用于开环液晶自适应光学系统的模式预测技术研究

时间延迟误差是液晶自适应光学系统的一个最主要的误差源. 本文提出了一种利用智能模式预测-----迭代最小二乘(RLS)模式预测算法来克服其对成像分辨率的影响. 首先, 介绍了具有RLS模式预测能力的开环液晶自适应光学系统的结构和工作原理. 其次, 详细讨论了RLS模式预测算法的实现过程. 再次, 设计和搭建了一套带有液晶湍流模拟器的开环液晶自适应光学系统, 对RLS模式预测算法的预测效果进行了分析, 并和直接开环校正做了比较. 分析结果表明: 当系统处于中等强度湍流条件(大气相干长度r₀=6 cm, Greenwood频率f_G=35 Hz)和只有时间延迟误差情况下, 经过RLS预测后, 残差波面的RMS值由直接校正的0.26波长(1波长=785 nm)降低到了0.15波长, 校正效果提高了42%. 最后, 对预测前后自适应光学系统的成像效果进行了对比试验. 实验结果显示, 经过预测以后, 系统的成像分辨率由直接开环校正的25.4 cycles/mm提高到了32.0 cycles/mm, 成像分辨率提高了26%, 达到了0.9倍的衍射极限分辨率. 因此, RLS模式预测技术可以有效的提高开环液晶自适应系统的成像分辨率.     

Shadow effects in simulated ultrasound images derived from computed tomography images using a focused beam tracing model

Simulation of ultrasound images based on computed tomography (CT) data has previously been performed with different approaches. Shadow effects are normally pronounced in ultrasound images, so they should be included in the simulation. In this study, a method to capture the shadow effects has been developed, which makes the simulated ultrasound images appear more realistic. The method using a focused beam tracing model gives diffuse shadows that are similar to the ones observed in measurements on real objects. Ultrasound images of a cod (Gadus morhua) were obtained with a BK Medical 2202 ProFocus ultrasound scanner (BK Medical, Herlev, Denmark) equipped with a dedicated research interface giving access to beamformed radio frequency data. CT images were obtained with an Aquilion ONE Toshiba CT scanner (Toshiba Medical Systems Corp., Tochigi, Japan). CT data were mapped from Hounsfield units to backscatter strength, attenuation coefficients, and characteristic acoustic impedance. The focused beam tracing model was used to create maps of the transmission coefficient and scattering strength maps. Field II was then used to simulate an ultrasound image of 38.9 × 55.3 × 4.5 mm, using 10(6) point scatterers. As there is no quantitative method to assess quality of a simulated ultrasound image compared to a measured one, visual inspection was used for evaluation.     

月球表面遥感图像阴影消除及其信息恢复研究

由于月球表面的地形起伏引起月面遥感图像像素与太阳相对位置和几何取向不一致,导致月面遥感数字图像上阴影像素的产生。为了解决这一问题,利用与遥感图像匹配的DEM和光照方位参数进行遥感图像的阴影判断,基于DEM数据,利用邻坡反射辐射,进行自然地形条件下的月表遥感图像阴影像素的阴影消除,恢复成太阳光谱照度相等（入射角,反射角和距离相同）时的像素遥感值。仿真实验结果表明：该方法较好地消除了月表影像的阴影,充分恢复了月表影像的反射/光谱特征。     

纳米光子学全光开关研究进展

全光开关是全光网络和数字光信息处理的基本器件,该器件主要基于非线性光学原理．自激光发明以来,对该器件的研究已历时半个世纪．虽然全光开关的基础研究十分活跃,研究成果丰硕,但是至今尚未做出实用器件．文章分析了全光开关面临的困难,指出只有在极小的时空条件下,也就是采用飞秒激光驱动的纳米尺寸器件,才有可能研制出低开关功率、高开关速度、低插入损耗的实用的全光开关器件．文章简要介绍了近10年来纳米全光开关的研究成果,包括纳米尺寸干涉仪开关（空间开关）、量子限制光双稳触发器（时间开关）、半导体光放大器的波长转换器（波长开关）、光子晶体带隙移动开关和表面等离子体激元开关（强度开关）等5类16种典型的纳米全光开关器件．     

液晶自适应光学的研究进展

概述了中科院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所(长春光机所)在液晶自适应光学方面的研究进展。针对液晶自适应光学技术存在的能量利用率低和校正频率慢的两大国际难题,液晶自适应光学研究组采取了一系列有效措施,不但攻克了能量利用率低的难题,且在校正频率方面也取得了质的飞跃。目前,系统能量利用率已从最初的5%提高到85%,基本和变形镜自适应光学系统的能量利用率相当;校正频率也从5 Hz提高到140 Hz,接近了校正大气湍流的实用化水平。利用该研究成果,分别研制了针对中科院国家天文台2.16 m望远镜和长春光机所1.2 m望远镜的液晶自适应光学系统并对恒星进行了有效校正,使1.2 m望远镜对恒星的分辨能力提高至约3倍衍射极限。     

A method to obtain reference images for evaluation of ultrasonic tissue characterization techniques

A general problem when evaluating ultrasonic methods for tissue characterization is that "a golden standard" is seldom known. This paper describes a manual method to obtain a reference image, with the same geometry as the ultrasound image, indicating spatial location of the different tissue types present in the biological tissue scanned in vitro. A 30 x 10 x 2 mm3 piece of formalin fixed porcine tissue was molded into an agar block, which on the top surface, contained a set of fiducial markers, spaced 2.5 mm. The block was submerged into 20 degrees C water and a set of parallel 7.5 MHz spatial compound ultrasound images of tissue and fiducial markers were recorded each 0.5 mm. Guided by the fiducial markers, the agar block was subsequently cut into slices 2.5 mm thick, photographed and finally analyzed histologically identifying these tissues: collagen rich, collagen poor, micro vessels and muscle fibres. Due to: (1) the cutting procedure, (2) the finite size of the ultrasound beam and (3) the spatial variation in propagation velocity, the macroscopic photographs did not align completely with the ultrasound images. Likewise, the histological image is a geometrically distorted version of the macroscopic photograph, due to the histological preparation process. The histological information was "mapped back" into the format of the ultrasound images the following way: On the macroscopic images, outlines were drawn manually which defined the border of the tissue. These outlines were superimposed on the corresponding ultrasound images (identified via the fiducial markers) and modified to encompass what appeared to be tissue regions on the ultrasound images and subsequently re-applied to the macroscopic image. This modified macroscopic outline was used as guideline when drawing outlines identifying regions of the various tissue types. Specifically, the macroscopic image revealed the borders between the different tissues, while the histological image identified the four tissue types. A set of 12 reference images based on modified macroscopic outlines was created. The overlap between the ultrasound images and the macroscopic images--which are the geometrical basis for the final reference images--was between 77% and 93%. A set of 12 reference images spaced 2.5 mm, identifying spatial location of four different tissue types in porcine muscle has been created. With the reference images, it is possible to quantitatively compare different ultrasound based tissue classification techniques.     

点扩散函数高斯拟合估计与遥感图像恢复

为了减轻或消除航天遥感相机成像过程中图像退化造成的模糊,突出图像的特征目标,对获取的图像进行了恢复处理。首先,采用陷波滤波器在频率域对遥感图像进行了去噪预处理。然后,通过图像中具有刀刃边缘的地物估计成像系统的退化函数,即点扩散函数;同时,利用高斯拟合对估计的点扩散函数进行校正。最后,利用拟合后的点扩散函数,采用自适应维纳滤波对图像进行恢复。实验结果表明：陷波滤波器基本消除了图像中叠加的条带噪声。与原图相比,细节图像恢复后其方差增大4.395,灰度平均梯度增大1.799,Laplacian梯度增大10.014,图像目视效果更清晰。高斯拟合的点扩散函数用于遥感图像恢复,减轻了图像模糊,使图像细节突出,纹理清晰,利于图像的判读和分析。     

The challenges in creating reference maps for verification of ultrasound images

In the development of new medical imaging techniques, references to which the images can be compared are necessary if one wants to assess how precise the images are. This is especially interesting in diagnostic ultrasound where a number of artefacts influence the image. The reference can either be derived from a phantom with precisely known properties and geometry, from the specifications of a computer phantom (simulated images) or from evaluation of biological tissue. The third approach can be conducted with other medical imaging modalities (CT, MRI, etc.) or "destructive testing" involving histology. In this paper, aspects of the latter method is considered in detail. Formalin fixed tissue is moulded into an agar block containing at set of fiducial markers. The block is scanned with ultrasound. Both tissue and fiducial markers are imaged. The block is afterwards sliced at the location of the fiducial markers. The slices are then photographed and analyzed histologically. From this data, reference maps with similar geometry as the ultrasound images can be created. Ideally, for each pixel in the ultrasound image, these reference maps indicate tissue type, such as collagen poor tissue, collagen rich tissue, etc. Many of the sources of error as well as the challenges with such a method are discussed.     

Photoacoustic and ultrasonic coimage with a linear transducer array

A technique is developed to simultaneously acquire ultrasound and photoacoustic (PA) images based on a linear transducer array. The system uses conventional ultrasound for rapid identification of potential targets. After a target is identified, the ultrasound echo and PA signals can be simultaneously obtained with optimized excitation and a signal collection sequence. The corresponding ultrasound impedance and optical absorption images are reconstructed with a phase-controlled algorithm. The approach can effectively reduce the artifacts associated with a conventional filter backprojection algorithm used in PA imaging by linear scanning. The technique provides a new approach for practical applications.     

Recovering of images degraded by atmosphere

Remote sensing images are seriously degraded by multiple scattering and bad weather. Through the analysis of the radiative transfer procedure in atmosphere, an image atmospheric degradation model considering the influence of atmospheric absorption multiple scattering and non-uniform distribution is proposed in this paper. Based on the proposed model, a novel recovering method is presented to eliminate atmospheric degradation. Mean-shift image segmentation and block-wise deconvolution are used to reduce time cost, retaining a good result. The recovering results indicate that the proposed method can significantly remove atmospheric degradation and effectively improve contrast compared with other removal methods. The results also illustrate that our method is suitable for various degraded remote sensing, including images with large field of view (FOV), images taken in side-glance situations, image degraded by atmospheric non-uniform distribution and images with various forms of clouds.     

Surface-bonded fiber optic Sagnac sensors for ultrasound detection

This paper describes a fiber optic sensor suitable for remote sensing and multi-point detection of ultrasound. This ultrasound sensor is based on the surface-bonded fiber optic Sagnac interferometer with the output fringe visibility of 1; it consists of a laser source, an ordinary single mode fiber delay line, a fiber coupler, a phase modulator and polarization controllers. For the validation of the sensor, surface acoustic waves and Lamb waves are excited by illuminating a steel specimen with an array of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser-generated line sources and the measurement of laser-generated ultrasonic waves are performed on the specimen surface using the surface-mounting fiber optic Sagnac sensor. The surface-bonded fiber optic sensor developed in this study has a simple configuration for detection of ultrasonic waves. Effectiveness of surface-bonded fiber optic Sagnac sensors for remote sensing of ultrasound and in situ monitoring of structures is investigated. The capability of multi-point detection of ultrasound by this Sagnac sensor is also discussed.     

基于偏振信息的遥感图像大气散射校正

大气散射严重影响了航空遥感图像的质量。为了提高航空遥感图像的识别能力,提出一种基于偏振信息的航空遥感图像大气散射校正方法。大气散射具有显著的偏振特性,而对于垂直探测的地物辐射信号偏振度非常低,该方法正是利用大气散射偏振特性与地物目标偏振特性的差别,从图像中提取地物目标辐射信息,从而提高遥感图像的质量。通过机载多波段偏振CCD相机获取航空偏振遥感图像数据,并采用一组443 nm波段的航空偏振图像数据进行图像大气散射校正实验,实验结果表明该方法能有效地进行航空遥感图像的大气散射校正,从而提高了航空遥感图像的识别能力。     

快速响应的硅基纯相位液晶器件对动态大气湍流波前的校正能力研究

液晶相位调制器的响应时间延迟是影响液晶自适应光学系统性能的一个主要因素, 为了提高系统的响应速度, 开发了一种快速响应的向列相液晶材料, 并制成了反射式硅基液晶器件(LCOS). 分析了该LCOS的相位调制特性及其对静态畸变波前和扰动波前的校正能力. 首先, 测量了LCOS的电光响应特性, 得出其780 nm相位调制量的响应时间为2 ms. 其次, 测量了LCOS的相位调制特性, 并对相位调制进行了线性化处理. 再次, 测量了用该LCOS搭建的液晶自适应光学系统的闭环和开环3 dB带宽, 它们分别为16和18 Hz. 最后, 给出了开环液晶自适应光学系统校正大气湍流的数值模拟结果, 结果表明. 系统的Strehl比由校正前的0.025上升到了校正后的0.225. 因此, 该液晶自适应光学系统可以对Greenwood频率为30 Hz以下的大气湍流进行较良好的校正.     

Fractal dimension of 40 MHz intravascular ultrasound radio frequency signals

Objective

Fully automatic tissue characterization in intravascular ultrasound systems is still a challenge for the researchers. The present work aims to evaluate the feasibility of using the Higuchi fractal dimension of intravascular ultrasound radio frequency signals as a feature for tissue characterization.

Methods

Fractal dimension images are generated based on the radio frequency signals obtained using mechanically rotating 40 MHz intravascular ultrasound catheter (Atlantis SR Plus, Boston Scientific, USA) and compared with the corresponding correlation images.

Conclusion

An inverse relation between the fractal dimension images and the correlation images was revealed indicating that the hard or slow moving tissues in the correlation image usually have low fractal dimension and vice-versa. Thus, the present study suggests that fractal dimension images may be used as a feature for intravascular ultrasound tissue characterization and present better resolution then the correlation images.     

Nonlinear multiwavelength conversion based on an aperiodic optical superlattice in lithium niobate

We have demonstrated what is to our knowledge the first successful achievement of multiwavelength conversion in an aperiodic optical superlattice (AOS) lithium niobate crystal with equalized gain. The two AOS devices in our experiment, numerically synthesized from 2857 crystal blocks with a unit block thickness of 3.5 microm, have fundamental wavelengths of 1540 and 1545 nm for double-wavelength second-harmonic generation (SHG) and of 1540, 1545, and 1553 nm for triple-wavelength SHG at 50 degrees C. Our experiment and simulation show that the output spectrum of an AOS wavelength converter is fairly insensitive to typical fabrication errors.     

增量维纳滤波法在波前探测解卷积中的应用

一个常规的自适应光学系统通常包含三个重要环节：波前探测、波前校正和波前重构。因此对系统的技术要求非常高,造成系统复杂,成本昂贵。基于哈特曼-夏克波前探测的图像解卷积处理就是“事后”处理的一种,它省去了波前校正环节,使常规的自适应光学系统得到简化,降低了系统成本。其基本原理为对瞬时波面进行短时间曝光探测,同时记录相应的短时间曝光图像,来进行解卷积处理。将增量维纳滤波法应用于基于哈特曼-夏克波前探测的解卷积中,并对室内模拟点源情况下的三组畸变光斑图像数据进行了解卷积恢复处理。结果表明,将增量维纳滤波法应用于基于波前探测的解卷积是完全可行的,在室内模拟点源情况下,恢复的图像可以达到衍射极限分辨力。与维纳滤波相比,它扩展了噪声抑制因子的选取范围,在噪声抑制因子选取不正确的情况下,仍能得到比维纳滤波更好的结果。     

压缩感知在合成发射孔径医学超声成像中的应用

为了解决合成发射孔径技术在医学超声成像实现中面临的数据量大及接收通道多的问题,提出一种超声成像系统频率域稀疏性模型的压缩感知成像算法。首先对超声系统频率域稀疏性模型进行了验证;然后根据稀疏性模型利用压缩感知理论对回波信号进行压缩采样,并使用最优化方法完成回波信号重建;最终通过合成发射孔径技术完成超声成像。针对医学成像中常用的点目标及模拟胎儿目标进行成像仿真实验,对重建图像在均方误差、分辨率及成像质量等方面与常规成像结果对比分析。实验结果表明在保证成像质量的同时,仅使用30%原始数据量及50%总接收通道数目可完成成像;频率域稀疏性模型的压缩感知成像算法可以大幅度减少合成发射孔径成像所需数据量及接收通道数,极大地降低了系统复杂度。      

Compensation of fat layer effects in ultrasound imaging using an inclined-fat-layer model derived from magnetic resonance images

When cutaneous fat layers are in the ultrasound imaging region, the phase aberration caused by the fat layers induce image distortion as well as spatial resolution degradation. The phase aberration may complicate clinical procedures particularly when ultrasound imaging is employed for spatial positioning of medical devices like a biopsy needle or HIFU. To compensate the fat layer effects more precisely in beamforming, an inclined-fat-layer model has been established from the magnetic resonance images of the same imaging region as in the ultrasound scanning. We have verified utility of the fat layer model by taking images of a metal needle put into an inclined-fat-layer mimicking phantom. The ultrasound images taken with a 128-element linear phase array operating at 6 MHz have shown better resolution and less distortion when receive beamforming was performed with the phase delay data derived from the inclined-fat-layer model.     

低功耗非线性光纤光栅全光开关

全光开关是未来全光通信和光计算机的关键器件.已经研究过的全光开关的种类很多,其中光纤光栅全光开关最容易与光纤系统匹配.文章首先陈述两种基于普通石英光纤的单光栅全光开关,即光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)全光开关和长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)全光开关,这两种低非线性的光开关要求千瓦量级的高开关功率,故不宜应用;然后重点介绍两种高非线性的光纤光栅全光开关,它们分别由单个高非线性FBG和用高非线性光纤连接的LPFG对构成.文章所介绍的非线性光纤材料是以掺稀土石英光纤为例.这两种高非线性的光纤光栅全光开关具有毫瓦量级的低开关功率,有可能获得实际应用.     

功率谱在高分辨率遥感相机检调焦中的应用

检调焦是高分辨力遥感相机得到高质量图像的关键技术之一。线阵CCD遥感相机在推扫过程中地面景物不断变化,而一般的图像清晰度评价函数只能在相同的图像内容下作比较来判断系统是否合焦。在介绍了遥感相机离焦原因及常用检调焦方法的基础上,用遥感图像验证了图像的功率谱对自然景物具有一定的不变性,分析了将其用于相机检调焦的可行性。实验表明,在系统合焦时,不同图像的功率谱值基本相同;而系统离焦时,功率谱值随着离焦程度的增加而逐渐减小,以此提出了以两幅不同图像功率谱的比值作为CCD遥感相机调焦的评价函数。