Molecular conformation effects on mesomorphism and twisting ability of chiral cyclohexanones in mesophases

The molecular conformations of 2,6-bis-(4-phenyl)benzylidene-3R-methyl-cyclohexanone and its mono-(4-phenyl)benzylidene methylcyclohexanone isomers were investigated by molecular simulation using the semiempirical AM1 and PM3 methods and by analyzing the experimental spin-spin coupling constants in the PMR spectra. Mesomorphism and the twisting ability of the induced cholesteric mesophases of the title compounds are analyzed using the ratios between conformers with the axial and equatorial methyl groups and other peculiarities of the spatial structure of molecules (differences in anisometricity and in the degree of flattening of the cinnamoyl fragment). The equatorial orientation of the methyl group in the dominant conformations generally favors the formation of mesophases. The twisting ability is higher for chiral compounds with an axial methyl substituent and with the chiral center directly bonded to the enone and arylidene groups.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by L. A. Kutulya, A. I. Krivoshei, N. S. Pivnenko, and N. I. ShkolnikovaTranslated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 419–429, May–June, 2004.     

Nonlinear optical properties of dicyanomethylene‐derived heteroaromatic dyes: Semiempirical molecular orbital calculations and experimental investigations

The effect of conformation (E/Z isomerism), nature (donor/acceptor) of substituents, and endgroups (indandione, pyrazolone, pyrazoledione) on the molecular hyperpolarizability β_vec of dicyanomethylene (hetero)aromatic dyes is investigated by means of semiempirical (AM1, ZINDO) molecular orbital calculations. Unless Z isomers are stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, generally E conformers have larger β_vec's. Replacement of one nitrile group of the dicyanomethylene moiety by p‐aminoaryl rather than p‐R‐arylamino (R=NMe₂, MeO, H, NO₂) is found to be advantageous. Increasing the acceptor strength of 29 by successively replacing the carbonyl with dicyanovinyl groups leads to a maximum of β_vec for the derivative with one rather than two C(CN)₂ groups. With respect to endgroups, the indandione moiety generally is the least active group. Solvent effects are treated within the framework of the self‐consistent reaction field approximation. In most cases gas‐phase tendencies are either parallel or even reinforced if solvent effects are taken into account. The calculated results are compared with electric field induced second harmonic generation (EFISH) measurements. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 79: 253–266, 2000     

13C and1H NMR study of 3-R-substitutedtrans-2-oxadecalins and 1-R-substitutedcis- andtrans-2-oxahydrindans

Previously synthesized 3-substitutedcis- andtrans-2-oxadecalins and 1-substitutedcis- andtrans-2-oxahydrindans were studied by ¹³ C and ¹ H NMR. The structure and configuration of these compounds were established.A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117912 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 861–865, April, 1992.     

Infrared study of solvent-solute interactions of 1-substituted 2-pyrrolidinones and related compounds

Summary The wavenumbers of the carbonyl stretching vibrations of 2-pyrrolidinone (P), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (MP), 1-isopropyl-2-pyrrolidinone (IPP), 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone (HEP), 2-oxobenzothiazole (OBT), and 3-octyl-2-oxobenzothiazole (OOBT) were measured inn-hexane/CDCl₃, acetonitrile/D₂O, methanol/D₂O, and 2-butoxyethanol/D₂O mixtures and compared with similar data for 1-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidinone (CHP) and dimethylacetamide (DMA). The dependencies of the wavenumbers on the mole fraction of the less polar cosolvent in binary mixtures allow a distinction and assignment of all species resulting from weak solute-solvent and solute-solute interactions. The slopes of the dependencies of the wavenumbers on the mole fraction for similar intermolecular species inn-hexane/CDCl₃ mixtures correlate well with the relative hydrogen bond basicities (i.e. hydrogen bonding abilities with phenol) and reveal that the solvent sensitivities significantly depend on the steric requirements in the vicinity of the C=O group. On the other hand, the slopes of similar dependencies in acetonitrile/D₂O mixtures are proportional to the electron donating effects of alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom of the pyrrolidinone ring. In the case of mixtures formed by two strongly hydrogen bonding cosolvents (alcohols/D₂O), a competitive equilibrium occurs between the hydrogen bonding tendency of both cosolvents and 1-substituted 2-pyrrolidinones. In solutions of 1-substituted 2-pyrrolidinones in water-rich 2-butoxyethanol/D₂O mixtures, microheterogeneous domains occur before classic mixtures of two polar liquids are formed.

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Infrarotuntersuchungen über Wechselwirkungen von 1-substituierten 2-Pyrrolidinonen und verwandten Verbindungen mit Lösungsmitteln

Zusammenfassung Die Wellenzahlen der Carbonylstreckschwingungen von 2-Pyrrolidinon (P), 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinon (MP), 1-Isopropyl-2-pyrrolidinon (IPP), 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinon (HEP), 2-Oxobenzothiazol (OBT) und 3-Octyl-2-oxobenzothiazol (OOBT) wurden inn-Hexan/CDCl₃, Acetonitril/D₂O, methanol/D₂O und 2-Butoxyethanol/D₂O gemessen und mit den entsprechenden Daten für 1-Cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidinon (CHP) und Dimethylacetamid (DMA) verglichen. Die Abhängigkeit der Wellenzahlen vom Molenbruch des weniger polaren Lösungsmittels in binären Mischungen erlaubt eine Unterscheidung und Zuordnung aller durch schwache Wechselwirkungen zwischen gelöster Substanz und Lösungsmittel bzw. durch Wechselwirkungen der gelösten Moleküle untereinander entstehenden Spezies. Für ähnliche Moleküle inn-Hexan/CDCl₃ — Mischungen korrelieren die Steigungen der Abhängigkeiten der Wellenzahlen vom Molenbruch gut mit den relativen Basizitäten der Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen (d.h. mit der Fähigkeit zur Ausbildung von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen mit Phenol) und beweisen, daß die Lösungsmittelabhängigkeiten wesentlich von sterischen Faktoren in der Umgebung der Carbonylgruppe abhängen. Andererseits sind die Steigungen entsprechender Korrelationen in Acetonitril/D₂O — Mischungen zur Elektronendonatorfähigkeit von an das Stickstoffatom des Pyrrolidinonrings gebundenen Alkylgruppen proportional. Im Fall von Mischungen aus zwei stark wasserstoffbrückenbildenden Lösungsmitteln (Alkohole/D₂O) stellt sich ein kompetitives. Gleichgewicht zwischen der Tendenz zur Wasserstoffbrückenbindungsbildung beider Lösungsmittel und den 1-substituierten 2-Pyrrolidinonen ein. In Lösungen von 1-substituierten 2-Pyrrolidinonen in 2-Butoxyethanol/D₂O — Mischungen mit hohem Wasseranteil treten vor der Ausbildung klassischer Mischungen zweier polarer Flüssigkeiten mikroheterogene Domänen auf.

     

Infrared and Raman spectra, conformational stability and vibrational assignment of 1-chloro-1-silacyclopentane

Infrared and Raman spectra (3500-60 cm⁻¹) of gas and/or liquid and solid 1-chloro-1-silacyclopentane (c-C₄H₈SiClH) have been recorded and the vibrational data indicate the presence of a single conformer with no symmetry which is consistent with the twisted form. Ab initio calculations with a variety of basis sets up to MP2(full)/aug-cc-pVTZ predict the envelope-axial and envelope-equatorial conformers are saddle points with nearly the same energies but much lower in energy than the planar conformer. Density functional theory calculations by the B3LYP method predicts slightly lower energies for the two envelope forms and considerably lower for the planar form. By utilizing the MP2(full)/6-31G(d) calculations the force constants, frequencies, infrared intensities, band contours, Raman activities, and depolarization values have been obtained to support the vibrational assignment. Estimated r₀ structural parameters have been obtained from adjusted MP2(full)/6-311 + G(d, p) calculations. These experimental and theoretical results are compared to the corresponding quantities of some other five-membered rings.     

Cyclohexanone Dimethyl Acetals: A 13C NMR, Thermodynamic, and Ab Initio Study

The spatial structures of a number of mono- and disubstituted 1,1-dimethoxycyclohexanes (cyclohexanone dimethyl acetals) were studied by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. In the monosubstituted acetals, substituents (Me, Et, i-Pr, and MeO) on C-2 are axially oriented, contrary to their normal, equatorial orientation on C-3 and C-4. Besides the spectroscopic study, the relative thermodynamic stabilities of the cis-trans isomers of a few 2,X-dialkyl (X = 3, 4, 5, or 6) derivatives of the parent cyclohexanone dimethyl acetal were determined by acid-catalyzed chemical equilibration in MeOH solution. In the most stable isomeric form, the 2-substituent is axial and the other equatorial. In the less stable isomer, both substituents are equatorial, excluding the cis-2,6-dimethyl derivative, where the ¹³C NMR shift data point to a predominance of the diaxial form. In general, the enthalpy difference between the isomeric forms is ca. 9 kJ mol^–1, while the entropy term favors the less stable isomer by 4 to 16 J K^–1 mol^–1. In the 2,6-dimethyl derivatives, however, the trans form is favored by only 0.8 kJ mol^–1 in G _m at 298.15 K. The main findings of the experimental work are in good agreement with ab initio calculations.     

Comparison of the effects of the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds C-H...X (X = O,N) in1H and13C NMR spectra

A similarity between manifestations of the effects of the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds C-H...X (X = O, N) in¹H and¹³C NMR spectra has been shown. A correlated increase in the direct spin-spin coupling constant¹³C—¹H and the chemical shifts of the proton participating in the interaction has been observed.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriyo Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1205–1207, May, 1996.     

Theoretical study of the influence of para- and meta-substituents on X-pyridineHF hydrogen bonding

The effects of O⁻, N (CH₃)₂, NH (CH₃), NH₂, C₂H₅, CH₃, OH, F, Cl, OF, Br, NO₂ and substituents in para- and meta-positions on X-pyridineHF hydrogen bond has been studied by HF, B3LYP and MP2 methods using 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The relationship between hydrogen bond formation energy ΔE and electron donating (or withdrawing) of substituents has been investigated. In this respect, population analysis has been performed by atoms in molecules (AIM) and natural bond orbital (NBO) theories. The results of AIM and NBO analyses are in good agreement with calculated energy values. The relationship between Hammett coefficient and complexation energy has been established and the ρ constant has been calculated for hydrogen bonding. There is a relationship between σ and ΔE with a correlation coefficient equal to 0.94.     

Transformations of pyridine and deuteropyridine under the action of trimethallylborane and alcohols. Synthesis oftrans- andcis-2,6-dimethallyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines and theirN-derivatives

Reductivetrans-2,6-dimethallylation of pyridine and deuteropyridine with trimethallylborane in the presence of alcohols proceeds at room temperature,i.e., under substantially milder conditions than the analogous reaction with the participation of triallylborane.trans-2,6-Di(2-methylallyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (3) was obtained in a yield of 87%. When heated with trimethallylborane (130–135°C, 2.5 h), compound3 underwent isomerization tocis-2,6-di(2-methylallyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (4). Hydrogenation oftrans- (3) andcis-isomers (4) yieldedtrans- andcis-2,6-diisobutylpiperidines, respectively. The heterocycles obtained wereN-functionalized by reactions with MeI, PhCH₂Cl, ethylene oxide, and perfluoropropyloxirane. The stereochemistry of thecis- andtrans-isomers (3 and4) was established based on the NMR spectra of theirN,N-dimethyl salts and the products of the reaction with ethylene oxide.trans-2,6-Dimethallyl-2,3,4,5,6-pentadeutero-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and a number of its derivatives were prepared from the complex of trimethallylborane with C₅D₅N. A probable mechanism of the reductivetrans-2,6-diallylation of pyridines with allylboranes in the presence of alcohols is discussed. This article is dedicated to Prof. W. Siebert (Heidelberg) on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1361–1370, July, 1997.     

[4+2]-Cyclodimer of sabinone: formation,crystal structure,and NMR spectra

Oxidation of (+)-sabinol, (1S,3R,5S)-1-isopropyl-4-methylidenebicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-ol, by active MnO₂ afforded not the expected sabinone but only its [4+2]-cyclodimer. The molecular structure of the latter was established by X-ray diffraction analysis. The ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of this cyclodimer were interpreted using 2D NMR spectroscopy.     

Visualization and quantification of anisotropic effects on the H NMR spectra of 1,3-oxazino[4,3-a]isoquinolines—indirect estimates of steric compression

The anisotropic effects of the phenyl, α- and β-naphthyl moieties in four series of 1,3-oxazino[4,3-a]isoquinolines on the ¹H chemical shifts of the isoquinoline protons were calculated by employing the Nucleus Independent Chemical Shift (NICS) concept and visualized as anisotropic cones by a through-space NMR shielding grid. The signs and extents of these spatial effects on the ¹H chemical shifts of the isoquinoline protons were compared with the experimental ¹H NMR spectra. The differences between the experimental δ (¹H)/ppm values and the calculated anisotropic effects of the aromatic moieties are discussed in terms of the steric compression that occurs in the compounds studied.     

Spectroscopic and structural elucidation of L-tyrosine-containing dipeptides valyl-tyrosine and tyrosyl-alanine: solid-state IR-LD spectroscopy, quantum chemical calculations and vibrational analysis

L-Tyrosine-containing dipeptides valyl-tyrosine (H-Val-Tyr-OH) and tyrosyl-alanine (H-Tyr-Ala-OH) are characterized structurally by means of quantum chemical ab initio calculations and solid-state linear-dichroic infrared (IR-LD) spectroscopy. The IR-characteristic bands are assigned by application of reducing-difference procedure for polarized IR-spectra interpretation. Infrared data obtained are supported as well by the made vibrational analysis. The structures of both peptides are predicted on the basis of conformational analysis and structural information, obtained by the shown IR-spectroscopic tool.     

Enantioselective chromatography of chiral chalcon-tricarbonylchromium complexes and their use in stereoselective Michael addition

Summary The enantiomeres of the title compounds1–8 could be separated by enantioselective chromatography on microcrystalline triacetylcellulose in ethanol. A high stereoselectivity of the Michael addition of dimethylmalonate was observed only for theortho-substituted complexes1,2 and3, while the selectivity decreased withmeta-substituted substrates. A synthesis of 3-(ortho-dimethylaminophenyl)-tricarbonylchromium-1-phenyl-2-propenone (4) and 3-(meta-dimethylaminophenyl)-tricarbonylchromium-1-phenyl-2-propenone (8) is described. Methods for the estimation of diastereomeric excess (d.e.) and — after decomplexation — enantiomeric excess (e.e.) are compared. The absolute chiralities of complexes were determined by optical comparison and by chemical correlation.

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Enantioselektive Chromatographie von chiralen Chalcon-tricarbonylchrom-Komplexen und ihre Verwendung in stereoselektiven Michael-Additionen

Zusammenfassung Die Enantiomeren der im Titel genannten Verbindungen1–8 wurden durch enantioselektive Chromatographie an mikrokristalliner Triacetylcellulose in Ethanol getrennt. Die Michael-Addition von Malonsäuredimethylester an dieortho-substituierten Komplexe1,2 und3 verläuft stereospezifisch, während aus denmeta-substituierten Komplexen Gemische der Diastereomeren erhalten werden. Die Darstellung von 3-(ortho-Dimethylaminophenyl)-tricarbonylchrom-1-phenyl-2-propenon (4) und 3-(meta-Dimethylaminophenyl)-tricarbonylchrom-1-phenyl-2-propenon (8) wird beschrieben. Methoden zur Bestimmung des diastereomeren Überschusses (d.e.) und — nach Dekomplexierung — des enantiomeren Überschusses (e.e.) werden einer kritischen Bewertung unterzogen. Die chiroptischen Eigenschaften und die Absolutkonfigurationen der Komplexe wurden bestimmt; letztere durch optischen Vergleich und/oder chemische Korrelation.

     

2-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]furo[3,2-b]pyrroles: synthesis and reactions

The synthesis and reactions of methyl 2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylate (1a) are described. Upon reaction with methyl iodide, benzyl chloride, or acetic anhydride, this compound gave N-substituted products 1b-d. By hydrolysis of compounds 1a-c, the corresponding acids 2a-c were formed, or by reaction with hydrazine-hydrate, the corresponding carbohydrazides 3a-c were formed. By heating 2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenly]-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid (2a) in acetic anhydride, 4-acetyl-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]furo[3,2-b]pyrrole (4) was formed. By hydrolysis of 4, 2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole (5a) was formed, and reactions with methyl iodide or benzyl chloride gave N-substituted products 5b-c. The reaction of 4 with dimethyl butynedioate gave substituted benzo[b]furan 6. Compound 3a reacted with triethyl orthoesters giving 7a-c, which afforded with phosphorus (V) sulphide the corresponding thiones 8a-c. The thiones 8a-c reacted with hydrazine hydrate to form hydrazine derivatives 9a-c. The reaction of triethyl orthoformiate with compounds 9a-c led to furo[2′,3′: 4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-d][1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-f][1,2,4]triazines 10a-c. Hydrazones 11a-c were formed from 3a-c and 5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]furan-2-carboxaldehyde. The effect of microwave irradiation on some condensation reactions was compared with “classical” conditions. The results showed that microwave irradiation shortens the reaction time while affording comparable yields.     

Ethylp-(2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)- andp-(2-methyl-3-oxo-1-propenyl)benzoates: preparation and use in the synthesis of biologically active derivatives ofp-(nor-polyprenyl)benzoic acids

Novel ways for preparing the title compounds have been developed. Saturated (1) and unsaturated (2) aldehydoesters, which are easily accessible by a Pd-catalyzed reaction of ethyl 4-bromobenzoate with methallyl alcohol and aldol condensation of ethyl 4-formyl-benzoate with propanal, respectively, are strategically advantageous intermediates for the synthesis. The results of thein vitro assays of some of the synthesized compounds are compared with the known data on their pharmacological effectsin vivo.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2126–2129, December, 1993.     

Interaction of decacarbonyldimanganese and decacarbonyldirhenium with 1-aryl-3-cyanoprop-2-en-1-ones

The reactions of M₂(CO)₁₀ (M = Mn, Re) withtrans-1-aryl-3-cyanoprop-2-en-1-ones in the presence of Me₃NO proceed with replacement of the CO ligand and lead to complexeseq-(1-aryl-3-cyanoprop-2-en-1-on)nonacarbonyldimanganese andeq-(1-aryl-3-cyanoprop-2-en-1-on)nonacarbonyldirhenium complexes where the metals are bonded with the ligand through the nitrogen atom of the cyanogroup. The treatment of (1-phenyl-3-cyanoprop-2-en-1-on)nonacarbonyldirhenium with a second equivalent of the ligand resulted in the disubstituted complex,eq,eq-bis(1-phenyl-3-cyanoprop-2-en-1-on)octacarbonyldirhenium in a good yield. The structures of the obtained complexes are discussed on the basis of¹³C,¹H NMR, and IR-spectroscopy.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1485–1487, August, 1994.This work was supported in part by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant No 93-03-4028).     

2-Polyfluoroalkylchromones. 12. Nitration of 5,7-dimethyl-2-polyhaloalkylchromones and complete assignment of signals in the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 5,7-dimethyl-2-trifluoromethylchromone and its mono- and dinitro derivatives

The nitration of 5,7-dimethyl-2-polyhaloalkylchromones affords either 5,7-dimethyl-6-nitro- or 5,7-dimethyl-6,8-dinitro-2-polyhaloalkylchromones, depending on the reaction conditions. Signals in the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of the sterically hindered chromones were completely assigned using the 2D NOESY, HETCOR, and COLOC spectra. The influence of nonplanar nitro groups on chemical shifts of carbon atoms was studied. Some spectral peculiarities of the peri-methyl group were revealed. The ¹H-¹H and ¹³C-¹H spin-spin coupling constants, including the extreme six-bond long-range coupling between the protons of the Me(5) group and H(8), were determined.     

Atropoenantiomerism of the Z-adduct of 2,3-diethoxycarbonyi-6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4-pyridone with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate: synthesis and structure in solution and in the crystal

The title adduct (1) was synthesized, and its conformationally and configurationally rigid chiral structure in solution and in the crystal was established by NMR spectroscopy and by X-ray structural analysis. Atropoenantiomers of1 were observed by the¹H NMR method in the presence of a chiral shift reagent. A barrier to their interconversïon was determined, G^x > Z5 kcal mol^–1 (200 °C).Translated fromItvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1796–1799, July, 1996.     

Electronic structure,spectra, and thermodynamical functions of molybdenum pentachloride

The SCF-X -SW method in non-relativistic and quasi-relativistic versions has been used to calculate the electronic structure, ionization potentials, energies and oscillator strengths of the optical transitions in MoCl₅. The electronic absorption spectrum of the gaseous MoCl₅ has been measured. The interpretation of the photoelectron and optical spectra of MoCl₅ is given. Spinpolarization effects and relativistic corrections are discussed. The thermodynamical functions of MoCl₅ (gas) are calculated.