Reflection Properties of Dual-Mode Filters Consisting of a Circular Array of Microring Resonators

A circular array consisting of an odd number of microring resonators is a dual-mode reflection filter. Based on the photonic energy band of a coupled microring resonator string and the resonant condition of the circular array, reflection characteristics of the circular array filter are discussed in detail. The parameters that influence the reflection characteristics and their effect mechanisms are demonstrated. The critical coupling phenomenon and its condition are revealed. We also show that the existence of loss in the rings can suppress split peaks and subsequently flatten the reflection spectrum to the whole pass band. Our work illuminates the application potential of a circular array of an odd number of microring resonators as an integrated photonics reflection filter.     

基于双层金属光栅的中波红外多通道滤光片结构

提出一种多通道平面窄带滤光片阵列结构,该结构由双层金属光栅及其两侧的分布式布拉格反射器（DBRs）组成。所设计的多通道滤光片中心波长范围超过200 nm,每一个通道的中心波长可以通过调节光栅狭缝宽度来调节,从而实现多通道窄带滤光阵列。该结果为中波红外多通道窄带滤光片的设计提供了一条新的路径。     

Optimal design of FIR beamformer with frequency invariant patterns

Two approaches to the optimal design of FIR beamformers with frequency invariant patterns using second-order cone programming (SOCP) are proposed. The first approach is a two-step method, which is implemented via separately optimal array pattern synthesis and optimal FIR filters design. The array weights for each frequency bin within the working frequency band are designed to insure that the array patterns approximate the reference ones. And the FIR filter corresponding to each sensor is designed to insure that the frequency responses approximate the array weights. The second approach is a direct method, in which the beam response is expressed as a linear function of FIR filter tap weights and the filters are designed by jointly optimizing the spatial and frequency responses to achieve the desired array patterns. All the optimal design problems (array pattern synthesis, FIR filter design and joint optimization) are formulated as the SOCP, which can be solved efficiently using the well-developed interior-point methods. Results of computer simulations and lake experiment for a twelve-element semicircular array confirm satisfactory performance of the two approaches proposed in this paper.     

Crosstalk image intensity reduction for color holograms by using reference beam coded with multicolored aperture array filter

The analytical form for the reconstructed field of a hologram illuminated by a reference beam coded with a multicolored aperture array filter is derived. Experiments showed that the colored aperture array filter improved the quality of the reconstructed image by reducing the intensity of crosstalk images. Some parameters of the aperture array configuration that influence image quality were investigated. This technique presented here can be applied to full-color holographic displays and dot matrix holographic printers, etc.     

Optical wavelength filtering by diffraction from a surface relief

We present an analytical solution to the problem of finding a diffractive surface relief that generates a specific optical amplitude and phase spectral reflection in a particular direction. We show that any discrete finite impulse response filter can be generated to within a multiplicative constant at nonzero frequencies. We propose an implementation of such a filter that works in the visible and the near infrared, based on a two-dimensional array of dual-state tiltable mirrors. A 1024 x 1024 array results in a 1024-tap filter with 10-bit quantization of the impulse response. The applications of such a device include spectroscopy and wavelength-division multiplex switching.     

A robust spatial filtering technique for multisource localization and geoacoustic inversion

Geoacoustic inversion and source localization using beamformed data from a ship of opportunity has been demonstrated with a bottom-mounted array. An alternative approach, which lies within a class referred to as spatial filtering, transforms element level data into beam data, applies a bearing filter, and transforms back to element level data prior to performing inversions. Automation of this filtering approach is facilitated for broadband applications by restricting the inverse transform to the degrees of freedom of the array, i.e., the effective number of elements, for frequencies near or below the design frequency. A procedure is described for nonuniformly spaced elements that guarantees filter stability well above the design frequency. Monitoring energy conservation with respect to filter output confirms filter stability. Filter performance with both uniformly spaced and nonuniformly spaced array elements is discussed. Vertical (range and depth) and horizontal (range and bearing) ambiguity surfaces are constructed to examine filter performance. Examples that demonstrate this filtering technique with both synthetic data and real data are presented along with comparisons to inversion results using beamformed data. Examinations of cost functions calculated within a simulated annealing algorithm reveal the efficacy of the approach.     

Directionality of generalized acoustic sensors of arbitrary order

For several decades there has been a great deal of interest in acoustic sensors that can make multiple measurements at a single point in the ocean. The order of such sensors has been defined by linking it to the order of the Taylor series approximation of the pressure field at that point. Following this definition, the pressure, vector, and dyadic sensor is of order zero, one, and two, respectively. For this theoretical study, a multichannel three-dimensional spatial filter is derived for a directional acoustic sensor of arbitrary order. Explicit formulas are found for the filter coefficients that maximize the array gain (directivity index) of the filter as well as an explicit expression for the maximum array gain (directivity index). This process is repeated for the case of a first-order null placed in the direction opposite to the look direction of the multichannel filter. Finally, an example is presented which tracks the array gain and beamwidth of a third-order acoustic sensor as the order of the null is assigned values 0, 1, 2, and 3.     

134-W phase locking of two-dimensional four-fiber lasers with improved self-imaging resonator

We experimentally demonstrate the phase locking of a two-dimensional （2D） array of four fiber lasers using an improved self-imaging resonator with a spatial filter. The high visibility interference round stripes of the coherent beam profile are observed. The coherent output power of the fiber array exceeds 134 W. Tile entire system operates quite stably, and no thermal effects observe in the spatial filter, indicating that the coherent output power can be increased using this method.     

Particle filtering for passive fathometer tracking

Seabed interface depths and fathometer amplitudes are tracked for an unknown and changing number of sub-bottom reflectors. This is achieved by incorporating conventional and adaptive fathometer processors into sequential Monte Carlo methods for a moving vertical line array. Sediment layering information and time-varying fathometer response amplitudes are tracked by using a multiple model particle filter with an uncertain number of reflectors. Results are compared to a classical particle filter where the number of reflectors is considered to be known. Reflector tracking is demonstrated for both conventional and adaptive processing applied to the drifting array data from the Boundary 2003 experiment. The layering information is successfully tracked by the multiple model particle filter even for noisy fathometer outputs.     

Measurement of an aeroacoustic dipole using a linear microphone array

It is shown that the standard beamformer technique is inadequate for both the source location and the measurement of a simple dipole and that this is due to the assumption of monopole propagation in the calculation of the phase weights used to steer the focus of the array. A numerical simulation is used to illustrate the problem and to develop a correction to the signal processing algorithm to account for the dipole propagation characteristic. This is then applied to array measurements for an aeroacoustic dipole produced by a cylinder in a cross flow. The resulting source map and the beamformed spectrum are shown to give a true representation of the source energy and frequency content. A secondary effect of this correction is that the array becomes insensitive to other source types so that in addition to acting as a spatial filter, the array can perform as a source filter. This work also demonstrates how an array measurement can be misinterpreted if applied without consideration of the source mechanism.     

Demonstration of a bandwidth-tunable optical passband filter with tunable attenuation

A bandwidth-tunable optical passband filter with tunable attenuation is proposed. The filter, composed of a transmission liquid crystal array and high-resolution diffraction grating, was successfully demonstrated based on the compact spatial light design. Experimental results showed that the bandwidth, wavelength, and attenuation could be tuned by controlling the voltage applied on the liquid crystal array. The insertion loss was less than 3 dB;the attenuation tuning range was from 0 to 15 dB. The bandwidth tuning range was from 50 to 5000 GHz, which covered the full C band. The filter can meet the technical requirements of colorless-directionless-contentionlessflexible reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer.     

Integrated optical filter arrays fabricated by using the combinatorial etching technique

A combinatorial etching technique is developed to fabricate integrated narrow bandpass filters on a single substrate. It is highly efficient for fabrication of integrated filter arrays in optical regions. A monolithic filter array has been fabricated by using the technique with a two-step deposition process. The filter contains 32 elements in the near-infrared region. The relative full width at half-maximum (FWHM) sigmalambda/lambda of the filter elements is less than 0.2%. Such a narrow bandpass filter array can be utilized in many optical applications.     

一种八谱段滤光片成像系统设计

针对多光谱滤光片阵列成像采样率低,原始(Raw)数据稀疏所导致的重建图像模糊,高频信息丢失等问题,提出了一种新八谱段滤光片阵列分布方案,利用基于邻域梯度延伸方法对光谱Raw图像进行重建.首先基于二叉树生成法,在重复排列的4×4阵列中设计了一种等空间概率比的八谱段滤光片分布方案;然后针对传感器直接获取的稀疏Raw图像,计算各谱段采样点的梯度信息,在保持图像结构特征和纹理信息的基础上,利用邻域采样点的像素值和梯度值对未采样点进行重建,从而获得完整的光谱图像信息;最后,基于已重建的八谱段光谱图像,采用伪逆矩阵法重构各像素位置的31波段光谱值.结果表明,相对于主流图像重建方法,本文算法提高了重建八谱段光谱图像的峰值信噪比、复合峰值信噪比,降低了光谱均方差,更好地保留了图像的纹理和边缘,有效降低了多光谱滤光片阵列成像中的颜色伪影和图像模糊等现象.     

Optimum adaptive array stochastic resonance in noisy grayscale image restoration

Considering the widespread noise interference in the two-dimensional (2D) image transmission processing, we proposed an optimal adaptive bistable array stochastic resonance (SR)-based grayscale image restoration enhancement method under low peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) environments. In this method, the Hilbert scanning is adopted to reduce the dimension of the original grayscale image. The 2D image signal is converted into a one-dimensional (1D) binary pulse amplitude modulation (BPAM) signal. Meanwhile, we use the adaptive bistable array SR module to enhance the 1D low SNR BPAM signal. In order to obtain the restored image, we transform the enhanced BPAM signal into a 2D grayscale image signal. Simulation results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms the classical image restoration methods (i.e., mean filter, Wiener filter and median filter) both on the grayscale level and the PSNR of the restored image, particularly in a low PSNR scenario. Larger array size brings better image restoration effect.     

距离深度域最小二乘矩阵滤波器的设计与应用

本文通过最小二乘原理设计出针对拷贝向量进行处理的矩阵滤波器,给出了其详细的推导过程。它可用于距离深度域上的预滤波,在抑制阻带干扰的同时,保证通带信号尽可能不失真。设计过程中发现根据最小二乘原理设计矩阵滤波器比二阶锥规划等其他寻优方法更快捷。最小二乘矩阵滤波器除了能在保证通带尽量不失真的前提下达到很好的阻带抑制效果之外,还可以在任意距离深度设定通、阻带,尤其适用于阵列在探测过程中抑制强干扰对于弱目标源的影响。     

Experimental verification of coherent diffractive imaging by a direct phase retrieval method with an aperture-array filter

Recently, we have proposed a coherent diffractive imaging using a noniterative phase retrieval method with the filter of an aperture array. The first (to our knowledge) experimental demonstration of this coherent imaging is presented here, in which a complex-valued object illuminated by a diode laser is reconstructed from the isolated diffraction intensities of the object's wave field, transmitted through an array filter of square apertures by using the phase retrieval method. This imaging method requires only a single measurement of the diffraction intensity and does not need a tight object's support constraint utilized in iterative phase retrieval algorithms or a reference wave used in holographic techniques.     

Antenna array design using window function

The relation between equispaced antenna array and finite impulse response (FIR) filter of signal processing is first revealed. As a kind of FIR filter, window functions are introduced for antenna design. The new approach is simpler and more efficient than the traditional polynominal methods.     

三元阵被动测距浅海试验及后置处理

为改进三元阵被动测距性能,采用了滑动窗互相关器估计时延,与常规互相关器相比时延估计性能有较大提高;采用的方位和距离的改进计算公式,在近程有很高的测距精度。针对实验结果瑕点多的现象,提出了在线自动跟踪剔除瑕点的方法,能稳健有效自动地筛选出高质量的数据,称之为“圆筛”。并引入了“动态滤波”,将其与“圆筛”结合作为后置处理模块。介绍了浅水、近程的三元阵被动测距海试结果,目标船分别为摩托艇和中型双体船,测距结果与精度为20 cm的差分GPS定位结果比较,表明“圆筛”和“动态滤波”相结合的后置处理方法,可显著改善测距效果。      

Gaussian beam coupling on a MEMS mirror array

A general formula for evaluating Gaussian beam coupling characteristics on a MEMS mirror array was developed, with consideration of parameters such as beam size, mirror width and mirror gap. Based on the formula, the influence of each parameter on the spectral response was simulated for MEMS mirror array employed in a wavelength selective switch and a tunable optical filter. The simulation results are helpful for the design of MEMS mirror array in optical devices.     

Efficient array beam forming by spatial filtering for ultrasound B-mode imaging

This paper proposes an efficient array beam-forming method using spatial matched filtering (SMF) for ultrasonic imaging. In the proposed method, ultrasonic waves are transmitted from an array subaperture with fixed transmit focus as in conventional array imaging. At receive, radio frequency echo signals from each receive channel are passed through a spatial matched filter that is constructed based on the system transmit-receive spatial impulse response. The filtered echo signals are then summed without time delays. The filter concentrates and spatially registers the echo energy from each element so that the pulse-echo impulse response of the summed output is focused with acceptably low side lobes. Analytical beam pattern analysis and simulation results using a linear array show that this spatial filtering method can improve lateral resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio as compared with conventional dynamic receive focusing (DRF) methods. Experimental results with a linear array are consistent but point out the need to address additional practical issues. Spatial filtering is equivalent to synthetic aperture methods that dynamically focus on both transmit and receive throughout the field of view. In one common example of phase aberrations, the SMF method was degraded to a degree comparable to conventional DRF methods.