荧光法和液相色谱-质谱联用法测定司莫司汀导致λDNA交联率的比较研究

司莫司汀是重要的抗癌烷化剂,其抗癌机制与导致DNA股间交联有关.使用荧光法和高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱联用(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)法对司莫司汀导致的λDNA交联率进行了测定.结果表明:药物浓度为2,4,8和16mmol/L时,荧光方法测得的最大交联率分别为8.81%,11.17%,17.61%,和23.39%...     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱联用分析亚硝基脲导致的DNA股间交联

为了探讨亚硝基脲类抗癌药物对DNA的股间交联作用,以合成的1-[N-(2′-脱氧胞基)]-2-[N-(2′-脱氧鸟基)]乙烷(dG-dC)为标准品,使用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)方法测定了小牛胸腺DNA中1,3-双(2-氯乙基)-1-亚硝基脲(BCNU)导致的DNA股间交联物。DNA样品经过变性、酶解和离心过滤后,以乙酸铵溶液和乙腈为流动相,经C18反向色谱柱分离。样品经电喷雾离子源(ESI)正离子化后,采用质谱一级和二级全扫描进行定性分析;采用选择反应扫描(SRM)方式,以m/z521→289作为检测的离子碎片,测定DNA样品中dG-dC的含量。本研究为DNA股间交联的定性和定量分析提供了有效的方法。     

氯乙基亚硝基脲烷化碱基导致DNA单链断裂的机理研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和MΦller-Pleset微扰理论(MP)方法对氯乙基亚硝基脲(CENUs)烷化DNA碱基导致单链断裂的机理进行了研究. 对包括CENUs的分解、DNA碱基的烷化、糖苷键的水解、脱嘌呤位点的开环以及最终导致单链断裂的磷酸二酯的消除在内的多步反应过程进行了探讨. 在B3LYP/6-31++G**水平上对各驻点(反应物、中间体、过渡态和生成物)进行了全几何结构优化; 为了模拟细胞环境, 采用自洽场连续极化模型(CPCM)在相同计算水平上对各驻点进行了水相中的单点能计算或全几何结构优化. 分别在B3LYP/6-31++G**和MP2/6-311++G**水平上绘出反应势能曲线, 结果显示, 在整个反应过程中, 磷酸二酯的消除反应能垒最高, 而氯乙基重氮盐离子烷化DNA碱基的反应能垒最低. 理论分析结果表明, CENUs 一旦分解便很容易烷化DNA碱基, 随后生成的氯乙基化鸟嘌呤会迅速从DNA链上脱去, 尽管如此, 脱嘌呤位点最终导致DNA单链断裂的一系列反应则是一个缓慢的过程, 这与断链反应的动力学实验结果相符合.     

N-亚硝基化合物导致DNA股间交联的HPLC-ESI-MS/MS分析

N-亚硝基化合物(NNCs)是一种重要的环境致癌物,它们能够导致DNA股间交联从而诱发癌症.研究表明NNCs经过代谢活化或分解后,最终以乙撑的形式导致DNA互补碱基对成对负性原子之间的共价交联.     

流变学法研究部分水解聚丙烯酰胺/Cr(Ⅲ)交联反应Ⅰ.浓度的影响

采用流变学法系统地考察了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)/Cr(Ⅲ)交联体系的反应动力学.HPAM溶液的粘性模量G"大于弹性模量G＇,且其数值随时间不发生变化,体系为粘性溶液.而HPAM/Cr(Ⅲ)体系的G＇和G"的数值都随时间变化,G"在反应开始阶段大于G＇,当反应进行一段时间后,G＇超过G"占据主要地位,体系成为弹性体系.交联过程可分为三个阶段:第一上升阶段,平缓上升阶段和第二上升阶段.利用G＇～t曲线可以推测反应机理.实验发现成胶速率随反应物HPAM和Cr(Ⅲ)的浓度的增加而增加,而成胶时间缩短.在羧基浓度过量的情况下,交联反应对Cr(Ⅲ)浓度的反应级数是1.凝胶的有效弹性交联密度随聚合物浓度的增加而增加,且随凝胶反应的进行而增加.凝胶的交联点间的链平均分子量随Cr(Ⅲ)浓度的增加和交联反应的进行而下降.     

部分水解聚丙烯酰胺弱凝胶交联动力学的流变学分析

用流变学方法对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)苯酚甲醛间苯二酚交联体系的弱凝胶化过程进行了研究,通过对基团转化率和高分子交联转化率的分析,发现凝胶化过程在接近凝胶点时,处于反应动力学的初期,这使得交联点增加的动力学是比较简单的.通过在不同聚合物浓度和交联剂浓度并在地层温度和矿化度条件下线性粘弹性行为的研究,得到了交联体系凝胶化动力学过程的完整数据,发现聚合物浓度与交联剂浓度对凝胶点与凝胶强度的影响比较类似,反映出交联点增加的共同动力学特征.复数粘度在一个诱导期后,是以指数上升的,类似一个一级反应的特征.产生交联的临界聚合物浓度约为250mg L左右.并提出了剪切粘度数学模型,可以描述凝胶化过程中流变性质的变化.     

DNA股间交联及与细胞癌变关系的研究进展

癌症是目前全球共同面临的重大公共卫生问题。流行病学研究显示,大约80%～90%的人类癌症是由环境因素诱导产生的,其中又以化学因素占主导地位。化学致癌机理的双区理论认为,环境致癌物经体内代谢生成特定的双官能团烷化剂,从而诱导DNA双链互补碱基对之间的交联并最终引发癌症。目前针对DNA股间交联的检测方法已有不少研究,然而DNA股间交联如何引起细胞癌变的机理仍悬而未决,这也成为人们关注的焦点。本文旨在通过综述近年来对DNA股间交联的研究,从其结构、体内形成过程和检测方法等方面,探讨DNA股间交联与细胞癌变的关系,为环境致癌机理的研究提供思路。     

流变学法研究部分水解聚丙烯酰胺/Cr(III)交联反应I.浓度的影响

采用流变学法系统地考察了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）/Cr(III)交联体系的 反应动力学。HPAM溶液的粘性模量G”大于弹性模量G’,且其数值随时间不发生变 化,体系为粘性溶液。而HPAM/Cr(III)体系的G’和G”的数值都随时间变化,G” 在反应开始阶段大于G’,当反应进行一段时间后,G’超过G”占据主要地位,体 系成为弹性体系。交联过程可分为三个阶段：第一上升阶段,平缓上升阶段和第二 上升阶段。利用G’～ t曲线可以推测反应机理。实验发现成胶速率随反应物HPAM 和Cr(III)的浓度的增加而增加,而成胶时间缩短。在羧基浓度过量的情况下,交 联反应对Cr(III)浓度的反应级数是1。凝胶的有效弹性交联密度随聚合物浓度的增 加而增,且随凝胶反应的进行而增加。凝胶的交联点间的平均分子量随Cr(III)浓 度的增加和交联反应的进行而下降。     

流变学法研究部分水解聚丙烯酰胺/Cr(III)交联反应I.浓度的影响

采用流变学法系统地考察了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）/Cr(III)交联体系的 反应动力学。HPAM溶液的粘性模量G”大于弹性模量G’,且其数值随时间不发生变 化,体系为粘性溶液。而HPAM/Cr(III)体系的G’和G”的数值都随时间变化,G” 在反应开始阶段大于G’,当反应进行一段时间后,G’超过G”占据主要地位,体 系成为弹性体系。交联过程可分为三个阶段：第一上升阶段,平缓上升阶段和第二 上升阶段。利用G’～ t曲线可以推测反应机理。实验发现成胶速率随反应物HPAM 和Cr(III)的浓度的增加而增加,而成胶时间缩短。在羧基浓度过量的情况下,交 联反应对Cr(III)浓度的反应级数是1。凝胶的有效弹性交联密度随聚合物浓度的增 加而增,且随凝胶反应的进行而增加。凝胶的交联点间的平均分子量随Cr(III)浓 度的增加和交联反应的进行而下降。     

戊二醛蒸汽交联明胶材料的性能研究

利用戊二醛蒸汽对明胶材料进行交联改性。研究了交联反应时间对明胶材料力学性能、溶出性能和溶胀特性的影响。研究发现,随着交联时间的延长,交联反应从明胶瓣表面至内部逐步进行,由此可获得交联度呈梯度变化的明胶材料。研究结果表明,明胶材料的拉伸强度、模量和冲击强度随交联反应时间的延长而增加,而溶出速率和溶胀率随交联反应时间的延长而减小。蒸汽交联明胶材料的溶胀动力学不能用二次速率方程来描述。     

A density functional theory investigation on the formation mechanisms of DNA interstrand crosslinks induced by chloroethylnitrosoureas

Chloroethylnitrosoureas (CENUs) are an important family of alkylating agents used in the clinical treatment of cancer. Their anticancer mechanism primarily involves the formation of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) induced by the chloroethyldiazonium ion derived from the decomposition of CENUs. In this work, the mechanism for the formation of ICLs was investigated by density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP, wB97XD, and M062X functinoals using conductor‐like polarizable continuum model solvent model. Three pathways leading to the formation of three types of G–C crosslinks were compared. G(N1)–C(N3) crosslink is predicted to be the dominant crosslinking product other than G(O⁶)–C(N⁴) and G(N²)–C(O²) crosslinks, which is consistent with the previous results obtained from QM/MM computations. The results indicate that the formation of the G(N1)–C(N3) crosslink via pathway A is the most favorable mechanism from both kinetic and thermodynamic standpoints. In this pathway, the chloroethyldiazonium ion alkylates guanine on the O⁶ site followed by intramolecular cyclization to form O⁶,N1‐ethanoguanine ( 4 ). The cytosine then reacts with intermediate 4 on the C^α atom to yield the G(N1)–C(N3) crosslink. This work provides reasonable explanations for the supposed mechanism of CENUs‐induced ICLs formation obtained from experimental investigations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

DNA interstrand crosslinks are induced in cells prelabelled with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and exposed to UVC radiation

It has been observed previously that 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) potentiates the effect of UVC radiation on the level of sister chromatid exchanges. It is not known which type of DNA damage is responsible for this enhancing effect and we have proposed this to be the DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) which, theoretically, may arise in cells that are labelled with BrdU for one round of replication and exposed to UVC radiation. The aim of the present investigation was to verify if ICLs are indeed formed during this irradiation scenario. CHO-K1 cells were prelabelled with BrdU and exposed to UVC. ICLs were detected by a modified version of the comet assay that relies on the reduction of induced DNA migration in the agarose gel. Carboplatin was used as a positive control. We found that BrdU+UVC treatment indeed results in a reduction of the damage induced by gamma-radiation. Furthermore, we observed that CL-V4B cells exposed to BrdU+UVC, but not to UVC alone, showed a very high level of chromosomal damage. These cells have a deficient Rad51C paralog that renders them extremely sensitive towards ICLs. Interestingly, the cytogenetic results did not correlate with cell survival, where it was found that the CL-V4B cells tolerate BrdU+UVC better than the wild type cells. The possible reasons are discussed. Taken together our results indicate that ICLs are formed in DNA that was prelabelled with BrdU and exposed to UVC radiation.     

A new way to detect the interaction of DNA and anticancer drugs based on the decreased resonance light scattering signal and its potential application

A novel assay has been developed to detect the interaction of DNA and anticancer drugs based on the decreased resonance light scattering (RLS) technique. The proposed method can be used to study those drugs which do not produce a RLS-signal after binding to DNA. RLS was used to monitor the interaction of five anticancer drugs with DNA. The reaction between anticancer drugs and DNA took place in BR buffer solution. From the RLS assay, the sequence of five anticancer drugs activities was as follows: CTX < MTX < Pt < MMC < 5-Fu. Mammary cancer cell DNA (mcDNA) was involved to validate the RLS assay. The results showed that the sensitivities of the five anticancer drugs targeting both mcDNA and ctDNA increased in the same order. However the sensitivity of each drug to mcDNA was higher than that to ctDNA It is a significant innovation of the RLS method to detect the interaction of DNA and anticancer drugs and to obtain drug sensitivity, which provides new strategies to screen DNA targeted anticancer drugs.     

Synthesis of Oligonucleotides Containing Trans Mitomycin C DNA Adducts at N6 of Adenine and N2 of Guanine

Mitomycin C, (MC), an antitumor drug, is a DNA alkylating agent currently used in the clinics. Inert in its native form, MC is reduced to reactive mitosenes, which undergo nucleophilic attack by guanine or adenine bases in DNA to form monoadducts as well as interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). Although ICLs are considered the most cytotoxic lesions, the role of each individual adduct in the drug's cytotoxicity is still not fully understood. Synthetic routes have been developed to access modified oligonucleotides containing dG MC-monoadducts and dG-MC-dG ICL at a single position of their base sequences to investigate the biological effects of these adducts. However, until now, oligonucleotides containing monoadducts formed by MC at the adenine base had not been available, thus preventing the examination of the role played by these lesions in the toxicity of MC. Here, we present a route to access these substrates. Structural proof of the adducted oligonucleotides were provided by enzymatic digestion to nucleosides and high-resolution mass spectral analysis. Additionally, parent oligonucleotides containing a dG monoadduct and a dG-MC-dG ICL were also produced. The stability and physical properties of all substrates were compared via CD spectroscopy and UV melting temperature studies. Finally, virtual models were created to explore the conformational space and structural features of these MC-DNA complexes.     

吖啶橙-细胞DNA荧光抑制法筛选抗癌药物

在DNA荧光法‘’‘初步筛选抗癌药物的实验中,漠化乙锭（EB）是常用的荧光探针,其本身荧光板弱,但能与双链DNA发生专一性插入作用,使荧光大幅度地增强．但EB不能进入完整的细胞膜［’j．对陕橙（AO）常用于细胞内DNA和RNA的定量测定,并能用于活细胞染色;AO与核酸的结合方式有2种：一种是在嵌入核酸双链的碱基对之间形成AO－DNA复合物,另一种是与单链核酸的磷酸发生静电间相互作用,形成AO－RNA复合物．如用蓝光激发,前者发射峰波长为530urn的绿色荧光,后者发射峰波长为640urn的红色荧卅’‘．本文提出一种对细胞周期非…     

Towards DNA Nanomachines for Cancer Treatment: Achieving Selective and Efficient Cleavage of Folded RNA

Despite decades of effort, gene therapy (GT) has failed to deliver clinically significant anticancer treatment, owing in part to low selectivity, low efficiency, and poor accessibility of folded RNA targets. Herein, we propose to solve these common problems of GT agents by using a DNA nanotechnology approach. We designed a deoxyribozyme‐based DNA machine that can i) recognize the sequence of a cancer biomarker with high selectivity, ii) tightly bind a structured fragment of a housekeeping gene mRNA, and iii) cleave it with efficiency greater than that of a traditional DZ‐based cleaving agent. An important advantage of the DNA nanomachine over other gene therapy approaches (antisense, siRNA, and CRISPR/cas) is its ability to cleave a housekeeping gene mRNA after being activated by a cancer marker RNA, which can potentially increase the efficiency of anticancer gene therapy. The DNA machine could become a prototype platform for a new type of anticancer GT agent.     

Insight Into Factors Governing Formation,Synthesis and Stereochemical Configuration of DNA Adducts Formed by Mitomycins

Mitomycin C, (MC), an antitumor drug used in the clinics, is a DNA alkylating agent. Inert in its native form, MC is reduced to reactive mitosenes in cellulo which undergo nucleophilic attack by DNA bases to form monoadducts as well as interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). These properties constitute the molecular basis for the cytotoxic effects of the drug. The mechanism of DNA alkylation by mitomycins has been studied for the past 30 years and, until recently, the consensus was that drugs of the mitomycins family mainly target CpG sequences in DNA. However, that paradigm was recently challenged. Here, we relate the latest research on both MC and dicarbamoylmitomycin C (DMC), a synthetic derivative of MC which has been used to investigate the regioselectivity of mitomycins DNA alkylation as well as the relationship between mitomycins reductive activation pathways and DNA adducts stereochemical configuration. We also review the different synthetic routes to access mitomycins nucleoside adducts and oligonucleotides containing MC/DMC DNA adducts located at a single position. Finally, we briefly describe the DNA structural modifications induced by MC and DMC adducts and how site specifically modified oligonucleotides have been used to elucidate the role each adduct plays in the drugs cytotoxicity.     

A resonance light scattering quenching system for studying DNA sequence recognition of actinomycin D

The DNA sequence recognition study of DNA-targeted anticancer drugs is a theoretical basis for improving the selectivity of anticancer drugs. With the high synergy effect of cocoamidopropyl hydroxy sulfobetaine (HSB), a resonance light scattering (RLS) quenching system for DNA sequence recognition studies of actinomycin D (ACTD) was developed in this contribution. By the strategy, DNA sequence selectivity as well as the recognition mechanisms of ACTD was systematically investigated. The results suggested that ACTD had the selectivity to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) with an equilibrium constant (K(RLS)) of 12.4 mmol mg(-1). Also it had a preference for Guanine and Cytosine bases with a K(RLS) of 6.69 L mmol(-1). The selectivity mechanism between ACTD and DNA was also well discussed with the help of UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Compared with other methods, the RLS quenching system has the advantages of reliability and speediness, and it avoids complex modification processes and is a better bionic system for the above research. Results obtained from this work would supply a theoretical basis for improving anticancer activity and designing similar anticancer drugs.