Physicochemical properties and activity of nanopowder catalysts in the hydrodesulfurization of diesel fraction

New hydrofining catalysts based on molybdenum, nickel, and aluminum nitride nanopowders produced by electrical explosion are obtained. Their physicochemical properties are studied. The direct sulfurizing of molybdenum nanopowders with sulfides from straight-run diesel oil fraction is shown to be possible. The high hydrodesulfurization capability of nanopowder catalysts is established.     

载体性质对Pd催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

以Si O2、全硅MCM-41(Si-MCM-41)、通过机械混合Si-MCM-41与ZSM-5得到的Z-MCM-41-M以及通过在ZSM-5外部包覆MCM-41制备得到的Z-MCM-41四种材料为载体,制备了四种负载型Pd催化剂。采用XRD、HRTEM、N2吸附-脱附、NH3-TPD手段对Pd催化剂进行了表征;以二苯并噻吩(DBT)为模型化合物,在固定床反应器上对四种催化剂的加氢脱硫(HDS)活性、加氢路径选择性和加氢裂化活性进行了考察,研究了不同类型载体对Pd催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响。结果表明,载体的性质会显著影响负载型Pd催化剂的加氢脱硫性能。载体的比表面积对负载型Pd催化剂加氢脱硫活性影响不大,但是HYD路径的选择性与载体的孔道结构有关;具有介孔孔道结构有利于加氢路径选择性的提高。酸性载体负载的Pd催化剂表现出较好加氢脱硫活性和加氢选择性,这与氢溢流有关。介孔材料的孔道结构与微孔沸石的酸性有机结合,所得到的Z-M CM-41复合材料是是潜在的贵金属Pd加氢脱硫催化剂优良载体,可有效提升其加氢脱硫活性。     

Preparation and catalytic properties of Ni(Co)-W-B amorphous catalysts for 4-cresol hydrodeoxygenation

采用化学还原法制备出非晶态催化剂Ni-W-B和Co-W-B,用BET、XRD和XPS对催化剂进行表征分析,以对甲基苯酚为模型化合物研究了两种催化剂的加氢脱氧性能.结果表明,所制备的两种催化剂均为非晶态结构,两种催化剂在对甲基苯酚的加氢脱氧反应中都显示出较好的脱氧活性.在相对低温523 K下,Ni -W-B催化剂显示较高的加氢活性,转化率达到100.0％,对甲基环己醇的选择性为55.1％,脱氧选择性只有44.1％,而Co-W-B催化剂显示出较高的脱氧活性,脱氧选择性达到93.1％,这主要是由于催化剂的表面不同价态元素组成含量引起的.在573 K和4.0 MPa下,催化对甲基苯酚的加氢脱氧反应的转化率和脱氧选择性都能达到100％.     

Ni(Co)-W-B非晶态催化剂的制备和加氢脱氧性能研究

采用化学还原法制备出非晶态催化剂Ni-W-B和Co-W-B,用BET、XRD和XPS对催化剂进行表征分析,以对甲基苯酚为模型化合物研究了两种催化剂的加氢脱氧性能。结果表明,所制备的两种催化剂均为非晶态结构,两种催化剂在对甲基苯酚的加氢脱氧反应中都显示出较好的脱氧活性。在相对低温523 K下,Ni-W-B催化剂显示较高的加氢活性,转化率达到100.0%,对甲基环己醇的选择性为55.1%,脱氧选择性只有44.1%,而Co-W-B催化剂显示出较高的脱氧活性,脱氧选择性达到93.1%,这主要是由于催化剂的表面不同价态元素组成含量引起的。在573 K和4.0 MPa下,催化对甲基苯酚的加氢脱氧反应的转化率和脱氧选择性都能达到100%。     

Surface fine structure of hydrodesulfurization catalysts. New aspects of promoting effects of Co and Ni

By using the highpressure DRIFT, EXAFS, and TPDDRIFT methods, it is shown that the wellknown effects concerning Co–Mo/Al₂O₃ (i.e., promoting effect of Co or Ni, activating effect of catalyst presulfiding, and inhibiting effect of H₂S) are closely connected to each other. Some direct evidence of the interactions between Mo and Co on sulfided Co–Mo/Al₂O₃ is also shown.     

Synthesis and properties of hydrodesulfurization catalysts. IV. Thiophene hydrodesulfurization on molybdenum catalysts containing heteropoly compounds

Water soluble analogues of aluminium and cobalt heteropolymolybdates have been shown as possible precursors of active sites for thiophene hydrodesulfurization along with other molybdenum compounds. For the characterization of the catalysts Raman spectroscopy has been applied, and the catalytic activity of the samples is discussed.

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Disproportionation of cyclohexadiene by Co(II) and Ni(II) based homogeneous ziegler catalysts

Homogeneous Ziegler catalysts prepared from Co(II) or Ni(II) alkanoates and aluminium alkyls are highly active for the disproportionation of 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexadiene to benzene and cyclohexene.     

Influence of the heat treatment conditions on the activity of the CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst for deep hydrodesulfurization of diesel fractions

The effect of the heat treatment temperature on the sulfidation and activity of CoMo/Al₂O₃ catalysts designed for deep hydrodesulfurization of diesel fuel was studied. The catalysts were prepared using citric acid as a chelating ligand. The organic ligands present in the samples heat-treated at 110 and 220°C retard the decomposition of dimethyl disulfide and the formation of the sulfide phase but make the catalyst more active than the samples calcined at higher temperatures.     

Simultaneous determination of Co,Mo, Ni,W and moisture content in hydrodesulfurization catalysts by neutron capture gamma-ray spectrometry

Neutron capture γ-ray spectrometry has been applied for the simultaneous determination of Co, Mo, Ni, W and moisture in hydrodesulfurization catalysts. The Co, Mo and water content are determined in a 10 min irradiation using a 500–2500 keV calibration. Ni and W, if present, require, and additional 30 min irradiation, using a 5000–9000 keV calibration. In both cases TiO₂ is used as internal standard. Results are in good agreement with those obtained by NAA for metals and by TGA for moisture. This work was supported by Grant N⁰ 31.26-Sl-0304 from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Technológicas.     

Effect of acid-base properties on copper catalysts for hydrogenation of carbon dioxide

Acidic or basic components as co-catalysts were added to the Cu-based catalysts for hydrogenation of CO₂. Effects of acid-base properties on the catalytic activity and methanol selectivity are discussed.     

Influence of carbon support pretreatment on properties of Pd/C catalysts

Preoxidation of the surface of carbon support was found to increase the dispersity of palladium and activity of Pd/C catalysts obtained by reduction of supported Pd(OAc)₂, in hydrogenation of olefins. Probable reasons for this effect are discussed.

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, Pd/C , Pd(OAc), . .

     

Deactivation and oxidative regeneration of last-generation catalysts for deep hydrofining of diesel fuel: Comparison of properties of fresh and deactivated IK-GO-1 catalysts

Deactivation of IK-GO-1 industrial catalyst was studied under model conditions on a laboratory installation. The chemical composition, morphology of active component particles, texture characteristics, and catalytic properties of the fresh and deactivated samples were compared. A catalyst sample whose deactivation under model conditions adequately simulates industrial deactivation and which is therefore suitable for developing industrial regeneration procedure was prepared.     

Effect of the support calcination temperature on selective hydrodesulfurization of TiO2 nanotubes supported CoMo catalysts

TiO₂ nanotubes (TiO₂-NTs) were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. Co and Mo active components were supported on a series of the as-prepared TiO₂-NTs samples which were calcined at different temperatures. The effects of support calcination temperature of CoMo/TiO₂-NTs catalysts on their catalytic performance were investigated for selective hydrodesulfurization (HDS). The samples were characterized by means of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N₂ adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR). The experimental results revealed that TiO₂-NTs support calcined under 500 °C can maintain the nanotubular structure with higher surface area and pore volume. Meanwhile, the obtained supported CoMo/TiO₂-NTs catalysts exhibited weak metal-support interaction, more octahedral Mo⁶⁺ species and high catalytic performance in selective HDS.     

On the relationship between the preparation method and the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) hydrodesulfurization catalysts

A series of CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) catalysts have been prepared using various methodologies. One of them (EDF) was prepared by depositing the Mo species on the support via the equilibrium deposition filtration (EDF) technique and then the Co species by dry impregnation. Another catalyst (co-EDF) was prepared by depositing the Co and Mo species simultaneously via EDF. A third catalyst (co-WET) was prepared by depositing Mo and Co species simultaneously using the wet impregnation method. The fourth catalyst (WET) was prepared by depositing the Mo species through wet impregnation and then the Co species by dry impregnation. Finally, the fifth catalyst (s-DRY) was prepared by mounting the Mo species through successive dry impregnations and then the Co species by dry impregnation. In all cases the Mo and Co content was identical, giving a Co/(Co+Mo) ratio equal to 0.13. These catalysts were characterized using various physicochemical techniques (BET, NO chemisorption, DRS, LRS, TPR, and XPS), and their catalytic activity for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene was determined. The trend observed for the HDS activity (namely, EDF>co-EDF>co-WET>s-DRY>WET) is attributed to similar trends observed for both the fraction of well-dispersed octahedral cobalt in the oxidic precursors and the concentration of the edge sulfur vacancies formed on the active phase of the sulfided samples. The EDF and co-EDF catalysts exhibited relatively low hydrogenating activity. The maximum HDS activity, achieved over the EDF catalyst, suggested the most suitable preparative strategy for the preparation of very active and less hydrogen-demanding CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) HDS catalysts.     

Influence of supporting materials on the deactivation of diesel exhaust catalysts

Two kinds of vehicle-aged diesel oxidation catalysts were analyzed. The phase transition of alumina as a support and Pt sintering after a long-time operation caused serious deactivation of the catalysts.     

过渡金属(Mo,Fe,Co和Ni)基催化剂在电催化还原二氧化碳还原中应用

近年来,全球二氧化碳排放量逐年增加, 对人们赖以生存的生态环境已造成严重威胁, 因此将二氧化碳转化成高附加值的化学品和燃料受到前所未有的广泛关注. 与目前已开发的转化技术(如热催化和光催化等)相比, 电催化二氧化碳转化技术具有稳定的效率?可控的选择性?简单的反应单元和巨大的工业应用潜力, 是一种更为理想的转化技术之一. 从反应动力学来看, 目前的催化剂仍难以克服反应过程中高的能量屏障以及迟缓的反应速度. 另一方面, 电催化二氧化碳转化包含多个质子和电子的耦合过程, 反应过程包含多种路径, 反应产物往往是混合物. 在此背景下, 如何发展高催化效率和高选择性电催化剂成为目前研究的焦点. 在众多的电催化剂中, 贵金属及其合金展现出较高的电催化二氧化碳还原活性, 但储量小的缺点限制了其大规模的工业应用. 铜基材料可以把二氧化碳转化为附加值更高的产品. 然而, 铜基材料仍难以克服选择性差?失活严重和效率低等缺点. 作为一种更廉价的材料, 碳基催化剂具有价廉?比表面积大?导电性好?化学性质稳定以及优异的机械性能等优点在电催化二氧化碳还原中得到了广泛的研究. 然而, 单纯的碳催化剂对于二氧化碳分子活化以及吸附反应中间体能力较低, 导致了碳基材料催化电催化二氧化碳还原活性以及选择性较低. 因此, 开发出可实际应用的高效率和高选择性非贵金属电极材料是当前该技术研究中亟待解决的关键科学问题.过渡金属基化合物在能源转化中展现出巨大的应用潜力. 过渡金属价电子在d轨道, 而d轨道邻近费米能级, d轨道电子填充的变化使得d轨道中心与费米能级相对位置发生变化, 进而展现出多种催化活性. 电催化二氧化碳还原是一个多电子和质子耦合过程, 催化剂的本征活性由其表面电子结构决定. 在此背景下, 过渡金属基化合物价层电子轨道的多变性使其成为提高电催化二氧化碳还原效率和选择性的理想催化剂. 对于电催化二氧化碳还原, 不同中间体的标度关系是制约反应总效率的关键因素. N?rskov等研究发现, MoS2, MoSe2和Ni掺杂 MoS2催化剂上存在不同种类的活性位点. 不同的活性位点可以分别吸附反应中间体并使中间体的吸附过程相对独立, 从而有效打断中间体的标度关系. 2014,Salehi-Khojin等成功把MoS2应用在高效电催化二氧化碳还原中. 边缘Mo原子d带电子靠近费米能级的特性使其具有更高的电催化活性. 其它研究工作者通过引入掺杂物质, 进一步提高了MoS2的电催化二氧化碳还原性能. Fe位点在理论上虽然具有很高的电催化二氧化碳转化活性, 然而目前铁基催化剂的研究相对较少. Co基材料也可用于电催化二氧化碳转化.2016年, Xie等首次制备无机Co基材料用于电催化二氧化碳还原. 部分氧化的钴可以促进速控步骤反应进程, 进而降低整体反应的过电势. 基于此, 制备了超薄的Co3O4片层, 发现价电子轨道中心更靠近费米能级时, 电极材料展现出更高的催化活性. 进一步研究发现氧空穴的存在也可以减小速控步骤的能量屏障. 此外, Ni基材料也被证明具有高的催化二氧化碳转化活性. 目前这些研究工作对如何构建高性能电极材料在理论上给出了指导方向, 并且联系实验证明了方法的可行性. 受到这些工作的启发, 未来可将有巨大潜力的过渡金属基化合物化合物, 例如过渡金属氮化物?过渡金属磷化物?过渡金属碳化物和过渡金属硼化物等, 作为电催化剂研究其二氧化碳还原催化性能. 另外, 就目前的研究来看, 将二氧化碳有效地还原到特定的产物仍存在巨大的挑战. 如何优化过渡金属(Mo, Fe, Co和Ni)基催化剂价层d轨道结构, 促进反应中间体吸附过程, 将是解决催化活性和选择性这一科学问题的关键.     

Effect of the nature of the additives of metal cations (Sr,Ba, and La) on the properties of Co-Mo hydrodesulfurization catalysts

The effect of the nature of the support modified with the ions of alkaline earth and rare earth elements (Sr, Ba, and La) on the properties of Co-Mo catalysts for the hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT), 4-methyldibenzothiophene (4-MDBT), and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) was studied using a set of physicochemical and catalytic techniques. It was found that the introduction of modifying additives decreased the surface concentration of Lewis acid sites (LASs) and increased the concentration of basic sites (BSs) in aluminum-containing supports; these changes were more significant upon modification with lanthanum and strontium. The modification affected the distribution and degree of dispersion of Co-Mo-S sulfide packets. It was found that the rate constants of DBT and 4-MDBT conversion increased with decreasing total surface concentration of both LASs and BSs on the support. The highest rate constant of 4,6-DMDBT conversion was reached at an optimum concentration of weak Lewis sites on Co-Mo catalysts, whose support was modified with strontium or barium.     

Composition,surface segregation,and electrochemical properties of binary PtM/C (M = Co,Ni, Cr) catalysts

The effect of the nature of transient metal and chemical treatment of binary cathodic PtM/C (M = Co, Ni, Cr) catalysts, which were prepared by high-temperature synthesis, on their structure, surface segregation, and characteristic properties (activity and stability) is studied. It is shown that, in the course of treatment in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ at the elevated temperature (60°C), the surface of nanoparticles becomes enriched in platinum with the formation of core-shell structures. The PtCo/C catalyst is the most efficient one. In this case, a compromise between the corrosion resistance and electrocatalytic activity is reached due to a higher, as compared with PtNi/C and PtCr/C, degree of alloy formation and enriching of surface in platinum in the course of corrosive attack. Thereby, the properties of platinum on the core surface change as a result of a pronounced ligand effect of the core. Thus, depending on the nature of transient metal, the binary cathodic PtM/C catalysts differ in their activity and stability, which depend on the degree of alloy formation and a possibility of formation of core-shell structure as a result of surface segregation in the course of synthesis and chemical treatment.