給定區間I=(0,∞),x,ξ屬於I;n為任意非負整數,l=0,1,2,…,n;我們用符號B_k~l記     

一般退化时滞差分系统解的存在性及通解

本文研究退化时滞差分系统Ex(k+ 1)= Ax(k)+ ∑li= 1Bix(k- i)+ f(k) (k= 0,1,2,…),x(k)= φ(k) (k= 0,- 1,- 2,…,- l),其中E、A、Bi∈Rm ×n,x(k)∈Rn,f(k)∈Rm ,rank(E)< n.给出了上述系统解的存在性条件及通解表达式.     

Block Diagonalization of Linear Difference Equations

A linear autonomous system of difference equations x k +1 = Ax k can be transformed to its Jordan normal form, i.e. , the transformed system is in block diagonal form and the blocks correspond to different eigenvalues. We generalize this result to arbitrary nonautonomous linear systems x k +1 = A k x k with invertible matrices A k ] Â N 2 N , k ] { … , m 1, 0,1, … }.     

On the Difference equation

The main objective of this paper was to study the global stability of the positive solutions and the periodic character of the difference equation where the parameters a , b , c , d , and e are positive real numbers and the initial conditions x _?t ,x _{?t + 1},...,x _?1, x ₀ are positive real numbers where t = m a x {l ,k ,s }. Some numerical examples will be given to explicate our results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the Oscillation of Partial Difference Equations Generated by Deviating Arguments

We offer sufficient conditions for the oscillation of all solutions of the partial difference equations y(m - 1,n) + β(m,n)y(m, n - 1) -δ(m,n)+ P(m,n,y(m + k,n + l)) = Q(m,n,y(m + k,n + l)) and (y(m - 1,n)+ β(m,n)y(m,n - 1) - δ(m,n)y(m,n) + $$\mathop \Sigma \limits_{i = 1}^\tau $$ Pi(m,ny(m + ki,n + li)) = $$\mathop \Sigma \limits_{i = 1}^\tau $$ Qi(m,n,y9m + ki,n + li)). Several examples which dwell upon the importance of our results are also included.     

BMO ESTIMATES FOR MULTILINEAR FRACTIONAL INTEGRALS

In this paper,the authors prove that the multilinear fractional integral operator T A 1,A 2 ,α and the relevant maximal operator M A 1,A 2 ,α with rough kernel are both bounded from L p (1 p ∞) to L q and from L p to L n/(n α),∞ with power weight,respectively,where T A 1,A 2 ,α (f)(x)=R n R m 1 (A 1 ;x,y)R m 2 (A 2 ;x,y) | x y | n α +m 1 +m 2 2 (x y) f (y)dy and M A 1,A 2 ,α (f)(x)=sup r0 1 r n α +m 1 +m 2 2 | x y | r 2 ∏ i=1 R m i (A i ;x,y)(x y) f (y) | dy,and 0 α n, ∈ L s (S n 1) (s ≥ 1) is a homogeneous function of degree zero in R n,A i is a function defined on R n and R m i (A i ;x,y) denotes the m i t h remainder of Taylor series of A i at x about y.More precisely,R m i (A i ;x,y)=A i (x) ∑ | γ | m i 1 γ ! D γ A i (y)(x y) r,where D γ (A i) ∈ BMO(R n) for | γ |=m i 1(m i 1),i=1,2.     

GRPIA: a new algorithm for computing interpolation polynomials

Numerical Algorithms - Let x0,x1, ? , xn, be a set of n + 1 distinct real numbers (i.e., xm ≠ xj, for m ≠ j) and let ym,k, for m = 0, 1, ? , n, and k = 0, 1, ? , rm,...     

Dynamics of a Rational Difference Equation

The authors investigate the global behavior of the solutions of the difference equation xn＋1=axn-1xn-k/bxn-p＋cxn-q,n=0,1,…where the initial conditions x-r, x-r＋1, x-r＋2,… , x0 are arbitrary positive real numbers, r = max{l, k,p, q） is a nonnegative integer and a, b, c are positive constants. Some special cases of this equation are also studied in this paper.     

新二元三角插值多项式的构造

设Ω=[-πxπ,-πyπ],C(Ω)表示关于x,y均以2π为周期的连续函数空间.若f(x,y)∈C(Ω),取结点组为(xk,yl)=(2k+2n 1)π,(2l 2+m 1)πk=0,1,2,…,2n,l=0,1,2,…,2m,则我们获得一个二元三角插值多项式Cn,m(f;x,y)=M1N∑k=2n0∑l=2m0f(xk,yl).1+2∑nα=1cosα(x-xk)+2∑mβ=1cosβ(y-yl)+4∑nα=1∑mβ=1cosα(x-xk)cosβ(y-yl)其中M=2m+1,N=2n+1.为改进其收敛性,本文构造一个新的因子ρα,β,使得带有该因子ρα,β的二元三角插值多项式Ln,m(f;x,y)可以在全平面上一致地收敛到每个连续的f(x,y),且具有最佳逼近阶.     

Lipschitz-Nikolski\imath constants and asymptotic simultaneous approximation on theM n -operatorsconstants and asymptotic simultaneous approximation on theM n -operators

This note is a study of approximation of classes of functions and asymptotic simultaneous approximation of functions by theM _n -operators of Meyer-König and Zeller which are defined by $$(M_n f)(x) = (1 - x)^{n + 1} \sum\limits_{k = 0}^\infty {f\left( {\frac{k}{{n + k}}} \right)} \left( \begin{array}{l} n + k \\ k \\ \end{array} \right)x^k , n = 1,2,....$$ Among other results it is proved that for 0<α≤1 $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } n^{\alpha /2} \mathop {\sup }\limits_{f \in Lip_1 \alpha } \left| {(M_n f)(x) - f(x)} \right| = \frac{{\Gamma \left( {\frac{{\alpha + 1}}{2}} \right)}}{{\pi ^{1/2} }}\left\{ {2x(1 - x)^2 } \right\}^{\alpha /2} $$ and if for a functionf, the derivativeD ^m+2 f exist at a pointx∈(0, 1), then $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } 2n[D^m (M_n f) - D^m f] = \Omega f,$$ where Ω is the linear differential operator given by $$\Omega = x(1 - x)^2 D^{m + 2} + m(3x - 1)(x - 1)D^{m + 1} + m(m - 1)(3x - 2)D^m + m(m - 1)(m - 2)D^{m - 1} .$$