A three-step system calibration procedure with error compensation for 3D shape measurement

System calibration, which usually involves complicated and time-consuming procedures, is crucial for any three-dimensional （3D） shape measurement system based on vision. A novel improved method is proposed for accurate calibration of such a measurement system. The system accuracy is improved with considering the nonlinear measurement error created by the difference between the system model and real measurement environment. We use Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm to compensate the error and get a good result. The improved method has a 50% improvement of re-projection accuracy compared with our previous method. The measurement accuracy is maintained well within 1.5% of the overall measurement depth range.     

低温超导组件的标定与准直测量

Cry Module由于其无法通视和超低温特性,是超导直线加速器准直中的重点与难点。文中提出由激光跟踪仪和测微准直望远镜协同准直冷质量组件。作者设计了测微准直望远镜所用十字丝目标及其支架,而且成功安装低温超导组件,监测了两次低温实验时的位移。常温安装精度达到0.15mm,低温监测精度达到0.5mmm。目前ADS-Cry Module已通过中期检查验收,成功引出能量2.68Me V、最大流强3.6m A的连续波质子束,束流功率达到9.6k W,是目前国际上连续束运行的超导质子直线加速器中束流功率最高的,也是我国首次实现超导高频腔加速毫安级连续波质子束。这标志着我国强流质子超导直线加速器技术进入国际先进行列。     

A vision measurement model of laser displacement sensor and its calibration method

Laser displacement sensors (LDSs) use a triangulation measurement model in general. However, the non-linearity of the triangulation measurement model influences the measurement accuracy of the LDS, and the geometric parameters calibration process of the components of the LDS is tedious. In this paper, we present a vision measurement model of the LDS based on the perspective projection principle. Furthermore, a corresponding calibration method is proposed. A planar target with featured lines is moved by a 2D moving platform to some preset known positions. At each position, the world coordinates of calibration points are obtained by the cross ratio invariance principle and the linear array camera of the LDS is used for collecting target images. The simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed model and the feasibility of the calibration method. The experimental results indicate that the calibration method achieves a calibration accuracy of 0.026 mm. Compared with the traditional measurement model, the vision measurement model of the LDS is more comprehensive and avoids a linear approximation procedure, and the corresponding calibration method is easily complemented.     

Holographic multivergence target for subjective measurement of the astigmatic error of the human eye

In subjective refraction the spherical and cylindrical errors of the human eye are measured. Recently, we reported a technique by which the spherical error can be measured in one step using a hologram [K. V. Avudainayagam and C. S. Avudainayagam, Opt. Lett.28, 123 (2003)]. We have now developed a holographic target consisting of sunburst patterns to measure the astigmatic error of the human eye as well. Apart from being simple, quick, and low cost, holography offers the advantage of being an open field refraction system that is devoid of the problem of proximal accommodation. We describe the holographic target, its working principles, the measurement procedure, and the initial results obtained.     

Shifted-phase calibration for a 3-D shape measurement system based on orthogonal composite grating projection

This paper proposes a novel method for reducing measurement error caused by spectrum overlapping in orthogonal-composite-grating-based 3-D measurement method. For 3-D measurement systems based on orthogonal composite grating projection, spectrum overlapping causes phase of each deformed phase-shifting fringe changed differently, which violates the principle that the shifted phases between adjacent deformed fringes must be equivalent to 2π/3, and therefore results in phase measurement error. The proposed shifted-phase calibration method is based on that phase variation of each deformed fringe is independent of height and reflectivity of the measured object. Three composite gratings are projected on the reference plane, and each carrier channel includes three phase-shifting gratings needed in phase measuring profilometry (PMP). Because the adjacent phase-shifting fringes demodulated from the same carrier channel have the phase difference of 2π/3, we can respectively calculate the reference plane's phases of three carrier channels by the phase algorithm of PMP method, and the shifted phases between them are obtained. When an object is measured, the shifted phases between deformed phase-shifting fringes can be calibrated. A new 3-D measurement mathematical model is set to reconstruct object. Our experiments prove that the proposed method can effectively restrain the effect of spectrum overlapping and improve measurement accuracy almost one times.     

Effects of measurement errors on refractive outcomes for pseudophakic eye based on eye model

With the Gullstrand-Le Grand eye model, the effects of various measurement errors on refractive outcomes for pseudophakic eye are studied. An equation to calculate the postoperative refractive error for pseudophakic eyes is derived. The accuracy to get a refractive error less than ca. 25 D is ±0.1 mm for the axial length, ±0.03 mm for the radius of the corneal anterior surface, ±0.12 D for the corneal power and ±0.16 mm for the postoperative anterior chamber depth (ACD). An error of 1 D in intraocular lens (IOL) power leads to a postoperative refractive error of −0.69 D. K-reading leads to a postoperative hyperopia from 0.18 to 0.74 D for eye with different refractive errors previously corrected. The constant velocity in ultrasound biometry assumption overestimates the axial length from 0.17 to 0.31 mm with actual axial length ranging from 21.31 to 32.31 mm. Errors in axial length, corneal power or radius of the corneal anterior surface and postoperative ACD play critical roles in determining the refractive outcomes. The constant-velocity assumption tends to overestimate the axial length. The change of the ratio of corneal anterior to the posterior surface is of minor importance for the overestimation of K-reading.     

Laboratory calibration of star sensor with installation error using a nonlinear distortion model

The high-precise star sensor calibration method requires high-accurate turntable, collimator, star point plate or other high-precision devices that are very expensive. We present a simple and available method to calibrate the principal point, focal length, radial distortion, tangential distortion and installation error of star sensor in laboratory, and without having high accurate or expensive devices. The calibration model takes the ordinary camera calibration methods and installation error into account. The installation error is modeled by combination of three typical effects: the installation of pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) initial status, PTZ and charge-coupled device, which result in six parameters. The proposed procedure consists of a closed-form solution, followed by a nonlinear refining based on maximum likelihood criterion. Our calibration method is validated through simulation and real data that shows the superiority with respect to the traditional methods and has the same level as the state-of-the-art methods. The accuracy of our calibration method is 0.015° in the root of mean square distances between testing points and projected ones.     

双水听器水声声强测量系统的误差分析和校准

基于双水听器互谱测量法,研制的水声声强测量设备可用于测量水下声源产生的声场中任意点的声强量值或任意面上的声强量值分布。根据双水听器测量声强法原理进行了误差分析,提出了该双水听器声强测量系统的校准方法。对系统测量水声声强量值的不确定度进行了估计并进行了实验验证。验证表明,理论分析评定与实测结果一致。     

基于二维彩色靶标的结构光三维测量系统快速标定方法

系统标定是基于结构光投影的主动式光学三维面形测量的关键技术之一,同时也是一项复杂和耗时的工作。提出了一种基于RGB彩色模型的系统快速标定新方法。利用一个彩色的二维平面靶标和由投影仪投影的彩色标记特征图像实现了摄像机和投影仪的同时快速标定,对靶标的每个标定姿态位置只需要拍摄一幅图像即可得到该位置的特征参数。与传统方法相比,标定过程简单快捷,所需的数据量较少。利用该方法对一个结构光三维测量系统进行了现场标定,并测量了一个平面和一个半圆柱物体,实验结果中点到拟合平面的最大距离为0.8039mm,平均误差为0.1693mm。利用该系统恢复半圆柱物体的面形与传统标定方法的测量结果符合得很好。实验表明,由该方法获得的结果准确可用,且标定速度快。     

Holographic multivergence target for subjective measurement of the spherical power error of the human eye

We have fabricated a single hologram with which to determine the spherical refractive error of the human eye in the range 5 to -2.5 diopters (D) with an accuracy of +/-0.25 D in a single step. The amplitude of accommodation is determined at the same time. The hologram is a record of 16 targets, each of which has a different image vergence in the range 5 to -2.5 D in steps of 0.5 D. This idea can be applied readily to any dioptric range. The measurement method is simple, fast, and reliable.     

Real-time surface shape measurement by an active interferometer

We have succeeded in video rate analysis of fringes stabilized by an active interferometer placed outside optical benches. The interferometer uses the closed loop control of injection current of a laser diode to compensate for fringe movement that is detected by a spatial filtering detector. A video image of the locked fringes with tilt is supplied to the real-time fringe analyzer that delivers unwrapped phase distribution from the three phase shifted fringes generated by the electronic moiré method. For a concave mirror of 130 mm diameter placed on a wooden desk we observed the repeatability of λ/60 for P-V surface error of λ/5.     

基于多向联合交汇的柔性视觉形貌测量新方法

针对大尺寸物体形貌测量应用,设计一种视觉形貌测量新方法。该方法是将两套没有公共视场的单目视觉传感器组合起来联合交汇,分别用于位姿测量和单目多位置交汇测量。位姿测量通过求解PnP问题为单目多位置交汇测量提供位姿信息。单目多位置交汇测量利用位姿测量提供的辅助信息通过光束平差解算出待测物的形貌。分析了系统原理,给出位姿测量PnP算法实现过程,介绍了非公共视场相机的标定方法原理,分析了单目多位置交汇测量的原理并给出实现方法。最后进行了测量方法的验证实验,实验结果表明,在3 m×3 m的工作范围内系统测量精度为5 mm,证明该方法可以用于大尺寸物体形貌测量,且结构简单轻便,具有很强的灵活性。     

Precise force measurement method by a Y-shaped cavity dual-frequency laser

A novel precise force measurement based on a Y-shaped cavity dual-frequency laser is proposed.The principle of force measurement with this method is analyzed,and the analytic relation expression between the input force and the change in the output beat frequency is derived.Experiments using a 632.8-nm Y-shaped cavity He-Ne dual-frequency laser are then performed;they demonstrate that the force measurement is proportional to a high degree over almost five decades of input signal range.The maximum scale factor is observed as 5.02×109 Hz/N,with beat frequency instability equivalent resolution of 10-5 N.By optimizing the optical and geometrical parameters of the laser sensor,a force measurement resolution of 10-6 N could be expected.     

Nuclear shape measurement and the validity of the collective model for light nuclei

We have carried out calculations of collective transition properties using wave functions projected from a range of HF wave functions of a wide range of basis dimensionalities and corresponding to different effective interactions. Particular calculations show that the best HF wave functions have multipole moments which are closer to experimental values than elementary analysis has suggested. More general results, intended to be useful in the interpretation of inelastic scattering, are given.     

中红外无创血糖测量中光程变化对PLSR模型的影响研究

在测量人体皮肤中红外光谱的过程中,皮肤与ATR晶体之间的接触面积很难保持一致,导致倏逝波与人体皮肤的作用光程会产生差异。以光程变化信息与葡萄糖浓度信息之间的相关性为基础,建立了两个分析葡萄糖含量的偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型,RMSECV分别为31.3和4.52mg.dL-1;RMSEP分别为30.3和98.7mg.dL-1。结果表明,当光程变化信息与葡萄糖浓度信息之间偶然相关时,所建PLSR模型的预测精度与稳健性会受到不同程度的影响,随着二者之间相关性的增强,最优模型对葡萄糖信息的识别能力越来越弱。为提高中红外无创血糖测量分析结果的可靠性,避免获得伪优定标模型提供了实验依据。     

Pulse shape measurement by a non-collinear third-order correlation technique

A third-order correlator suitable for detailed shape measurements of picosecond laser pulses has been developed. The working principle in both the single shot and the scanning mode is based on detection of the phase-matched difference frequency non-collinear generated signal in a non-linear crystal. This third-order OPA correlator was applied for the characterization of the specifically shaped picosecond laser pulses from the MBI CPA Nd: glass laser system.     

A nonlinear model for calibration of blood glucose noninvasive measurement using near infrared spectroscopy

In order to improve prediction accuracy of calibration in human blood glucose noninvasive measurement using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, a modified uninformative variable elimination (mUVE) method combined with kernel partial least squares (KPLS), named as mUVE–KPLS, is proposed as an alternative nonlinear modeling strategy. Under the mUVE method, high-frequency noise and matrix background can be eliminated simultaneously, which provide a optimized data for calibration in sequence; under the kernel trick, a nonlinear relationship of response variable and predictor variables is constructed, which is different with PLS that is a complex model and inappropriate to describe the underlying data structure with significant nonlinear characteristics. Two NIR spectra data of basic research experiments (simulated physiological solution samples experiment in vitro and human noninvasive measurement experiment in vivo) are introduced to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results indicate that, after elimination high-frequency noise and matrix background from optical absorption of water in NIR region, a high-quality spectra data is employed in calibration; and under the selection of kernel function and kernel parameter, the best prediction accuracy can be got by KPLS with Gaussian kernel compared with Spline-PLS and PLS. It is encouraging that mUVE–KPLS is a promising nonlinear calibration strategy with higher prediction accuracy for blood glucose noninvasive measurement using NIR spectroscopy.     

发光二极管测试技术和标准

文章从发光二极管的空间能量分布和光谱能量分布两个方面叙述了光和辐射参数测试的原理和方法．讨论了辐射通量和光通量的基本概念、测量方法及相互之间的关系．在实际应用中，发光二极管的发光强度和辐射功率及他们的空间分布是常需要测量的参数．文章从基于人类视觉特性的色度学原理出发，讨论了发光二极管的光谱能量分布和重要的色度学参数以及相应的测试标准问题．     

Precise measurement of Ag KLM and KLN Auger spectra

Ag KLM and KLN Auger spectra have been measured with a momentum resolution of 0.02%. With this resolution, most of the lines in these transitions are well separated and the complex spectral structure is revealed. Energies and intensities of these lines are precisely determined and compared with the results of the theoretical calculations.