Variational denoising method for electronic speckle pattern interferometry

Traditional speckle fringe patterns by electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) are inherently noisy and of limited visibility, so denoising is the key problem in ESPI. We present the variational denoising method for ESPI. This method transforms the image denosing to minimizing an appropriate penalized energy function and solving a partial differential equation. We test the proposed method on computer-simulated and experimental speckle correlation fringes, respectively. The results show that this technique is capable of significantly improving the quality of fringe patterns. It works well as a pre-processing for the fringe patterns by ESPI.     

High-speed ESPI and related techniques: overview and its application in the automotive industry

This paper provides an overview of recent developments and applications of high-speed electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) and related techniques ranging from high-speed pulsed laser techniques to high-speed camera methods. Different methods for extracting the phase distribution from high-speed ESPI fringe patterns are compared. Unique applications in the automotive industry using these techniques are provided. Finally, the outlook for high-speed ESPI and high-speed digital holographic interferometry are discussed.     

Electronic speckle pattern interferometry using vortex beams

We show that it is possible to perform electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) using, for the first time to our knowledge, vortex beams as the reference beam. The technique we propose is easy to implement, and the advantages obtained are, among others, environmental stability, lower processing time, and the possibility to switch between traditional ESPI and spiral ESPI. The experimental results clearly show the advantages of using the proposed technique for deformation studies of complex structures.     

电子散斑测振技术进展

综述了电子散斑在振动测量中的发展和应用,对电子散斑测振的各种方法进行评价。     

Electronic speckle-pattern interferometer using holographic optical elements for vibration measurements

We report a simple, compact electronic speckle-pattern interferometer (ESPI) incorporating holographic optical elements (HOEs) for the study of out-of-plane vibration. Reflection and transmission HOEs provide reference and object beams in the interferometer. The alignment difficulties with conventional ESPI systems are minimized using HOEs. The time-average ESPI subtraction method is used to generate the fringe pattern and remove background speckle noise by introducing a phase shift between consecutive images. The amplitude and phase maps are obtained using path-difference modulation.     

平行式向列液晶实现相移剪切电子散斑干涉术的研究

研究了向列型液晶的相位调制特性，采用平行式向列液昌作为相移器建立了相移剪切电子散斑干涉计量系统。该方法将相移技术引入到剪切电子散斑干涉术中，提高了检测精度，采用了相关条纹法求解相位，简化了计算；相移方法简单，可靠。用该系统进行应变场的测量实验，取得了满意的效果。     

Mechanical characterization of unplasticised polyvinylchloride thick pipes by optical methods

In this work a number of techniques (electronic speckle pattern interferometry, holographic interferometry, strain gauge and finite element method) are brought to bear in order to establish consistency in the results of strain measurement. This is necessary if optical non-destructive testing methods, such as those used here, are to gain acceptance for routine industrial use. The FE model provides a useful check. Furthermore, ESPI fringe data facilitates the extension of FE models, an approach that is of growing importance in component testing.

The use of in-plane and out-of-plane sensitive electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) for non-destructive material characterization of thick unplasticised polyvinylchloride (uPVC) pipes is presented. A test rig has been designed for stressing pipes by internal pressure. ESPI gives a complete mapping of the displacement field over the area imaged by the video camera. The results for the strain of uPVC obtained from ESPI data and from strain gauges are in good agreement. The value of Young's modulus has been obtained from the fringe data and compared with results obtained using holographic interferometry and from strain gauge measurements. The FE model also produces fringe data that is consistent with the ESPI results.     

Measuring thickness change of transparent plate by electronic speckle pattern interferometry and digital image correlation

The thickness change of transparent plates was measured by electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) method and digital image correlation (DIC) method. An out-of-plane ESPI system was developed based on the Michelson interferometer, and a new thickness measurement method was designed, which is on the basis of Snell's law of refraction and DIC. The main principles and experimental procedures of these two methods were presented. The thickness change of polymethyl specimens under uniaxial tensile loading were measured by the optical techniques and compared with each other. The results reveal that the data obtained with DIC method achieve better linearity than ESPI.     

Measurement of the biaxial properties of nineteenth century canvas primings using electronic speckle pattern interferometry

This paper reports on the use of electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) for the measurement of the biaxial tensile properties of English 19th century canvas primings and their constituent materials. Typically, such primings are comprised of a complex structure of layers, each with different mechanical properties. ESPI has been shown to be an effective technique for investigating complex composite structures and it is especially useful for understanding the behaviour of heterogeneous materials in which non-uniform strains can occur. The flexibility of canvas primings presents a more difficult application for both biaxial tensile testing and ESPI strain measurements. A series of experiments have been carried out to measure the Poisson's ratio of the three main constituents of a 19th Century priming as composites and of an original 19th century primed canvas. The samples have been uniaxially tensioned on a biaxial tensile tester designed specifically to investigate the mechanical properties of paintings on canvas. Measurements of deformation have made using a two-dimensional in-plane ESPI configuration. The results have shown that Poisson's ratio decreases as the constituents of a painting are built up. Preliminary tests on thermally aged and original primings suggest that for a painting without cracks it is the embrittled paint which determines the mechanical response of the painting at an relative humidity of 35–40%.     

Electronic speckle pattern interferometry using a CO2 laser

The advantages and problems of using electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) at longer (infra-red) wavelengths are discussed. The adjustment and use of an ESPI set-up with a CO₂ laser and pyroelectric vidicon are described and illustrated by some experimental results.     

Simultaneous 2D in-plane deformation measurement using electronic speckle pattern interferometry with double phase modulations

Electronic speckle pattern interferometry(ESPI) and digital speckle pattern interferometry are wellestablished non-contact measurement methods. They have been widely used to carry out precise deformation mapping. However, the simultaneous two-dimensional(2D) or three-dimensional(3D) deformation measurements using ESPI with phase shifting usually involve complicated and slow equipment. In this Letter, we solve these issues by proposing a modified ESPI system based on double phase modulations with only one laser and one camera. In-plane normal and shear strains are obtained with good quality. This system can also be developed to measure 3D deformation, and it has the potential to carry out faster measurements with a highspeed camera.     

Application of ESPI-method for strain analysis in thin wall cylinders

The Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, DIT, Ireland, have recently developed and applied new optical techniques for the measurement of mechanical strain, one of which was based on electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI). The accuracy of this optical technique when used on flat surfaces is well established. In this research the technique is tested on curved surfaces, and results are compared with the theoretical hoop strain as predicted by the bi-axial strain equation modified for the thin cylinder, and by those obtained by electrical resistance strain gauge (ERSG) undoubtedly the principal method of measuring mechanical strain. For testing procedures, a special unit was designed and produced for holding and loading the thin cylinder. Also the basic equation for hoop strain by ESPI for flat surfaces was modified for applications on curved surfaces.Thin cylinder hoop strain obtained by ESPI and calculated by a modified equation show remarkably good correlation to the predicted theoretical value as well as to the results obtained by ERSG. Since the ESPI theory was originally developed for use on flat surfaces, there are reasonable grounds for further investigating this relationship especially where curved surfaces are involved.     

大剪切电子散斑干涉的载频调制与位移场测量

将电子散斑干涉场的载波调制引入到大剪切电子散斑干涉中,通过对参考物的微小偏转引入载波条纹;利用傅里叶变换法,解调出了变形场的相位,从而实现了物体变形场的精确测量。讨论了大剪切载频的调制机理,理论分析表明,调制条纹的空间频率与参考面偏转的角度成正比;因此,控制参考面的偏转角度可实现不同位移量系统的调制。利用中心加载周边固定圆盘进行了典型实验,实验结果证明在大剪切电子散斑干涉技术中可以通过参考面的旋转高质量地实现电子散斑干涉条纹的调制,求解位移场。该系统具有系统简单,不需要专门引入参考光,条纹质量好等优点。该技术可扩展电子散斑干涉的应用范围,有一定的实际应用价值。     

Determination of skeleton and sign map for phase obtaining from a single ESPI image

A robust method of determining the sign map and skeletons for ESPI images is introduced in this paper. ESPI images have high speckle noise which makes it difficult to obtain the fringe information, especially from a single image. To overcome the effects of high speckle noise, local directional computing windows are designed according to the fringe directions. Then by calculating the gradients from the filtered image in directional windows, sign map and good skeletons can be determined robustly. Based on the sign map, single image phase-extracting methods such as quadrature transform can be improved. And based on skeletons, fringe phases can be obtained directly by normalization methods. Experiments show that this new method is robust and effective for extracting phase from a single ESPI fringe image.     

Measurement of vibrational energy flow in a plate with high energy flow boundary crossing using electronic speckle pattern interferometry

The measurement of vibrational energy flow is an important tool in understanding the vibrational behaviour of structures. In the past, because of transducer constraints, the measurement of vibrational energy flow was mostly restricted to single point measurements. However, recent developments in advanced laser measurement techniques, such as electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), have gained interest in applying two-dimensional, multi-point measurement techniques to the estimation of vibrational energy flow. This paper addresses the measurement of vibrational energy flow in a plate by using an ESPI based vibrational energy flow measurement technique. A radially symmetric bending wave plate vibration model is introduced and theoretical expressions for energy-based quantities are derived. To assess the accuracy of the measurement method, these theoretical quantities are compared to synthetic results derived from the ESPI energy flow measurement technique. The ESPI measurement technique is also applied to an experimental ‘infinite’ plate. Thus, a specially designed experimental apparatus was constructed so as to minimise undesired wave reflections in the plate and, thus, achieve a high energy flow boundary crossing at the edges of the plate. To reduce the effect of optical noise contamination on the ESPI measured out-of-plane plate displacement data, optimal filters were applied prior to the vibrational energy flow computation. To appraise the accuracy of the experimental method, measured vibrational power on the plate is compared with measured vibrational input power. A difference of less than 1 dB between both quantities indicates that vibrational energy flow within a rectangular plate that contains radially symmetric wave propagation can be measured to a good degree of accuracy if appropriate filtering is applied.     

The design of a non-cube beam-splitter used for electronic speckle pattern interferometry

A non-cube beam-splitter (NCBS) is proposed, by which an incident beam can be separated largely in a direction and then the lights from the test object and the lights from a reference surface placed adjacently to the test object can be combined to construct a simple electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) system. Two mainly useful quantitative ways, to calculate the phase change of the test object, the phase-shift and the fringe carrier method with Fourier transform, can be achieved in the ESPI system with the NCBS. Experiments with phase-shifting and fringe carrier method are completed. The experimental results show that the monolithic design of the proposed NCBS is effective in ESPI measurement and immunity to vibrations.     

Optimal signal processing in electronic speckle pattern interferometry

A theoretical investigation of the signal processing by ESPI is presented. Both electronic and optical noise are taken care of, and the optimum of ESPI with regard to the reference/object-ratio is found. In the limit of small electronic noise contributions this optimum is reached when the noise on the reference beam is equal to the noise on the object beam.     

Dynamic measurement of volume contraction and phase change of submerged visco-elastic bodies using ESPI

This paper outlines the application of electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) to the measurement of dynamic bulk modulus of elastomers. This is achieved by direct measurement of the volume contraction of submerged specimens subjected to sinusoidal pressure changes. Also outlined is the stroboscopic operation of ESPI for the identification of phase delays between peak loading and maximum deformation, characteristic of the response of viscoelastic materials.     

Micro- and macro deformation measurement by extension of correlation technique

In this work, we present the implementation of Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI), Digital Speckle Photography (DSP) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) as complementary techniques to measure in-plane micro and macro displacement. The main advantage of ESPI is its great sensitivity to small displacements (smaller than the size of the speckle). However, the contrast of fringes in this technique is severely affected by de-correlation effects when the in-plane displacement exceeds the size of the speckle. To eliminate the de-correlation effects, we use the DSP technique. It is possible to generate artificial speckles, usually bigger than those generated by means of illumination of the sample with laser light. By combining DSP and DIC the displacement field can be obtained when the ESPI method cannot be applied due to image de-correlation. The experimental results show that the combination of these techniques is useful to analyze deformations over a wider range.     

卷积反投影法重建温度场

电子散斑干涉技术是近年发展起来的一门新兴的测量技术,它由光干涉原理测量物理场的密度、温度分布等,这种测量技术是由物理场在不同截面、不同方向上的投影值反求场分布,这非常类似于CT技术。简述二维重建的基本原理,着重介绍卷积反投影重建算法。依此原理,模拟了双高斯分布函数的投影,并由平行束卷积法重建出模拟的温度场。为了指导电子散斑干涉实验,模拟了三种可能实验误差,并分别给出了重建结果。由于电子散斑干涉测量(投影)的方向个数小,提出了双线性滤波算法,使在测量值稀疏的条件下得到较好重建结果。