共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 390 毫秒
1.
G.F. Cerofolini 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(1):49-52
The thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of the Si–H bonds at the Si–SiO2 interface are studied on the basis of high-level quantum-mechanical calculations in the framework of density-functional theory.
In the absence of an applied electric field, the silanic bond is shown to be stable with respect to both hole capture from
the top of the silicon valence band and electron loss to the bottom of the silicon conduction band, but unstable with respect
to hole capture from the top of the SiO2 conduction band. The positively charged hydrogen does not shift spontaneously to protonate a neighbouring siloxanic bridge
unless it contains one adsorbed water molecule at least. The protonated siloxanic site thus formed may restore the original
silanic site (via simultaneous electron capture from the conduction band and hydron shift to silicon) but also evolve spontaneously
to a hydrogen atom via simple electron capture.
Received: 2 November 2001 / Accepted: 6 January 2002 / Published online: 20 March 2002 / Published online: 20 March 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Also at: STMicroelectronics, 20041 Agrate MI, Italy (E-mail: gianfranco.cerofolini@st.com) 相似文献
2.
Some examples of interface studies are reported which show their close link with progress in III–V modern semiconductor device
physics and technology. The surface electronic properties investigated in-situ by reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy during
InGaP/InP growth (metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy) are essential for the control of ordering phenomena in these layers,
which is relevant for high-performance optoelectronic devices. Studies of electronic interface states at metal/narrow-gap
III–V semiconductors are presented, which enabled the successful preparation of semiconductor/superconductor hybrid devices.
For group-III nitrides with wurtzite structure the presence of fixed polarization interface charges yields new challenges
in order to understand and control Schottky-barrier heights, band offsets and 2D confinement in heterostructure field-effect
transistors.
Received: 26 April 2001 / Accepted: 23 July 2001 / Published online: 3 April 2002 相似文献
3.
Transient effects on diffusion and activation during post-implantation anneals are a major obstacle for the further miniaturization
of ultra-large-scale integrated semiconductor devices. The article reviews recent developments in the simulation of such phenomena
with particular emphasis on models for the kinetics of self-interstitial agglomerates and boron–interstitial clusters.
Received: 21 August 2002 / Accepted: 21 August 2002 / Published online: 12 February 2003
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +49-9131/761-212, E-mail: pichler@iis-bfhg.de 相似文献
4.
H. Linke T.E. Humphrey P.E. Lindelof A. Löfgren R. Newbury P. Omling A.O. Sushkov R.P. Taylor H. Xu 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2002,75(2):237-246
Quantum ratchets are Brownian motors in which the quantum dynamics of particles induces qualitatively new behavior. We review
a series of experiments in which asymmetric semiconductor devices of sub-micron dimensions are used to study quantum ratchets
for electrons. In rocked quantum-dot ratchets electron-wave interference is used to create a non-linear voltage response, leading to a ratchet effect. The direction of
the net ratchet current in this type of device can be sensitively controlled by changing one of the following experimental
variables: a small external magnetic field, the amplitude of the rocking force, or the Fermi energy. We also describe a tunneling
ratchet in which the current direction depends on temperature. In our discussion of the tunneling ratchet we distinguish between
three contributions to the non-linear current–voltage characteristics that lead to the ratchet effect: thermal excitation
over energy barriers, tunneling through barriers, and wave reflection from barriers. Finally, we discuss the operation of
adiabatically rocked tunneling ratchets as heat pumps.
Received: 8 February 2002 / Accepted: 11 February 2002 / Published online: 22 April 2002 相似文献
5.
Potential for micromachined actuation of ultra-wide continuously tunable optoelectronic devices 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H. Hillmer J. Daleiden C. Prott F. Römer S. Irmer V. Rangelov A. Tarraf S. Schüler M. Strassner 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2002,75(1):3-13
Tailored scaling represents a principle of success that, both in nature and in technology, allows the effectiveness of physical
effects to be enhanced. Mutation and selection in nature are imitated in technology, e.g. by model calculation and design.
Proper scaling of dimensions in natural photonic crystals and our fabricated artificial 1D photonic crystals (DBRs, distributed
Bragg reflectors) enable efficient diffractive interaction in a specific spectral range. For our optical microsystems we illustrate
that tailored miniaturization may also increase the mechanical stability and the effectiveness of spectral tuning by thermal
and electrostatic actuation, since the relative significance of the fundamental physical forces involved considerably changes
with scaling. These basic physical principles are rigorously applied in micromachined 1.55-μm vertical-resonator-based devices.
We modeled, implemented and characterized 1.55-μm micromachined optical filters and vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser
devices capable of wide, monotonic and kink-free tuning by a single control parameter. Tuning is achieved by mechanical actuation
of one or several air-gaps that are part of the vertical resonator including two ultra-highly reflective DBR mirrors of strong
refractive index contrast: (i) Δn=2.17 for InP/air-gap DBRs (3.5 periods) using GaInAs sacrificial layers and (ii) Δn=0.5
for Si3N4/SiO2 DBRs (12 periods) with a polymer sacrificial layer to implement the air-cavity. In semiconductor multiple air-gap filters,
a continuous tuning of >8% of the absolute wavelength is obtained. Varying the reverse voltage (U=0–5 V) between the membranes
(electrostatic actuation), a tuning range of >110 nm was obtained for a large number of devices. The correlation of the wavelength
and the applied voltage is accurately reproducible without any hysteresis. In two filters, tuning of 127 and 130 nm was observed
for about ΔU=7 V. The extremely wide tuning range and the very small voltage required are record values to the best of our
knowledge. For thermally actuated dielectric filters based on polymer sacrificial layers, Δλ/ΔU=-7 nm/V is found.
Received: 10 May 2002 / Published online: 8 August 2002 相似文献
6.
F.C. Fonseca G.F. Goya R.F. Jardim N.L.V. Carreño E. Longo E.R. Leite R. Muccillo 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(4):621-623
Ni nanoparticles embedded in an amorphous SiO2 matrix were produced by a modified sol–gel method. This method resulted in nanocomposites with a controlled size distribution
and good dispersion of the metallic particles. The particle-size distributions were found to have an average radius of ∼3 nm,
as inferred from transmission electron microscopy, X-ray-diffraction analysis, and magnetic measurements. Magnetic characterizations
revealed that samples exhibit superparamagnetic behavior above the blocking temperature TB, 20 K≤TB≤40 K, and absence of a shift along the field axis on hysteresis loops measured at T≤TB, indicating that the metallic nanoparticles are also free from an oxide layer.
Received: 7 October 2002 / Accepted: 9 October 2002 / Published online: 8 January 2003
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +55-11/3091-6984, E-mail: rjardim@if.usp.br 相似文献
7.
V. Brien A. Dauscher P. Weisbecker F. Machizaud 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(2):187-195
The preparation in thin film form of the known icosahedral phase in Ti-Ni-Zr bulk alloys has been investigated as a function
of substrate temperature. Films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition on sapphire substrates at temperatures ranging from
room temperature to 350 °C. Morphological and structural modifications have been followed by grazing-incidence and θ–2θ X-ray
diffraction, transmission electron diffraction and imaging. Chemical composition has been analyzed by electron probe microanalysis.
The in-depth variation of composition has been studied by secondary neutral mass spectroscopy. We show that pulsed laser deposition
at 275 °C makes the formation of a 1-μm-thick film of Ti-Ni-Zr quasicrystalline textured nanocrystallites possible.
Received: 7 June 2001 / Accepted: 18 February 2002 / Published online: 3 June 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +33-3/8357-6300, E-mail: brien@mines.u-nancy.fr 相似文献
8.
A.V. Karabutov V.D. Frolov E.N. Loubnin A.V. Simakin G.A. Shafeev 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(3):413-416
Low-threshold field electron emission (FEE) is reported for periodic arrays of micro-tips produced by laser ablation of Si
wafers. The best samples show emission at threshold fields as low as 4–5 V/μm for n-type Si substrates and of 1–2 V/μm for
p-doped Si substrates, as measured with a flat-screen technique. Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray electron spectroscopy
reveal island-like deviation of the SiO2 stoichiometry on the tip surfaces, with lateral dimensions of less than 100 nm. Microscopic studies using a special field-emission
STM show that the emission originates from well-conducting regions of sub-micron size. The experimental data suggest FEE from
the tip arrays by a geometric field enhancement of both the individual micro-tip and the narrow conducting channels in the
tip body.
Received: 3 May 2002 / Accepted: 1 July 2002 / Published online: 28 October 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +7-095/135-82-34, E-mail: shafeev@kapella.gpi.ru 相似文献
9.
Field emission from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) aligned on a patterned gold surface is reported. The SWNT emitters
were prepared at room temperature by a self-assembly monolayer technique. SWNTs were cut into sub-micron lengths by sonication
in an acidic solution. Cut SWNTs were attached to the gold surface by the reaction between the thiol groups and the gold surface.
The field-emission measurements showed that the turn-on field was 4.8 V/μm at an emission current density of 10 μA/cm2. The current density was 0.5 mA/cm2 at 6.6 V/μm. This approach provides a novel route for fabricating CNT-based field-emission displays.
Received: 3 May 2002 / Accepted: 6 May 2002 / Published online: 4 December 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +82-54/279-8298, E-mail: ce20047@postech.ac.kr 相似文献
10.
G. Tsilimis J. Kutzner H. Zacharias 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(5):743-749
An extreme ultraviolet (EUV) laser light source based on high-harmonic generation is presented. Coherent radiation in the
photon energy range hν=20–120 eV is produced in the conversion media argon, neon and helium. High-harmonic radiation in the
energy range 20–50 eV is applied to investigate photoemission spectra of Pt (111) and CO/Pt (111). In the photoemission spectra
of the clean surface, new secondary electron emission structures are found which influence the cross section analysis of the
CO states. When taking these Pt resonances into consideration, the 4σ and 5σ CO shape resonances are found at photon energies
of 37 eV and 28 eV, respectively. Additionally, a resonance at hν=31 eV is also observed for the CO 1π state, in contrast
to formerly published experimental data. Experimental and theoretical data suggest that this resonance is not connected to
the well-known shape resonances in the σ-channel. Based on theoretical approaches, it is identified as an autoionization resonance.
Received: 8 April 2002 / Accepted: 22 May 2002 / Published online: 22 November 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +49-251/833-3604, E-mail: kutzner@uni-muenster.de 相似文献
11.
S.C. Veenstra A. Heeres G. Hadziioannou G.A. Sawatzky H.T. Jonkman 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2002,75(6):661-666
C60 layers on polycrystalline Ag and Au are studied by photoelectron spectroscopy. At these metal/C60 interfaces an electron transfer occurs from the metal to the lowest unoccupied orbital of C60. We found in the case of the polycrystalline Ag/C60 interface a dipolar layer with its associated electric field in the direction corresponding to the charge transfer, so pointing
from the substrate to the adsorbent. Yet, at the Au/C60 interface we observed an overall electric field pointing from C60 towards the metal. We discuss our observations in terms of charge transfer, screening and hybridization effects and propose
the occurrence of a hybridization mechanism similar to back-bonding at the Au/C60 interface. We show that the alignment of energy levels at the metal/C60 interface cannot simply be deduced using the metal workfunction and the frontier orbitals of C60, including screening effects, since hybridization effects may strongly alter the interfacial energy level structure. Our
experimental findings on the polycrystalline metal/C60 interfaces indicate an at-most weak dependence of the Fermi level of the C60 overlayer on the workfunction of the polycrystalline metal substrate. These interfaces are found in donor–acceptor-based
organic photovoltaic devices and our results may help to understand the electrical characteristics of these devices.
Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 15 January 2002 / Published online: 3 June 2002 相似文献
12.
Yuo-Hsien Shiau 《Solid State Communications》2011,151(2):135-138
The understanding of the origin of electronic noise would be very important in semiconductor devices. Detecting time characteristics via statistical approaches has been known to be useful in complex systems. In this study, the ensemble Monte Carlo particle method is used to simulate electron transport in a layered III-V semiconductor at room temperature. Nonlinear/erratic spiking fluctuations are predominant at the onset of current instabilities. To explore time characteristics detrended fluctuation analysis is used to analyze interspike intervals in different scales. Interestingly, multifractal behaviors are responsible for this kind of electronic noise. Therefore, it indicates that many extra time-characteristic would emerge in semiconductor devices, which would be strongly related to polar optical phonon scattering for intervalley transfer. 相似文献
13.
A. Buguin L. Talini P. Silberzan 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2002,75(2):207-212
The concepts of ‘force-free’ motion can be applied to liquid microdrops confined in asymmetrically structured geometries to
set them into motion. We illustrate this idea with several experiments in which fluctuations in the drop shape and wetting
properties are triggered by different physical means either by acting transversally to the motion with an on/off electric
field, or along this motion with a low-frequency electric field of zero mean value or by vibrating the substrate. These findings
can find natural applications in the field of integrated analysis systems.
Received: 25 October 2001 / Accepted: 14 January 2002 / Published online: 22 April 2002 相似文献
14.
L.-W. Yin M.-S. Li Z.-G. Gong Z.-Y. Hao 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(7):1079-1084
A type of synthetic diamond single crystal about 0.4–0.5 mm in dimension prepared under high pressure–high temperature (HPHT)
in the presence of a FeNi molten catalyst was quenched from HPHT and irradiated with 300 keV electrons at room temperature.
Transmission electron microscopy was employed to examine the microstructure of the diamond single crystal before and after
electron irradiation. It was found that there exists a large amount of cellular interfaces in the quenched diamond sample,
which indicates the growth condition of the diamond under HPHT. Hexagonal dislocation loops about several tens of nanometers
in dimension were observed in the high-pressure-synthesized diamond single crystal before electron irradiation, which strongly
suggests that a number of vacancies were quenched-in due to rapid quenching from high temperature at the end of diamond synthesis,
and were aggregated in the synthetic diamond to form vacancy disks on the (111) plane, the collapse of such vacancy disks
forming vacancy-type dislocation loops. After electron irradiation, it was found that defect clusters present as interstitial-character
dislocation loops were formed in the electron-irradiated region of the diamond. The interstitial dislocation loops grow with
increase of the irradiation time. The present study, in comparison to previous work on ion implantation on diamond, indicates
that electron irradiation does not induce a phase transformation but produces interstitial dislocation loops due to the migration
of interstitial atoms and vacancies. The result of the study directly indicates that interstitials and vacancies in diamond
are mobile at room temperature under electron irradiation. Nitrogen, as the most important kind of impurity contained in the
HPHT as-grown diamond, probably acts as nucleation of the interstitial loops.
Received: 16 November 2001 / Accepted: 12 June 2002 / Published online: 17 December 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. E-mail: yinlw@sdu.edu.cn 相似文献
15.
The design and development of a molecular system functioning as a prototype of a Brownian motor is presented. The road towards
the molecular motor is illustrated with previous attempts preparing other mechanical devices, such as a molecular brake and
a molecular ratchet. Thermal and chemical energy are used to achieve unidirectional rotation in the Brownian motor. The similarities
of synthetic molecular devices with biological – microscopic – and mechanical – macroscopic – systems and the perils of extrapolating
macroscopic principles to the molecular level are also discussed.
Received: 15 November 2001 / Accepted: 14 January 2002 / Published online: 22 April 2002 相似文献
16.
Group-IV nanocluster formation by ion-beam synthesis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
W. Skorupa L. Rebohle T. Gebel 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(7):1049-1059
A short review of our investigations devoted to the use of ion-beam-synthesized nanoclusters for silicon-based light emission
and nonvolatile memory effects is presented. Blue-violet light emission is demonstrated based on Ge-implanted silicon dioxide
layers thermally grown on silicon substrates. This version of silicon-based light emission relies on Ge-related defects in
the amorphous ≡Si–O–Si≡ network. The photoluminescence and electroluminescence are excited by a singlet S0–S1 transition of a neutral oxygen vacancy and by electron injection from the silicon substrate into the silicon dioxide layer,
respectively. Whereas the photoluminescence excitation is a well-known mechanism, for the case of electroluminescence an interpretation
was performed for the first time in the course of our studies. It was found that the most probable way to excite luminescence
centers is the impact excitation by hot electrons. Whereas the injection is explained by trap-assisted tunneling of electrons
from the substrate into the oxide, the electrons will be transported via traps or in the SiO2 conduction band. The application of the silicon-based light-emitting devices for an integrated optocoupler arrangement is
described. Another application of nanoclusters is based on the investigation of thin Si-implanted silicon dioxide layers for
nonvolatile memory devices. First promising results demonstrate that the observed programming window can reach several volts
and the devices exhibit excellent retention behavior. A 256 K-nv-SRAM is demonstrated showing a programming window of >1 V
for write pulses of 12 V/8 ms.
Received: 21 August 2002 / Accepted: 21 August 2002 / Published online: 12 February 2003
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +49-351/260-3411, E-mail: w.skorupa@fz-rossendorf.de 相似文献
17.
E.I. Rashba 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》2002,29(4):513-527
Insertion of a resistive contact between a ferromagnetic metal and a semiconductor microstructure is of critical importance
for achieving efficient spin injection into a semiconductor. However, the equations of the diffusion theory are rather cumbersome
for the junctions including such contacts. A technique based on deriving a system of self-consistent equations for the coefficients
of spin injection, γ, through different contacts are developed. These equations are concise when written in the proper notations.
Moreover, the resistance of a two-contact junction can be expressed in terms of γ's of both contacts. This equation makes
calculating the spin valve effect straightforward, allows to find an explicit expression for the junction resistance and to
prove that its nonequilibrium part is positive. Relation of these parameters to different phenomena like spin-e.m.f. and the
contact transients is established. Comparative effect of the Coulomb screening on different parameters is clarified. It is
also shown that the spin non-conservation in a contact can have a dramatic effect on the non-equilibrium resistance of the
junction.
Received 2 May 2002 / Received in final form 26 July 2002 Published online 15 October 2002
RID="a"
ID="a"Also at the Department of Physics, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA e-mail: erashba@mailaps.org 相似文献
18.
β-Ga2O3 nanowires have been synthesized using Ga metal and H2O vapor at 800 °C in the presence of Ni catalyst on the substrate. Remarkable reduction of the diameter and increase of the
length of the Ga2O3 nanowires are achieved by separation of Ga metal and H2O vapor before they reach the substrate. Transmission electron microscopy analyses indicate that the β-Ga2O3 nanowires possess a single-crystalline structure. Photoluminescence measurements show two broad emission bands centered at
290 nm and 390 nm at room temperature.
Received: 27 June 2002 / Accepted: 7 October 2002 / Published online: 17 December 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +886-6/234-4496, E-mail: wujj@mail.ncku.edu.tw 相似文献
19.
Q. Ren D. Xu Y.T. Chow Z.H. Lü C.B. Ma G.H. Zhang H.P. Chan P.L. Chu 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(2):183-186
Composite thin films of PbTiO3 nanocrystals and high-transparency PEKc polymer for applications in electro-optical devices were prepared using the spin
coating technique. The size of the PbTiO3 nanocrystals was estimated to be 30–40 nm using a transmission electron microscope. The transmission technique, a simple
method for measuring the electro-optic coefficients of poled composite polymer films was developed. The electro-optic coefficient
γ33 of poled PbTiO3/PEKc composite polymer films was measured to be 18.34 pm V-1 at 633 nm under room temperature. The index at 633 nm and the dielectric constant at 100 kHz under room temperature were
determined to be 1.65248 and 7.32, respectively. The figure of merit F2=n7γ2/ε was estimated to be 1546, showing very good electro-optical properties.
Received: 5 February 2002 / Accepted: 12 March 2002 / Published online: 19 July 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +852/2788-7791, E-mail: eeytc@cityu.edu.hk 相似文献
20.
A.F. Yaremchuk 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(3):405-411
The range of applicability of the mixed-boundary-value method for calculating spreading resistance for a homogeneous slab
with an effective contact-radius source and backed by a substrate of arbitrary but finite resistivity is investigated. Solutions
are presented in terms of the correction factor and the source current density distributions for a slab of varying thickness
and with various high-resistivity substrates. The correction factors for different schemes of calculation are correctly obtained
by means of introducing an additional current source of opposite sign, but with the same absolute value, located at the drain
point contact. This combination of source and drain currents gives the true value for the potential distribution along the
surface of the semiconductor. This, in turn, leads to new terms in the equations obtained for the correction factors, which
have been omitted in previously published works. A comparison between several schemes of calculation is presented. Within
the framework of “uniform” and “variable” current distributions underneath the contact probe, there are two limits for the
correction factor. A model based on a combination of these approaches is discussed, and a comparison between the proposed
method and the Schumann–Gardner formulation is made.
Received: 30 January 2002 / Accepted: 30 January 2002 / Published online: 28 October 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +7-095/531-83-54, E-mail: telkom@df.ru 相似文献