The flow behavior of fiber suspensions in Newtonian fluids and polymer solutions.

The main purpose of this study was to examine the viscous and elastic properties and capillary flow of fiber suspensions in Newtonian fluids as well as in polymer solutions. The fillers used were glass, carbon, nylon and vinylon fibers. Glycerin was used as a Newtonian suspending medium and HEC and Separan solutions as viscoelastic suspending media. The viscosity and the first normal-stress difference were measured using a coaxial cylindrical rotating viscometer and a parallel-plate rheogoniometer respectively. The influence of the concentration, aspect ratio, diameter and flexibility of the fibers on the viscous and elastic properties of the fiber suspensions was investigated. Empirical equations were obtained for the relative viscosity and first normal-stress difference for the fiber suspensions in glycerin. The capillary flow of these suspensions is discussed in part II.     

The nonlinear vibrations of functionally graded cylindrical shells surrounded by an elastic foundation

This paper reports the result of an investigation on the nonlinear vibrations of functionally graded cylindrical shell surrounded by an elastic foundation, based on Hamilton’s principle, von Kármán nonlinear theory, and the first-order shear deformation theory. Material properties are assumed to be temperature dependent. The surrounding elastic medium is modeled as Winkler foundation model, Pasternak foundation model, and nonlinear foundation model. Galerkin’s method is utilized to convert the governing partial differential equations to nonlinear ordinary differential equations with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. Considering the primary resonance case, the method of multiple scales is used to study the frequency response of nonlinear vibrations and the softening/hardening behavior. Parametric effects on the nonlinear vibrations are investigated.     

Photoelastic stress analysis of a V-shaped die for plastic work

The stress state in the V-shaped die for plastic compression was investigated by using a photoelastic stress analysis in which an Araldite in a glassy elastic state and a softened celluloid were used as model materials for the die and work specimen, respectively. It was found that the direction of the frictional shear stress is reversed at a certain point on the die surface. Because the frictional shear stress of the die mainly depends on the flow speed of the work material, the popular assumption that the coefficient of friction is a constant over the die surface such as in the case of Coulomb friction appears unrealistic.     

A LES study of the flow interference between tandem square cylinder pairs

The results of an investigation on the interference effects of the tandem square cylinders exposed to a uniform flow are presented in this paper. Time-dependent and three-dimensional flow simulations are carried out using large eddy simulation with a one-equation subgrid model. An incompressible three-dimensional finite volume code with a collocated grid arrangement is used for solving filtered Navier–Stokes equations. These equations are solved with an implicit fractional two-step method. Simulations are conducted with different Reynolds numbers between 10³ and 10⁵. The longitudinal spacing between the cylinders is selected 4D for the chosen Reynolds numbers, where D is the side of the cylinders. Also the effect of the spacing between cylinders, ranging from 1D to 12D, is studied for the selected Reynolds numbers. The instantaneous flow field is studied by analyzing the vortices, pressure, streamlines and Q-criterion to assist understanding of the various flow patterns, vortical structures and Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices in the separating shear layers. The hysteresis is observed in a certain range of the gap spacing, which this range depends on the selected Reynolds number. The global results are also computed and compared with available experimental results. The results indicate that there is a satisfactory agreement between the predictions and available experimental data considering the fine grid adopted.     

Pressure pulse on the boundary of an elastic inhomogeneous half-plane

The problem about the motion of a pressure pulse at constant velocity along the boundary of an elastic homogeneous half-plane has been examined in [1–3]. The problem was considered as stationary in [1, 2], while in [3] it was solved by using a Laplace time transformation. An analogous problem is considered in this paper for an elastic half-plane with variable Lamé parameters and density of the medium.     

The moiré method for measuring large-plane nonhomogeneous deformations

Moiré-fringe equations have been developed for directly determining the components of Green's and Cauchy's deformation tensors from measurements of fringe pitch and angle. The equations, which were previously verified for large-plane homogeneous deformations, are used to determine the deformation-tensor components for nonhomogeneous strain fields. The results are compared to theoretical values. Specifically, the deformations investigated are pure bending of a rectangular block, and extension of a tapered plane specimen.     

Measurement of surface strain rates in glaciers using embedded wire strain gages

Natural scientists and engineers are continuing to seek an understanding of the mechanism of flow and deformation of glaciers. A necessary component of this exploration is the accurate determination of strain rates in glacier ice. The purpose of this investigation was to develop a strain-measuring method which is dependable and precise under difficult field conditions. The measuring technique which was developed uses unbonded electrical-resistance strain gages which consist of single strands of 5-mil Constantan wire 10-ft long. Six gages are embedded in the glacier-ice surface in the form of two delta rosettes in order to obtain strain at a point with some redundancy of data in this two-dimensional problem. The rigid-body rotation of the gage anchor posts was measured by sensitive inclinometers in order to assess the effect of pressure melting on the strain data. The data are interpreted using cross-correlation and best-fit programs to yield maximum shear-strain rate and average normal-strain rate. Strain readings were conducted over a period of eight days on the Ptarmigan Glacier near Juneau, Alaska. The maximum shear-strain rate at the surface ranged from 0.25 to 1.2×10^?6/hr., which agrees with estimates derived from known flow rates. The wire gages were found to adhere to the ice well enough to make the gage anchor posts unnecessary—pressure melting is therefore insignificant. A tolerance of ±6.0 microstrain was determined for the strain gages.     

Experimental analysis of slow viscous flow using photoviscosity and bubbles

Photoelasticity in solids is a well-developed technique for stress and strain analysis. Less progress has been made in applying a similar effect, photoviscosity, to flow analysis. This paper has three objects: (1) to simplify photoviscous methods; (2) to compare velocity profiles obtained from photoviscosity with those obtained by the double-exposure bubble technique; (3) to determine the principal strain rates and the maximum shear stress from photoviscotity. The problem of slow viscous flow about a cylindrical obstacle in a rectangular channel was selected for the comparison. The fluid was a suspension of milling yellow dye in water. Strain rates and stresses averaged over the path of ligh can be obtained easily using photoviscosity. The bubble technique is shown to be a very powerful tool that permits the determination of the velocity field in three-dimensional problems.     

The strain-rate behavior of ductile polymers

The stress-strain-strain-rate behavior of polycarbonate is presented. It is demonstrated that the material does not exhibit a double-yield-point phenomenon, as others have reported, if true stress is plotted against actual strain. Also, the behavior of polycarbonate is presented under constant strain rate and relaxation conditions. The observed behavior of the material is discussed in relation to elements of recent theories of viscoelasto-plasticity due to Nagdi and Murch and Crochet. Simple mechanical models of the Bingham type are presented and are discussed with respect to the constitutive equation characterization of polycarbonte. The advantages and disadvantages of more general models are mentioned. Finally, the strain-rate behavior of PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate) and a poylester given by others is presented and discussed, relative to polycarbonate and the characterization procedures used.     

The grid-shift technique for moiré analysis of strain in solid propellants

Moiré principles and procedures were surveyed with a view toward adaptation to measurement of complex strain distribution in solid propellants. Compliant coating and photosensitive materials were selected for grid reproduction. The most flexible of the several possible procedures for recording moiré data was found to be grid photography. A novel “grid-shift” technique employing coarse grids was developed for point-by-point determination of surface displacement derivatives, and the grid-shift relations for large strain and large rotation were derived. The technique is extremely versatile, permitting the analysis of strain of dynamically deformed specimens in nonambient environmental conditions of temperature, pressure or atmosphere. The utility of the technique was demonstrated by application to static and dynamic problems.     

Photoelastic investigation of plane wedge-shaped drawing die

A photoelastic investigation is conducted for plane wedge-shaped dies with special reference to the distribution of pressure and friction on the contact surface. A softened celluloid strip is drawn through the gap of Araldite dies kept in the state of glassy elastic. The results are compared with the theoretical results by other investigators.     

Performance of metal-foil strain gages during large cyclic strains

Constantan-alloy gages with polyimide backing were bonded to axial-fatigue specimens which were tested under cyclic loading. Constant-strain ranges between 0.0075 and 0.04 were applied to each specimen by means of a clip on extensometer, and the strain-gage signals were monitored for gage accuracy and life. Gage life varied upwards from about four cycles at the highest strains investigated. Although significant zero shift occurred, strain ranges were generally measured within five percent over most of the life of the gage. The gage-performance information obtained will aid in later study of local strain and low-cycle fatigue in notched members.     

Adaptive control of MEMS gyroscope using global fast terminal sliding mode control and fuzzy-neural-network

An adaptive control of MEMS gyroscope using global fast terminal sliding mode control (GTSMC) and fuzzy-neural-network (FNN) is presented for micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) vibratory gyroscopes in this paper. This approach gives a new global fast terminal sliding surface, which will guarantee that the designed control system can reach the sliding surface and converge to equilibrium point in a shorter finite time from any initial state. In addition, the proposed adaptive global fast terminal sliding mode controller can real-time estimate the angular velocity and the damping and stiffness coefficients. Moreover, the main feature of this scheme is that an adaptive fuzzy-neural-network is employed to learn the upper bound of model uncertainties and external disturbances, so the prior knowledge of the upper bound of the system uncertainties is not required. All adaptive laws in the control system are derived in the same Lyapunov framework, which can guarantee the globally asymptotical stability of the closed-loop system. Numerical simulations for a MEMS gyroscope are investigated to demonstrate the validity of the proposed control approaches.     

Flow of a dipolar fluid between parallel plates

The flow of a dipolar fluid between two parallel plates with and without heat transfer is studied. The following cases are discussed:

1. Isothermal flow due to the relative motion of the plates,
2. Isothermal flow due to a constant pressure gradient with the plates at rest,
3. Nonisothermal flow with linearly varying plate temperatures.

Case (ii) is of particular interest to the experimentalists as it shows the effect of the material constants even when there are no externally applied dipolar tractions on the plates.     

Investigation of the Dynamic Response of Swirling Flows Based on LES and Experiments

The dynamic response of a swirling flow undergoing vortex breakdown is investigated via Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and experiments in a water flow facility. The investigation is carried out following previous work on the link between thermoacoustic combustion instabilities and coherent structures in lean premixed gas turbine combustors. The velocity field transfer function is obtained in LES from the Unit Impulse Response determined via application of a low intensity broadband noise perturbation of the inflow mass flow rate and the Wiener-Hopf filtering method. In the experiments, harmonic fluctuations in the water flow rate through the swirler are generated via a piston mounted on the side wall of the test facility and activated with a low frequency linear motor. The velocity field transfer function is then obtained via phase averaging applied to Particle Image Velocimetry snapshots which are collected at prescribed values of the harmonic phase. The analysis, which is carried out in terms of coherent structures identified via Proper Orthogonal Decomposition, gives numerical transfer functions with amplitude and phase consistent with the experimental ones.     

Measurement of microscopic plastic-strain distributions in the region of a crack tip

Two independent experimental techniques are used to measure the strain distribution within the plastically deformed region around a crack tip. Moiré grid interference is used to measure the in-plane strain with the specimen grid engraved directly on the specimen surface. Optical interference is used to measure the through-the-thickness strain over the same engraved area. The testing arrangement allows measurement of at-load strain as well as residual strain. The measured strain distribution is compared with recent work by Swedlow using a finite-element numerical technique and with results of the etch-pit technique used by Hahn and Rosenfield.     

Oscillations of a gas bubble in a non-Newtonian liquid under the action of an acoustic field

The evolution of the radius of a spherical cavitation bubble in an incompressible non-Newtonian liquid under the action of an external acoustic field is investigated. Non-Newtonian liquids having relaxation properties and also pseudoplastic and dilatant liquids with powerlaw equation of state are studied. The equations for the oscillation of the gas bubble are derived, the stability of its radial oscillation and its spherical form are investigated, and formulas are given for the characteristic frequency of oscillations of the cavitation hollow in a relaxing liquid. The equations are integrated numerically. It is shown that in a relaxing non-Newtonian liquid the viscosity may lead to the instability of the radial oscillations and the spherical form of the bubble. The results obtained here are compared with the behavior of a gas bubble in a Newtonian liquid.     

Photoelastometric recording of stress waves

A very sensitive, fast-responding photomultiplier tube and laser light source were used to record stress-optic data associated with a moving stress wave. By using a “gray-field” (which is halfway between a dark and light field) polariscope, optical-electrical recordings were obtained which were linearly proportional to strain. A discriminatory record results which exhibits a higher signal-to-noise ratio than semiconductor strain gages. Gage length can be varied from 0.005 in. upwards.     

Strain-ratio measurements by an interferometric device

An interferometric experimental device capable of measuring lateral strains with a sensitivity of 5×10^?6 is described. The results of lateral and axial strain measurements during creep and isochronous tests on polymethyl-methycrylate (PMMA) are presented, and values for strain ratio (the ratio of lateral to axial strains) are calculated. The values display excellent repeatibility and are within the range of values recently published in the literature.     

Mechanism of transverse structure formation in supersonic flow past a body

Direct numerical simulation within the framework of the Navier-Stokes equations is applied to study the mechanism of the generation of transverse structures (streamwise vortices) in the problem of supersonic M = 6 flow over a flat plate, when a shock wave is incident on it. The vortices formed at the lateral edges of the plate are shown to be the sources of streamwise streaky structures in the zone of separation of the boundary layer from the plate. Their interaction with the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices in the region of incidence of the shock on the plate leads to the formation of mushroom-shaped structures (streamwise vortices) similar with the azimuthal Λ-structures in subsonic jets. The plate width effect on the formation and turbulization of the mushroom-shaped structures is considered.