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1.
If once the transport coefficientsσ(T) andκ(T)as functions of temperature are evaluated from the characteristic- and temperature measurements on an arc discharge, these results can be further reduced to the various cross sections involved in the related collision processes by means of the kinetic theory. For this purpose formulas are derived for the material functionsσ andκ which are still clear enough in their dependence on the different cross sections to be evaluated, and which on the other hand do not deviate too strongly from the exact solutions. As an example for nitrogen the collision cross sections which are effective in the temperature range 5500 ?K≦T≦15500 ?K are evaluated from measurements on an arc discharge. 相似文献
2.
通过电弧模型与熔池模型耦合数值模拟,研究了氩弧和氦弧特性及其对SUS304不锈钢钨极惰性气体保护(TIG)焊熔池形貌的影响.通过比较氩弧和氦弧的温度轮廓线以及阳极表面电流密度和热流密度分布发现,氦弧的径向距离比氩弧收缩明显,导致更多热量传递给阳极.模拟了氩弧和氦弧下浮力、电磁力、表面张力和气体剪切力分别对熔池形貌的影响.结果表明:不论是在氩弧还是在氦弧下熔池中表面张力是影响熔池形貌的最主要驱动力.在氩弧下,影响熔池形貌的另一个重要的驱动力是气体剪切力,而氦弧下则是电磁力.由于电磁力引起的内对流运动增加了熔深,从而导致相同氧含量时氦弧下的熔深和焊缝深宽比要高于氩弧下的熔深和焊缝深宽比.随着氧含量的增加,氩弧和氦弧下的焊缝深宽比均先增加而后保持不变.焊缝深宽比的模拟结果与实验结果符合较好.
关键词:
氩弧
氦弧
电弧特性
熔池形貌 相似文献
3.
Microwave diagnostics of an inhomogeneous, dense, cylindrical plasma column may be used to determine the complex impedance and a mean noise temperature in the range of strong skin effect (theory see part I). This case is realized if the specific d.c. impedance E/I falls below a critical value, e.g. 20 Ω/cm for ω = 1010. It is shown, that for any radial conductivity profile the complex impedance is a function of E/I only. A formula is derived for calculating the noise temperature of the column as a weighted mean value due to the local plasma temperature and conductivity. In the case of strong skin effect this mean value equals the electron temperature of plasma regions near the boundary of the conducting diameter. These results in connection with spectroscopical diagnostics are use to determine some plasma parameters of an arc discharge in a streaming nitrogen atmosphere at 760 Torr. The temperature profil was obtained from the intensity of the 3371 Å molecular band and then the conductivity profile was calculated using an energy balance equation. The results show that even in the 10 A-case the arc plasma is not in thermal equilibrium, the difference Te—Tg being about 1,500 ºK. This large difference is due to the flow of neutral gas streaming downward the discharge chamber. The length of the discharge (1·3 cm) is not sufficient for the neutral atoms to reach their equilibrium temperature. 相似文献
4.
F. N. Ibrahim 《Il Nuovo Cimento D》1995,17(10):1089-1101
Summary Analytical and numerical solutions for the momentum and thermal boundary layer equations of a non-Newtonian power law fluid
are presented. The flow is assumed to be under the influence of an external magnetic fieldB (x) applied perpendicular to the surface and an electric fieldE(x) perpendicular toB(x) and the direction of the longitudinal velocity in the boundary layer. For the power law fluid it is assumed that the shear
stress is proportional to then-th power of the velocity gradient andn is called the flow index. The variations of the velocity fieldf′, the temperature field θ, the shear stress on the surfaceτ
W
, the displacement thicknessδ
1 and the momentum thicknessδ
2 with the magnetic-field parameter γ, the flow indexn, the heat transfer indexS and the Prandtl number Pr are studied. It is found that, if the outer flow velocityU(x) (potential flow) is proportional to the arc lengthx raised to a powerm, then the similarity solution for the thermal boundary layer equation is possible only whenm=1/3, which represents flow past a wedge of included angle π/2. It is established that the temperature of the wedge increases
with the increase of γ, Pr,S and the decrease ofn. In general the magnetic field can be used as a heater for the surface of the wedge. 相似文献
5.
S. Djeniže A. Srećković S. Bukvić 《The European Physical Journal D - Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics》2002,20(1):11-16
We have obtained transition probabilities (Einstein's A values) of thirteen transitions in doubly (N III), six in triply (N IV) and two in four times (N V) ionized nitrogen spectra
belonging to the 3s-3p and 3p-3d transitions using a relative line intensity ratio (RLIR) technique. The linear low-pressure pulsed arc was used as an optically
thin plasma source operated at 51 400 K electron temperature and 2.2×1023 m-3 electron density in nitrogen plasma. Our A values are compared to recent theoretical and experimental data.
Received 18 December 2001 / Received in final form 29 January 2002 Published online 28 June 2002 相似文献
6.
The electrical and luminescent characteristics of a barrier-discharge lamp filled with a Kr/CCl4 (150: 1) mixture are experimentally studied versus the value of pd, which varies in the range (7.6–14) × 103 Pa cm. When simulating the gas discharge using similarity parameters, the following relationships are fulfilled: for pd = const (p is the pressure, d is the interelectrode distance), the pulse duration and the mean current density are τ
j
∼ 1/p and 〈j〉 ∼ p; the surface charge density on the electrodes, σ ∼ const; the duration of the UV radiation pulse and the efficiency of UV
radiation due to a KrCl* (222 nm) exciplex, τrad ∼ 1/p and η ∼ p
2. The maximal radiation efficiency achieved in the experiments is about 13%. Deviations from the similarity laws for the gas
discharge are related to the filamentary form of the observed discharge. Qualitative analysis indicates that similarity laws
may be fulfilled for such a form of discharge as well but locally, within a single filament. 相似文献
7.
E. Hantzsche 《等离子体物理论文集》1980,20(5):329-342
Unipolar arcs have achieved considerable importance as a plentiful source of contaminations in tokamak plasmas. A definition of unipolar and plasma induced discharges is given, and the main properties of the space charge sheath between plasma and wall as well as the existence conditions of unipolar arcs (necessary voltage drop, current balance) are considered. From a simple model that includes the superposition of two completely different plasmas — the tokamak plasma and the cathode spot plasma of the arc — the radial dependencies of the current densities and voltages between plasma and wall and of the plasma parameters are derived. It is shown, that — in typical cases — the anode region is a ring-shaped area situated at distances from the arc cathode spot r > b with 0.3 cm ? b ? 1 cm, and that the density decrease of the arc plasma n ~ r?μ necessitates an exponent 2 ? μ ? 3 because of the current balance condition (arc current = backflow current). Moreover some thermodynamic aspects (unipolar arcs as a kind of dissipative structures), the ignition problem, the effects of magnetic fields, the problems of diagnostics and the possibilities of simulations are shortly discussed. 相似文献
8.
R. T. Al-Khairy 《Physics of Wave Phenomena》2009,17(4):277-285
This paper presents an analytical solution of transient heat conduction in a thin film subjected to symmetrical laser heating,
employing the dual-phase lag model. Laser heating is modeled as an internal heat source. The analytical solution is derived
using the finite integral transforms and the method of variation of parameters. The solutions for different time characteristics
of heat sources capacity (instantaneous, rectangular, light, and Gaussian) are discussed. The effect of the control parameter
B =τ
T
/2r
q
on the temperature profiles is examined in details. 相似文献
9.
The results of non-equilibrium heating of air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen in a plasmatron with porous arc channel at intense gas blow are presented. The investigations are performed in the current range 100–500 A, at the gas pressure being higher than atmospheric. The deviation from the equilibrium conditions in the flow behind the plasmatron for air and carbon dioxide is evaluated by reaction products of nitrogen oxides synthesis and carbon dioxide conversion outputs. It is shown that these processes have non-equilibrium mode and it can explained by an increased products output. For nitrogen the excess of the vibrational temperature Tv over the translational T is defined by the laser probe method (at T = 1500 K Tv = 3000 K). 相似文献
10.
A. Plessl 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》1980,21(4):377-389
A 5 A arc in a 40% H2, 60% N2 mixture under atmospheric conditions is bent by a magnetic field into approximately a semi-circle and rotates with the frequency
of the driving magnetic field, the direction of the deflection being shifted back 50° relative to the Lorentz force. The distribution
of the gas temperature is determined from the intensity distribution ofH
β, which is measured by a sampling technique and deconvoluted to the local emission coefficient ε
Hβ
without resorting to symmetry properties but with due consideration of LTE deviations. The flow velocity component normal
to the isothermal surfaces is evaluated from the convective term of the energy balance equation, whereas the tangential component
is calculated from the continuity equation. The flow field is composed of 6 vortices and 6 stagnation points and can be regarded
as an interaction of 3 basic processes: 1) a mass flow through the arc in the direction of deflection correlated to the curvature
of the arc due to inhomogeneous heating, 2) a closed double vortex in the cross-sectional plane of the arc that is caused
by the rotational motion, 3) the decay of unstable shear layers in the flow field, by which two additional pairs of vortices
are created. 相似文献
11.
Abstract A method for transmitting radiation of the arc plasma with multimode fused quartz fiber onto the spectrograph has been studied. The plot of the Boltzmann function in emission spectral analysis is used for measuring temperature of the arc plasma. The measured temperature of the arc plasma is 5946.6K from least square linear regression of ln[λI/(gA)] and Ei for a number of the emission line intensities of the excited copper atom. Its regression coefficient and measured precision are ?0.97% and 1.7%, respectively. The advantages of the method of the diagnostic temperature for the arc plasma are absolute measurements of the temperature, remote sensing, precision and suitable for mal-environment, such as high temperature, toxic, explosion, strong magnetic or/and electrical fields. In addition, we have discussed the effect of the spectroscopic constants, such as transition probability, A , the statistical weight of the upper level, g , and the energy of the upper level, Ei , of copper lines on calculating temperature with a plot of the Boltzmann function in detail. The results show that the accurate measurement of the temperature for the arc plasma is obtained only when the spectroscopic constants are selected correctly. 相似文献
12.
Recent developments in the theory of nucleation of vapour deposits on crystalline substrates are reviewed. To facilitate comparison, the theories are formulated in a common dimensionless notation, and an examination of the major underlying assumptions reveals the basic similarity of many of them. The capture and dissociation rates are expressed in terms of the cluster geometry and the pertinent energy parameters, and from these the ‘chemical’ rate equations are set up. The following types of approximate solutions are discussed: (a) long-time asymptotic solutions, from which the conditions for saturation in the cluster concentration may be deduced, (b) a generalization of the type of approximate solution used by Logan (1969), and (c) numerical solutions employing a minimum number of simplifying assumptions. Based on a simple model, agreement between the latter two seems reasonably good. For any given set of fixed parameters (energies, geometrical constants, and arrival rate from the vapour) several temperature ranges may be distinguished. The main division is between ‘initially complete condensation’ at low temperatures and ‘initially incomplete condensation’ at high temperatures. Within each of the latter cases there are further transitions (a) between different values of the ‘critical size’ i*, and (b) from negligible growth to rapid growth of the supercritical clusters. The influence of all of these factors on the final cluster concentration is described. The distributions of the clusters in size and spacing are discussed briefly and qualitatively, as are the types of effects that can be induced by defects or other ‘special sites’ on the substrate. Comparisons are made with some recent experimental studies. In many of these, defects in the substrate seem to play a dominant role, and no detailed comparison with theory seems possible. One notable exception is the nucleation of rare gas crystals on graphite substrates (Venables and Ball 1970), and here, for at least two of the three gases studied, excellent quantitative agreement is obtained. 相似文献
13.
E. Kokufuta T. Tanaka S. Ito O. Hirasa S. Fujishige A. Yamauchi 《Phase Transitions》2013,86(4):217-225
Thermo-sensitive gels were prepared by irradiating aqueous solutions of poly(N-n-propylacrylamide) (NNPA) and its copolymers with acrylic acid (AA) with γ-rays from a 60Co source. The equilibrium swelling volume of the gel in water was determined as a function of temperature. NNPA gel showed a discontinuous and reversible volume phase transition. The transition temperature and the volume change at the transition decreased with irradiation time. The transition temperature was approximately 12°C lower than that of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gel. A discontinuous volume transition was also observed in the copolymer gels of NNPA and AA. The dependence of the transition temperature on the concentration of carboxyl groups revealed a marked difference depending on whether they were protonated or dissociated. For gels having side groups of COONa, the transition temperature rose and the volume change at the transition was elevated as the COONa concentration increased. In contrast, an increase in the COOH concentration resulted in a decrease in the transition temperature. These results are discussed in terms of an equation of state constructed based on scaling theory. 相似文献
14.
The evolution of defects in a material under irradiation is studied at low doses (∼5 dpa or less) using rate equations. It
is shown that as a function of temperature at a critical valueT
c a transition occurs in the behaviour of the solutions of the rate equations. BelowT
c the voids show incubation effects. An expression is derived for the critical dislocation density at which the void growth
starts. This is related to the trapped vacancy fraction ε in vacancy dislocation loops. AboveT
c the incubation effects are shown to be related to the gas production rate which becomes the rate controlling parameter in
determining the evolution of the defects. A gas-bubble to void transition occurs at a critical void radius and expressions
are derived for the critical void size and dose at which the transition appears. It is shown that closely related to this
is the incubation dose for interstitial loops. Finally, these features are corroborated by actual numerical integration of
the rate equations. 相似文献
15.
On the basis of the relative line intensity ratio (RLIR) method, transition probability values of the spontaneous emission (Einsteins A values) of 14 transitions in the singly (Kr II) and 7 transitions in doubly (Kr III) ionized krypton spectra have been obtained relatively to the reference A values related to the 435.548 nm Kr II and 324.569 nm Kr III, the most intensive transitions in the Kr II and Kr III spectra. Our Kr III transition probability values are the first data obtained experimentally using the RLIR method. A linear, low-pressure, pulsed arc operated in krypton discharge was used as an optically thin plasma source at a 17 000 K electron temperature and 1.65 x 1023 m-3 electron density. Our experimental relative A values are compared with previous experimental and theoretical data.Received: 16 June 2003, Published online: 16 September 2003PACS:
52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements - 32.70.Cs Oscillator strengths, lifetimes, transition moments - 32.70.Fw Absolute and relative intensities 相似文献
16.
《Journal of Electrostatics》2014,72(1):13-21
In the present work, the characteristics of direct-current (DC) discharge in a wire-cylinder configuration at an ambient temperature range of 350–850 °C were studied by analyzing photographs of the discharging process and the corresponding V–I characteristics, with the aim of facilitating the application of plasma technology in the fields of energy and the environment. The influences of the ambient temperature, the inter-electrode gap, the gas medium and the cathode material on the DC discharge were investigated. The corona-onset threshold voltage (COTV) and the spark-breakdown threshold voltage (SBTV) decrease as the ambient temperature increases, and the SBTV decreases more rapidly. Increasing the inter-electrode gap enlarges the difference between the SBTV and the COTV. After spark breakdown, in an air atmosphere, glow discharge is more likely to take place under conditions of high ambient temperatures or small inter-electrode gaps. The values of the SBTV in different atmospheres have the following relation: air ≈ O2 > CO2. At an ambient temperature range of 350–850 °C and in an atmosphere of N2, glow discharge and arc discharge occur successively as the output voltage of the power supply is increased, while in an atmosphere of O2 and CO2, only corona and arc discharge are successively observed. In an air atmosphere, when the inter-electrode gap is 29 mm, corona, glow and arc discharge occur successively with increasing output voltage when the ambient temperature is 850 °C, while only corona and arc discharge appear when the temperature is 350–750 °C. When the inter-electrode gap is 5 mm in an air atmosphere, corona, glow and arc discharge occur successively in an ambient temperature range of 350–850 °C. The cathode material has a minor influence on the COTV and a more significant influence on the SBTV. In a device using a cathode with a low work function, the SBTV is low, and the power to maintain arc discharge is small. 相似文献
17.
Nowadays low temperature non-equilibrium plasmas received considerable attention in very different fields of plasma processing. The subject of the present paper is the comparative measurement of neutral gas temperature and optical excitation temperature to analyze the temperature distributions across the plasma layer of H2 non-equilibrium plasmas (p = 0.2 – 1.5 kPa) with small admixtures of hydrocarbons in a novel planar microwave plasma source (2.45 GHz) used for plasmachemical deposition purposes by means of optical emission spectroscopy. Typical microwave power flux densities into the plasma lie within a range of 2 W cm?2 to 20 W cm?2. Results of neutral gas temperature measurements derived from Hα line Doppler profiles are compared with rotational temperatures of H2 and N2 molecules. The neutral gas temperature (800–1700 K) corresponds to the rotational temperature of the H2 molecules (Fulcher band, R 0–0 branch) but shows a more distinct spatial gradient. The rotational temperature of admixtured N2 molecules (2000–3000 K) is much more higher although Boltzmann distribution was ensured. The spatially resolved measured excitation temperature (1–3 eV) determined with the help of line intensity ratios of admixtured Ar well agrees with Langmuir probe measurements. The reported measurements as a whole demonstrate the feasibility of comparative investigations of different optically determined temperatures for expressive characterization of low pressure microwave plasmas. 相似文献
18.
D. Madi P. Prathap A. Focsa A. Slaoui B. Birouk 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2010,99(4):729-734
This work reports the investigations on the effects of the hydrogenation process of thin film polycrystalline n+pp+ mesa silicon cells using MW-ECR plasma in a conventional PECVD system. Different operating parameters such as MW-ECR power,
annealing temperature and the doping level of the emitter region were varied. The n+-type emitter regions were obtained by phosphorus diffusion in a conventional furnace using an oxide doping source containing
phosphorus (P507 or P509 solutions, from Filmtronics Inc.). The MW hydrogenation was carried out at a sample temperature of
400°C for 60 min. Both types of emitters formed from P507 and P509 showed V
oc of 155 mV and 206 mV, which increased linearly to 305 mV and 331 mV, respectively, after hydrogenation when the MW power
varied from 200 to 650 W. However, the sheet resistances of the n+ emitter region showed a slight increase depending upon hydrogenation power because of its etching. In a further study, hydrogenated
samples were annealed in neutral or forming gas (FG) and we observed interesting results on V
oc in the presence of FG. The FG annealing temperature study revealed a strong dependence of V
oc on MW power, which affected the etching level of emitter and emitter dopant concentration, which controls the diffusion of
hydrogen ions during post-hydrogenation step. The results were explained in detail by combining the effects of MW power and
dopant level of the emitter. 相似文献
19.
The characteristics of an open one-phase arc with gas stabilization in electrode units are studied. The arc is ignited between
copper and steel electrodes in nitrogen and in air. The amplitude values of the current and voltage reach 9–10 A and 650–1600
V, respectively. Current and voltage oscillograms, as well as dynamic I–V characteristics, are presented. The time variation of the conductivity, the discharge power, and the spectral composition
and integral radiation losses of the arc column are compared when the electrodes are made of copper and steel. 相似文献
20.
A new method for electron acceleration in a gaseous medium is proposed and theoretically substantiated. The method is based on using a high-temperature gas domain (laser-induced jet, arc channel, etc.) as a source of runaway electrous with their subsequent acceleration in a dense low-temperature gas. It is shown feasible to obtain accelerated electron beams with currents as high as 1 kA and an average energy of approximately (2/3)eU (where U is the accelerating voltage), which is comparable to the parameters of the beams generated by accelerators on the basis of vacuum diodes. 相似文献