用光纤白光干涉技术测量晶体的弹光系数

运用折射率椭球分析晶体的弹光效应,给出了三方晶系沿光轴方向的应力与折射率的变化关系.针对晶体的各向异性和折射率随应力变化很小的因素,利用白光干涉技术空间分辨率高的特点,将白光干涉技术拓展到研究各向异性材料的光学性质. 并对测量群折射率的光纤迈克尔逊白光干涉技术进行了改进.采用光栅位移传感器和全保偏光纤提高反射扫描镜的位移准确度.通过测量石英晶体在不同外力下折射率的变化情况,确定了晶体的弹光系数. 石英晶体的弹光系数P33和P13分别为0.110和0.279,其准确度达到0.001.     

去除光学器件弹光双折射的方法

在电光、磁光调制器和传感器等光学器件的制作和使用过程中,经常会产生影响器件性能的弹光双折射.根据折射率椭球分析法,通过系统分析各晶系晶体的弹光效应,提出了若干去除光学器件中静态弹光双折射的方法.主要结论包括:对于正交晶系的双轴晶体,当光波沿着晶体任意一个主轴方向传播时,如果作用于晶体另外两个主轴方向的应力能够满足某一与晶体自身参数有关的倍数关系且不存在剪切应力,则可以去除这两个应力引起的弹光双折射;对利用所有单轴晶体,ˉ43m,432,m3m点群的立方晶体和匀质光学玻璃制作的光学器件,如果能够保持晶体沿着x1,x2轴方向的正应力相等且不存在剪切应力,或只对晶体施加x3方向的正应力,也可以避免沿着晶体主光轴x3方向传播光波的弹光双折射.上述去除弹光双折射的方法对光学器件的设计、制作和使用具有重要参考价值.     

面心立方晶体表面蚀坑的分形特征

本文应用唯象方法，对面心立方晶体的（１１１）面上的显微电化学蚀坑作分形几何分析。提出晶面缺陷的复制侵蚀势概念，此势具有类Ｓｉｅｒｐｉｎｓｋｉ垫结构的自相似复制特征。最后将所得理论结果与红外材料Ｃｄ１－ｘＺｎｘＴｅ晶体的（１１１）面上的电化学蚀坑形貌观察观察结果比较，符合甚好。     

超硬立方BC2N材料与金刚石的比较

摘要最近有实验称成功合成超硬立方BC2N材料，其硬度仅次于金刚石．文章采用第一性原理计算方法，研究立方BC2N晶体材料的理想强度．计算结果显示，虽然立方BC2N晶体具有很大的弹性系数，但材料中化学成分的各向异性和原子键特性随外加应力变化的非线性性质限制了立方BC2N晶体的强度．最硬的立方BC2N晶体结构的硬度应低于立方BN，后者为目前已知的第二硬材料．实验中观测到的立方BC2N材料的超硬特性应源自材料中的纳米颗粒效应．制备立方BC2N纳米复合材料将是合成新型超硬材料的新方法．     

立方型Ti-B-N的光学性质的计算

立方型TiBN材料的光学性质对于深刻理解TiBN薄膜材料的光学性质,以及监测和控制TiBN薄膜材料的生长过程起着重要作用。使用基于密度泛函理论的平面波超软赝势方法计算了立方型TiBN的电子结构和光学性质,给出了电子态密度、介电常数、吸收系数、反射力、折射系数、消光系数等计算结果,并对计算结果作了分析。态密度图显示,存在源于B的2p态的态密度峰,分析认为这对立方型TiBN的光学吸收造成了明显影响。同时还计算了立方型TiBN的色度坐标,并根据计算结果对工艺参量与TiBN薄膜材料色度坐标之间的联系作出了分析。     

双横向电光克尔效应

理论分析了克尔(Kerr)介质在两个横向电场作用下的电光调制特性.并由此确定了具有双横向电光克尔效应的光学材料种类.采用折射率椭球方法分析可知,各向同性克尔介质和一些晶体在横向外加电场作用下,其电光相位延迟与外加电场幅值的平方成正比,与电场方向无关;而其电光双折射主轴方位角与外加电场的方向角成正比,与电场幅值无关,称这种电光调制特性为双横向电光克尔效应.理论分析结果表明,排除兼有泡克耳斯(Pockels)效应和电致旋光效应的材料,立方晶系432,m3m点群和六角晶系6/mmm点群的晶体以及所有各向同性光学介质具有双横向电光克尔效应.目前已有克尔常数较大的陶瓷玻璃材料研制成功,将有力地促进双横向电光效应在光学各领域中的广泛应用.     

光学复合体系中有效介质理论的适用条件

以纳米晶掺杂复合体系为例，研究该类多组分光学材料的有效介电系数随复合体系结构和组分介电系数的变化，进而分析有效介质理论的适用条件。假定纳米晶被周期性掺杂到背景晶体中，且均为各向同性材料。借助转移矩阵理论研究发现，当纳米晶和背景晶体的介电系数相差较大时，有效介电系数会表现出波长依赖性。此外，发现复合体系在其光学能隙处没有有效介电系数，说明此时基于等效介质思想的有效介质理论均不适合描述复合体系的光学性质，这是因为在物理上均一的光学材料无法形成光学能隙。     

多维正常声电光效应最佳工作模式的确定

通过对四方、立方晶系的纵向电光效应和多维正常声光效应的研究，选定了四方晶系的KDP晶体和立方晶系的GaP晶体作为多维正常声电光器件的最佳晶体，并通过计算两种晶体的声光互作用性能参量，确定了它们的二维、三维、四维正常声电光效应的最佳工作模式。研究结果为多维正常声电光器件的设计与制作打下了良好基础。多维声电光器件在多路光通信和多通道光信息处理中有应用前景。     

一种有希望的新型非线性光学材料──二阶非线性有机材料

自激光问世以来,非线性光学有了迅速的发展。第一批被广泛应用的非线性光学材料是无机晶体。有机材料的非线性光学性质,只是在近年来才有较广泛深入的研究。　　Kurtz和 Perry在 1968年发明了测定材料的非线性系数的“粉末法”。该方法无须生长出大块晶体,只要用材料粉末就能大致测定其非线性系数的大小。后来人们测量过许多有机材料的粉末,发现有些粉末能产生相当强的二次谐波,还认识到非线性的大小与分子结构中的配对结合有关系. 在70年代中期,美国贝尔实验室和法国CNET的两个研究小组各自独立地发展了一种“溶液法”(更确切地说,称为…     

具有立方晶系结构的多晶体材料的弹性常数——Y弹性常数

提出了一个新的物理参量“Ｙ弹性常数”,并阐述了其物理含义.并将其应用于具有立方晶系结构的多晶体材料,推导了立方晶系结构的多晶体材料的Ｙ弹性常数,通过算例与具有立方晶系结构的多晶体材料的X射线弹性常数进行了比较.运用这个Ｙ弹性常数进一步推导出的多晶体材料整体的机械弹性常数的表达式与Krner的研究结果完全符合. 关键词： Y弹性常数 立方晶系 多晶体材料     

晶体的双参量调制及其应用

利用折射率椭球分析法,分析了某些具有多重光学效应的光学晶体在两个外场同时作用下的一些特有调制规律.结果表明,当晶体的折射率椭球方程的三个交叉项中只有一项x1x2不为零时,可以得到其外场诱导新主轴折射率及其主轴取向的简单计算式.据此可以揭示出某些晶体在两个外加电场同时作用下将具有双横向电光Pockels效应,例如ˉ6点群的电光晶体.但一般晶体在双横向应力作用下不具有与双横向电光效应类似的调制特性,其弹光双折射大小与其应力差成正比,其双折射主轴方向一般为固定值.在相互垂直的外加应力和电场同时作用下,某些晶体(例如ˉ43m点群晶体)的双折射大小与外加应力和外加电场的加权几何平均值成正比,且新折射率主轴旋转角由外加应力和外加电场的比值来确定.晶体的上述双参量调制特性对设计新型光学调制器或传感器具有重要指导意义.     

Wave velocities in shock-compressed cubic and hexagonal single crystals above the elastic limit

When solids are subjected to high-pressure shock-wave loading, multiple stress waves propagate with velocities dependent upon the elastic and inelastic compressibilities of the solid. The present paper shows that the inelastic or plastic waves in cubic and hexagonal single crystals do not necessarily propagate with the bulk sound speed as they do in isotropic elastic-plastic solids. This result is a consequence of anisotropy in the plastic deformation which depends on the slip plane orientation in the crystal and has important consequences with regard to the determination of compressibilities from shock-wave data. In particular, for wave propagation in the <110> directions of cubic crystals the departure from the bulk velocity can be significant (5–25 per cent). For wave propagation normal to the c-axis in hexagonal crystals, the plastic wave velocity also differs from the bulk sound speed (10–25 per cent). Plastic wave velocities are tabulated for a number of cubic crystals on the basis of the various slip systems common to these materials. The calculated velocities are then compared with experimental data on shock-loaded single-crystal aluminum and sodium chloride.     

Effects of harmonic phase on nonlinear surface acoustic waves in the (111) plane of cubic crystals

Spectral evolution equations are used to perform numerical studies of nonlinear surface acoustic waves in the (111) plane of several nonpiezoelectric cubic crystals. Nonlinearity matrix elements which describe the coupling of harmonic interactions are used to characterize velocity waveform distortion. In contrast to isotropic solids and the (001) plane of cubic crystals, the nonlinearity matrix elements usually cannot be written in a real-valued form. As a result, the harmonic components are not necessarily in phase, and dramatic variations in waveforms and propagation curves can be observed. Simulations are performed for initially monofrequency surface waves. In some directions the waveforms distort in a manner similar to nonlinear Rayleigh waves, while in other directions the velocity waveforms distort asymmetrically and the formation of shocks and cusped peaks is less distinct. In some cases, oscillations occur near the shocks and peaks because of phase differences between harmonics. A mathematical transformation based on the phase of the matrix elements is shown to provide a reasonable approximation of asymmetric waveform distortion in cases where the matrix elements have similar phase.     

Negative Poisson’s ratio for cubic crystals and nano/microtubes

The paper systemizes numerous cubic crystals which can have both positive and negative Poisson’s ratios (the so-called partial auxetics) depending on the specimen orientation in tension. Several complete cubic auxetics whose Poisson’s ratio is always negative are indicated. The partial cubic auxetics are classified with the use of two dimensionless elastic parameters. For one of the parameters, a critical value is found at which the orientation behavior of the crystals changes qualitatively. The behavior of mesotubes obtained by rolling up plates of cubic crystals (crystals with rectilinear anisotropy) is considered in detail. Such mesotubes with curvilinear cubic anisotropy can have micron and nanometer lateral dimensions. It is shown that uniform tension of nano/microtubes of cubic crystals is possible only in the particular case of zero chirality angle (the angle between the crystallographic axis and the axis of a stretched tube). It is demonstrated by the semi-inverse Saint-Venant method that solution of the axial tension problem for cylindrically anisotropic nano/microtubes of cubic crystals with a non-zero chirality angle is possible with radially inhomogeneous fields of three normal stresses and one shear stress. In the examples considered, the cylindrically anisotropic nano/microtubes of cubic crystals are auxetics even if they are initially non-auxetics with rectilinear anisotropy.     

THz辐射电光探测原理分析新方法

采用线性电光效应耦合波理论，得到一种全新简便的基于线性电光效应的THz辐射电光探测 原理的分析方法.这种方法不仅适用于一切各向同性晶体，也适用于探测光沿光轴传播的单 轴晶体.它可以方便地描述在探测光偏振状态和THz辐射电场方向都任意的情况下探测器的行 为，并可以得到探测器的优化设计方案.同时此方法不需要复杂的坐标变换，计算方便简洁 ，而且得到一些在其他理论中没有得到的结论，有望给电光探测器设计者提供有益的参考 . 关键词： 电光探测器 THz 线性电光效应耦合波理论     

Periodic nanostructures: spatial dispersion mimics chirality

Polarization rotation in isotropic materials is commonly associated with chirality, i.e., structures with a handedness which are not identical with their mirror image. We observe this effect in the visible and near-IR regions at oblique incidence in the optical response of a subwavelength square array of holes. Mapping the complete k space via Mueller-matrix spectroscopic ellipsometry, we find that in specific directions the rotary power is orders of magnitude larger than that observed for chiral molecules. Although experimentally indistinguishable, the physics behind the two phenomena is fundamentally different: While optical activity is a consequence of magnetic interactions, nanostructures on a square lattice rotate the polarization due to spatial dispersion.     

Effect of anisotropy on the propagation of concentration-elastic waves in crystals with the generation of nonequilibrium local disorder carriers

The effect anisotropy has on the propagation of concentration elastic waves in crystals subjected to the action of laser pulses generating carriers of disorders in the crystalline structure is studied. The existence of four dispersion wave modes—one quasi-longitudinal, two quasi-transverse, and one quasi-concentration—is established. For transversely isotropic and cubic crystals, phase velocities and attenuation (or amplification) increments of waves are determined for different directions of their propagation.     

Two-dimensional materials for ultrafast lasers

As the fundamental optical properties and novel photophysics of graphene and related two-dimensional(2D) crystals are being extensively investigated and revealed, a range of potential applications in optical and optoelectronic devices have been proposed and demonstrated. Of the many possibilities, the use of 2D materials as broadband, cost-effective and versatile ultrafast optical switches(or saturable absorbers) for short-pulsed lasers constitutes a rapidly developing field with not only a good number of publications, but also a promising prospect for commercial exploitation. This review primarily focuses on the recent development of pulsed lasers based on several representative 2D materials. The comparative advantages of these materials are discussed, and challenges to practical exploitation, which represent good future directions of research, are laid out.