载气汽油蒸汽在水平圆管内的冷凝

研究了空气质量含量在2%~13%,汽油蒸汽和空气的混合气体在水平管内的冷凝换热。并分析了不凝气体质量分数对管内冷凝换热的影响规律。得到Co随Re变化的冷凝换热系数的实验关联式。     

含不凝气体时煤油在水平管束外的冷凝

采用实验的方法,研究了在较宽的不凝气体含量范围内,煤油蒸汽在不同几何结构的螺旋扁管管束外的冷凝换热现象,得出了螺旋扁管的几何结构对冷凝换热的影响规律,并与同样条件下的光管管束的冷凝换热进行了分析比较。     

低不凝性气体含量下水平螺旋扁管管束中的沸腾换热实验研究

以汽油和空气为工质,在低质量含气率的条件下,对导程分别为100 mm和150 mm的螺旋扁管管束外的沸腾换热进行了实验研究。得到了沸腾换热系数随质量含气率变化的基本规律。在不凝性气体含量较低的情况下沸腾换热系数随质量含气率的增加而增加;当继续增加不凝性气体时,沸腾换热系数受到了一定的抑制。采用渐进逼近模型给出了低含气率条件下的沸腾换热系数准则方程。将用准则方程计算的三种流量下的两相沸腾换热系数与实验处理值进行比较,误差均在6%以内。     

载气汽油在水平螺旋扁管管束中的沸腾换热

以汽油-空气为介质,在不凝性气体质量含量不超过5%时,对导程为200mm的螺旋扁管管束中的沸腾换热进行了实验研究,分析了沸腾换热系数随两相质量流量的变化规律以及流动压降随空气流量的变化规律。得到了相应条件下,载气汽油在该导程的螺旋扁管管束中的沸腾换热实验关联式。     

再循环重力供液蒸发器管内换热性能预测

为了找出适用于再循环重力供液蒸发器管内强制对流沸腾换热系数的关系式,通过对以R404A为制冷剂的重力供液实验台的研究,编程计算出J.Chawla关系式及Shah关联式对重力供液沸腾换热系数进行预测值。与实验结果比较可知:J.Chawla关系式在较低温度下较接近于实验值,Shah关联式在较高的温度下可以对实验值进行预测,两种关系式相结合的方法就可以较好对重力供液蒸发器管内沸腾换热进行预测。     

部分填充金属泡沫水平管内沸腾实验研究

本文对金属泡沫部分填充的水平管内R134a流动沸腾换热进行了实验研究,研究了质量流速、蒸汽干度和操作压力对压降和换热系数的影响,并将实验数据与传统的光管进行了对比。结果发现,与低质量流速的情况相比,由于在不同质量流速下管内流型不同,导致高质量流速下增加干度更能增强换热,并通过壁面温度分布对沸腾换热流型进行预测。     

R134a在水平三维内微肋管内的沸腾换热

本文以 Ｒ１３４ａ为工质,在外径为 １６ ｍｍ的两种不同几何结构的水平三维微肋管内进行了沸腾换热实验,研究了质量流率、热流密度、蒸汽干度等因素对沸腾换热系数的影响。与相同工况下的水平光管比较, １＃微肋管的换热强化因子在１．５～２．１之间,２＃微肋管的换热强化因子在１．９～２．８之间。两种三维微肋管的比较结果显示,单位内表面积上具有更多的微肋数目的 ２＃管的平均沸腾换热系数比 １＃管增加了 ２８～４３％。     

基于变传质强度因子Lee模型的流动沸腾模拟

本文基于不同流速下变传质强度因子的Lee模型,对低热通量下上升管内流动沸腾进行了数值模拟。通过分析气相分布、局部气泡行为解释了沸腾换热特性和局部传热恶化。结果表明：低热通量下,不同流速的平均气体体积分数沿管长线性分布,沿径向呈双峰状分布,峰值在壁面附近;高流速时,近壁处气体体积分数的增长速率最大。换热性能受流速影响显著,流速越大,换热系数越大;三种流速下换热系数最小值对应的气体体积分数相同,气相分布不同是换热特性产生差异的直接原因。低中流速下,壁温局部升高位置与换热系数骤降位置是一致的,表明壁面附近局部气泡附着会造成壁温的局部升高,导致传热恶化。     

R245fa水平管内流动沸腾特性的实验研究

实验研究R245fa在水平管内的流动沸腾传热特性,分析了不同饱和压力下质量流速、热流密度和入口干度对R245fa在水平管内的两相流动沸腾特性的影响。此外,将实验数据与预测关联式进行了对比,Fang(2017)关联式的预测结果较高,对R245fa在10 mm不锈钢管内沸腾换热具有较好的预测,研究结果对工程应用具有一定的指导意义。     

R134a管外强化沸腾实验数据处理新方法

在水平管外沸腾换热实验中,热流密度沿管长方向的变化幅度较大,采用Wilson方法所得到的管内对流换热系数偏高,而管外沸腾换热系数偏低.为解决这一问题,本文提出了一种新的数据处理方法-局部换热系数法,并采用这种方法对实验测定R134a在水平放置的机械加工强化表面沸腾传热管的实验数据进行分析和处理,得到了较合理的结果.     

竖直圆管内超临界压力煤油传热特性实验研究

在压力2.5~4 MPa, 质量流量0.7~1.7 g/s, 热流密度0.06~1 MW/m2的实验条件下, 对煤油在内径1 mm, 长度300 mm竖直上升圆管内的流动与传热特性开展了实验研究, 并分析了传热系数随局部油温的变化及不同实验参数对传热的影响.结果表明, 超临界压力下煤油传热主要由自身物性和流动状态决定.超临界压力煤油传热过程大致可以分为3个区域:正常传热区传热强化区和传热恶化区.传热强化主要是湍流掺混增强和近壁面流体在拟临界温度附近物性剧烈变化的综合作用; 传热恶化则是因为壁温及近壁面流体温度远高于拟临界温度, 在近壁面发生了类似于亚临界状态下的“拟膜态沸腾”.      

Disintegration of flows of superheated liquid films and jets

This paper represents results on investigating the dynamics of boiling and disintegration of superheated liquid films and jets. The first part deals with experimental study of boiling liquid outflow through short cylindrical and slit channels. Evolution of disintegration of a hot water jet flow is observed both at low and moderate superheating and at high and limit superheating, and also for vaporization mechanisms corresponding to these superheatings. Peculiarities of disintegration of jets through slit and cylindrical channels are noticed. Results on measuring the reactive thrust of the jet through a slit channel under different geometrical conditions behind the channel outlet are represented. The 1/f fluctuations in transient regimes of superheated liquid boiling and in transient regimes of behavior of the jet shape are found. The second part of this article represents results on experimental investigation of nonsteady heat transfer and dynamics of the development of crisis phenomena at boiling of a falling subcooled liquid film in the conditions of stepwise heat release. The experimental data were obtained using synchronized high-speed infrared thermography and video. It is shown that with growth and condensation of vapor bubbles, on the liquid film interface appear large-amplitude waves that lead to considerably increasing local intensity of heat transfer. New data on the boiling incipience temperature in a subcooled liquid film, depending on the heat flux density, are obtained. It is found that the development of boiling crisis is a result of appearance of local dry patches and their subsequent growth by the mechanism of longitudinal thermal conductivity in the heat transfer wall as the equilibrium heat flux density is exceeded.     

Influence of nucleation on the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of a refrigerant mixture under varied heat flux conditions

The influence of nucleation on the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of R-134a/R-290/R-600a refrigerant mixture is experimentally studied in a smooth horizontal tube of 12.7 mm diameter. The heat transfer coefficients are experimentally measured for stratified flow patterns under a varied heat flux condition; a condition found in the evaporator of refrigerators and deep freezers. The experiments are conducted in a counter-current heat exchanger test section. By regulating the flow rate and inlet temperature of acetone, which is the heating fluid flowing in the outer tube, a varied heat flux is provided to the refrigerant flowing in the inner tube. The refrigerant mass flow rate is fixed between 3 and 5 g s⁻¹ and its inlet temperature between −8.59 and 5.33°C, which corresponds to a pressure of 3.2 to 5 bar. The significance of nucleate boiling prevailing in the above-mentioned evaporators is highlighted. The experimental heat transfer coefficients are also compared with well known heat transfer correlations.     

Non-Uniform Onset of Nucleate Flow Boiling of R-134a Inside a Glass Minichannel

The present work is an experimental investigation of the incipient boiling of R134a inside a circular glass minichannel mounted horizontally and equipped with a series of transparent indium tin oxide heaters. The effects of heat flux input levels and refrigerant mass fluxes on the onset nucleate boiling process and on the saturated boiling heat transfer rate are quantitatively explored. The flow pattern visualizations, carried on by means of a high-speed camera, show that the nucleation process is oddly non-uniform: the first vapor bubbles are always generated on the upper side of the tube and lead to a first wall temperature drop. A further increase in the heat flux values results in an increased wall superheat until bubble nucleation also originates on the lower side of the tube, causing a second wall temperature drop. Finally, at higher heat input levels, the boiling process becomes uniformly distributed on the inner tube surface. This phenomenon occurred also after a 180° rotation of the glass tube, and, after a critical analysis of the potential origins, it remains presently unexplained. An evaluation of heat transfer coefficients for low vapor quality regimes is finally presented.     

微尺度水平单管内流动沸腾特性实验研究

对非共沸混合工质R134a/R32(75/25)在水平微尺度管道内的流动沸腾换热实验结果进行了分析和讨论,以探究微细通道内流动沸腾换热的主导机制。对影响其换热的多种因素(热流密度、质量流量和质量干度)进行了分析,实验得出,当质量干度较低时,热流密度和质量流量共同控制着微尺度管内的换热方式,当热流密度的影响占主导地位时,管道内的换热以核态沸腾为主;当质量流量的影响占主导地位时,管道内的换热以强制对流为主。     

BOILING HEAT TRANSFER OF WATER AND R-11 ON HORIZONTALLY SMOOTH AND ENHANCED TUBES ENCLOSED BY A CONCENTRIC OUTER TUBE WITH TWO HORIZONTAL SLOTS

An experimental investigation was carried out on the boiling heat transfer characteristics of water and R-11 on the outside of a horizontal heated tube in narrow spaces. Two kinds of heat transfer surfaces (roll-worked and smooth surfaces) were tested. The test section consisted of a narrow annular space formed by enclosing the heated tube in an isolated concentric outer tube with two horizontal slats on the top and bottom. The nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristics were investigated experimentally at atmospheric pressure. The experimental results indicated that a single roll-worked tube in bulk liquid showed better boiling heat transfer than a single smooth tube. In the narrow spaces, the boiling heat transfer coefficients for the smooth tube were considerably enhanced when the gap size was so selected as to take an optimum value. There was no clear optimum gap size for heat transfer enhancement for the roll-worked tube in the narrow spaces. Enhancement of boiling heat transfer in the narrow spaces for the roll-worked tube was not clearly observed in this experiment. Finally, the critical heat flux (CHF) for boiling heat transfer in narrow spaces can be predicted by using a proposed CHF correlation.     

纳米颗粒悬浮液池内泡状沸腾的实验研究

本文对纳米颗粒悬浮液在平壁面上池内沸腾进行了实验研究。实验用的纳米粒子为26 nm的铁粉和13 nm的三氧化二铝纳米粉末,基液为去离子水。分别配成体积浓度为0．1％, 1％和2％的悬浮液。实验结果表明,纳米悬浮颗粒对液体沸腾换热过程的影响会随着纳米颗粒性质,颗粒浓度及热流密度大小的不同而出现不同的效果;加入纳米颗粒后, 对基液沸腾换热的影响存在着两个相反的作用机制,它们分别为:纳米颗粒增强了液体内部的热量迁移能力(热物性的影响)和改变了加热面的表面结构特性(加热面特性的影响)。     

Two-phase flow boiling heat transfer of FC-72 in parallel micro-channels

Experimental research is performed on two-phase flow boiling heat transfer in micro-channels. FC-72 is used as the working fluid. In order to analyze the heat transfer mechanism during two-phase flow boiling, the dimensionless parameters, e.g., boiling number and convection number, are used, and the effect of these parameters on the heat transfer can be confirmed during flow boiling in the micro-channel. In addition, the transition criterion from bubbly/slug flow to annular flow is proposed from the modified Weber number. Based on the boiling heat transfer mechanism obtained from the experiments, a new correlation is proposed to predict the heat transfer coefficient. The new correlation predicts well the experimental results within a mean absolute error of 5.2%.