多相聚合物体系相界面研究进展

综述了多相聚合物体系相界面的形成、界面层状态的表征、界面层性质及其对体系性能的影响。重点论述了不同类型增容剂对界面行为的影响，其中对嵌段型增容剂的分子量、浓度等因素对界面行为的影响建立了定量关系；而对接枝型和无规增容剂对界面行为的影响研究较少，有待发展。指出了在界面张力、界面层厚度与多相聚合物体系性能，尤其是力学性能之间建立量化关系是高分子物理领域一个可以期待的发展方向。     

离子液体的QSPR/QSAR研究

离子液体以其独特的性质广受关注,人们对其潜在的应用价值做了大量的研究,但对离子液体特性和结构与性质/活性相关的研究却很少。本文综述了离子液体定量结构-性质/活性相关(QSPR/QSAR)研究的最新进展,重点介绍了QSPR/QSAR的基本原理和离子液体的熔点、有机化合物在离子液体中的无限稀释活度系数、离子液体的界面张力、有机物在离子液体中的溶解系数和分配系数、离子液体的电导率和黏度以及离子液体的毒性等性质与分子结构的定量关系,并对离子液体分子结构与性质/活性的定量相关研究的发展趋势进行了展望。     

液/液界面电化学及其进展

液/液界面电化学及电分析化学与研究萃取和化学传感机理、相转移催化、药物释放、模拟生物膜等密切相关,近年来备受到关注. 文中结合作者课题组工作,介绍、综述该领域近十几年、尤其在液/液界面微观结构、电荷（离子与电子）转移反应及界面功能化的新进展.     

抗衡离子对硫酸盐表面活性剂气/液界面性质影响的分子动力学模拟

采用全原子分子动力学方法研究了抗衡离子为第一主族离子(Li⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、Rb⁺和Cs⁺)的十二烷基硫酸盐表面活性剂的气/液界面性质. 通过分析体系中各组分的密度分布曲线, 考察表面活性剂单分子层在界面的聚集形态, 并利用径向分布函数分析了表面活性剂极性头基与抗衡离子间的相互作用. 研究结果表明: 随着抗衡离子半径的增大, 不同体系的界面水层厚度依次增加, 表面活性剂极性头基与抗衡离子形成的Stern和扩散层厚度也相应增加. 但表面活性剂吸附层的抗衡离子缔合度以及体系表面张力却随抗衡离子半径的增大而减小. 研究表明抗衡离子的差异对十二烷基硫酸盐表面活性剂气/液界面性质有很大影响.     

结构化液体的设计、构筑与应用

结构化液体是近年来基于二元流体体系,利用固体粒子液/液界面自组装和堵塞相变构筑的一类非平衡态软物质材料,兼具固体的结构稳定性和液体的流动性.然而,受限于组装基元和成型方法,制备具有精准结构的智能结构化液体及衍生功能材料仍面临挑战.我们课题组在该领域开展了大量研究工作,在发展界面调控新机制,制备液体/固体新材料,以及实现材料器件新突破等方面取得了系列创新成果.本专论从固体粒子界面自组装机制出发,重点阐述了一种利用纳米粒子和聚合物液/液界面共组装制备纳米粒子表面活性剂,进而构筑结构化液体的普适策略;总结归纳了结构化液体在响应性调控、高效精准构筑以及功能材料制备等方面的研究进展;并对该领域面临的机遇和挑战做出展望.     

咪唑基表面活性离子液体在气/液界面的扩张粘弹性

合成了两种咪唑基表面活性离子液体,通过界面膨胀流变法研究了其在气/液界面的聚集行为,考察了咪唑基表面活性离子液体浓度、无机盐和温度对聚集行为的影响。研究发现,咪唑基表面活性离子液体在吸附过程中吸附控制占主导作用,而弛豫过程不是单一指数函数;加入无机盐或升高温度可以提高咪唑基表面活性离子液体的表面活性、增强其在界面的吸附能力、降低表面张力。扩张流变结果显示扩张模量、弹性模量和粘性模量随震荡频率增加而增加;随表面活性离子液体浓度增大,扩张模量先增大后减小。扩张模量随温度升高或无机盐(NaBr或CaBr₂)的加入而降低。表面活性离子液在气/液界面形成的吸附膜以弹性模量为主,而且C₁₄mimBr的界面膜弹性模量大于C₁₂mimBr的界面膜弹性模量。     

离子液体的凝聚态化学研究

离子液体是可以替代传统溶剂实现高效、低碳、清洁、循环新过程新技术的新型溶剂,在完成“双碳”目标中具有重要的应用价值。同时,离子液体是一种典型的“软凝聚态物质(软物质)”,对它的认识和应用依赖于对其内部多尺度微观结构的研究,这需要以“凝聚态化学”的思想作为未来的研究方向,即对离子液体体系的组成、结构、性质、功能及它们之间的内在关系进行多层次的研究,进而实现对实际应用体系中传递过程和反应过程的调控。在本文中,我们以“凝聚态化学”的视角简要综述了对离子液体的研究。首先介绍了离子液体的化学结构和物理性质,指出理解离子液体性质的变化必须要研究其内部的结构。然后,我们介绍了离子液体从分子层面到纳微尺度的结构,包括离子对、氢键、氢键网络、团簇、界面结构和纳米限域结构。最后,我们对离子液体“凝聚态化学”研究的未来进行了展望。     

界面扩张流变法研究C_(12)mimBr对Gemini12-2-12在空气/水界面聚集行为的影响

采用界面扩张流变技术研究了季铵盐偶联表面活性剂C12-(CH2)2-C12·2Br(Gemini12-2-12)及其与离子液体表面活性剂溴化1-十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑(C12mim Br)复配体系的动态界面张力、扩张流变性质和界面弛豫过程等,探讨了C12mim Br对C12mim Br/Gemini12-2-12混合体系界面性质的影响及C12mim Br对Gemini12-2-12界面聚集行为影响的机制.结果表明,随着离子液体表面活性剂的不断引入,体系界面吸附达到平衡所需的时间逐渐缩短,扩张模量和相角明显降低,界面吸附膜由粘弹性膜转变为近似纯弹性膜;同时,界面及其附近的弛豫过程也发生显著变化,慢弛豫过程消失,快弛豫过程占主导地位,且离子液体浓度越高,快弛豫的贡献越大.这些界面性质的变化主要归因于离子液体表面活性剂C12mim Br参与界面形成及两表面活性剂在界面竞争吸附的结果.少量离子液体表面活性剂C12mim Br的加入可以填补疏松的Gemini12-2-12界面上的空位,形成混合界面吸附膜.随着C12mim Br含量的增加,嵌入界面的C12mim Br分子数不断增多,导致界面上相互缠绕的Gemini12-2-12烷基链"解缠",在体相和界面分子扩散交换的过程中"解缠"的Gemini12-2-12分子从界面上解吸回到体相,与此同时,C12mim Br分子相对较小的空间位阻及较强的疏水作用促使其优先扩散至界面进而取代Gemini12-2-12分子,最终界面几乎完全被C12mim Br分子所占据.     

高分子共混体系界面张力的研究

<正> 在高分子多相体系中,相间界面张力(γ_(12))是微区的重要控制因素,无论是Donatelli,Sperling等提出的IPN体系微区尺寸关系式,还是Tokita提出的共混体系中分散相粒径表达式,都含有界面张力因子。 然而,由于高分子体系中界面张力测定的诸多实际困难,当前在国内外非常多的研究工作中,广泛地采用了一些替代的办法,应用较多的有以表面张力差来代替界面张力的Antonow原则延伸及一些近似的计算方法,如Wu及Girifalco和Good提出的由表     

咪唑类离子液体的研究进展

咪唑类离子液体以其独特的物理化学性质和在众多领域的巨大应用潜能而引起广泛的关注.本文结合我们的研究工作,对近期国际上关于咪唑类离子液体的气-液和液-液平衡、咪唑类离子液体的表面活性剂行为、传统表面活性剂在咪唑类离子液体中聚集体的形成、表面活性剂/水(油)/咪唑类离子液体三元体系超分子自组装体形成等方面的一些主要研究成果进行了综合评述.在此基础上,提出了进一步开展非传统表面活性剂/离子液体体系超分子自组装体及离子液体结构对聚集体形成、结构、性质影响等研究的设想.     

Liquid-liquid interfacial tension of equilibrated mixtures of ionic liquids and hydrocarbons

Ionic liquids are possible alternative solvents for the separation of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons by liquid-liquid extrac- tion. Interfacial tension is an important property to consider in the design of liquid-liquid extraction processes. In this work, the liquid-liquid interfacial tension and the mutual solubility at 25 °C have been measured for a series of biphasic, equilibrated mixtures of an ionic liquid and a hydrocarbon. In particular, the ionic liquids 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluorome- thanesulfonyl)imide (with the alkyl substituent being ethyl, hexyl or decyl), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate have been selected, as well as the hydrocarbons benzene, hexane, ethylben- zene, and octane. The selected sets of ionic liquids and hydrocarbons allow the analysis of the influence of a series of effects on the interfacial tension. For example, the interfacial tension decreases with an increase in the length of the alkyl substituent chain of the cation or with an increase of the degree of charge delocalisation in the anion of the ionic liquid. Also, the interfa- cial tension with the aromatic hydrocarbons is markedly lower than that with the aliphatic hydrocarbons. A smaller effect is caused by variation of the size of the hydrocarbon. Some of the observed trends can be explained from the mutual solubility of the hydrocarbon and the ionic liquid.     

核磁共振波谱技术在室温离子液体研究中的应用*

室温离子液体作为一种绿色溶剂和功能材料,越来越引起人们的重视,其研究手段也越来越多。本文着重概述了核磁共振方法在测定离子液体的结构、纯度及性质,研究离子液体阴阳离子间的相互作用、离子液体与其他化合物的相互作用、离子液体及其在混合体系中的动力学特征、离子液体在溶液中的聚集行为,以及测定离子液体的热力学参数中的应用。     

离子液体吸收分离SO2

离子液体具有极低的挥发性、良好的热稳定性和化学稳定性以及结构性质可调等特点,被认为是一种环境友好的溶剂。由于其结构性质可调,可以设计合成出对SO₂有较高溶解能力和选择性的离子液体,在SO₂的吸收和分离领域得到了研究者的青睐。本文综述了各种用于分离捕集烟气和混合气体中SO₂的离子液体,介绍了它们的结构特点、吸收特性和强化方法,探讨了离子液体脱硫的相关机理,最后对离子液体吸收分离SO₂中存在的问题、发展方向和应用前景进行了论述。     

Amide-Based Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Alkali-Metal-Ion Rechargeable Batteries

Ionic liquids (ILs) have a wide variety of applications in energy storage and material production. ILs are composed of only cations and anions, without any molecular solvents, and are generally known as “designer liquids (solvents)” because their physicochemical properties can be tuned by the combination of ionic species. In recent several decades, research and development activities of rechargeable batteries have garnered considerable attention because certain groups of ILs exhibit high electrochemical stability and moderate ionic conductivity, rendering them suitable for application in high-voltage batteries. ILs with amide anions are representative electrolytes and are extensively researched by many research groups, including our group. This paper focuses on amide-based ILs as electrolytes for alkali-metal-ion rechargeable batteries, introducing their history, characteristics, and existing challenges to be addressed.     

Wetting study of imidazolium ionic liquids

In this work, we present a systematic contact angles study of a series of 1-alkyl, 3-methyl-imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) on well-defined polar and nonpolar monolayer surfaces supported on Si wafers. The advancing and receding contact angles of ILs were used to determine the surface energy of the monolayer surfaces using Neumann's equation-of-state and Zisman's critical surface tension approaches. In parallel, the contact angles of conventional probe fluids (molecular liquids) including water, formamide, methylene iodide, ethylene glycol, and hexadecane were determined on the same surfaces. The results obtained showed a great deal of similarity in wetting behavior of ionic vs molecular probe fluids: the contact angles of both sets of liquids followed the same patterns in accord with the surface tension of the fluid. A good agreement was found between the surface energy determined by different sets of liquids.     

Surface tensions of imidazolium based ionic liquids: anion, cation, temperature and water effect

This work addresses the experimental measurements of the surface tension of eight imidazolium based ionic liquids (ILs) and their dependence with the temperature (288-353 K) and water content. The set of selected ionic liquids was chosen to provide a comprehensive study of the influence of the cation alkyl chain length, the number of cation substitutions and the anion on the properties under study. The influence of water content in the surface tension was studied for several ILs as a function of the temperature as well as a function of water mole fraction, for the most hydrophobic IL investigated, [omim][PF(6)], and one of the more hygroscopic IL, [bmim][PF(6)]. The surface thermodynamic functions such as surface entropy and enthalpy were derived from the temperature dependence of the surface tension values.     

Study on physicochemical properties of ionic liquids based on alanine [Cnmim][Ala] (N=2,3,4,5,6)

According to Fukumoto's method, a new series of ionic liquids (ILs) based on alanine, [Cnmim][Ala] ( n=2,3,4,5,6), which comprise 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cation ([Cnmim](+)) and alanine anions ([Ala] (-)), were prepared and characterized. In terms of standard addition method, the density and surface tension of amino acid ILs [Cnmim][Ala] (1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium alpha-aminopropionic acid salt) were measured in the temperature range 293.15-343.15+/-0.05 K. The volume and surface properties of the ILs [Cnmim][Ala] were discussed. A new method of determining parachor of ionic compound was proposed and was applied to estimate the physicochemical properties of amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs): molecular volume, surface tension, molar enthalpy of vaporization, and thermal expansion coefficient. In comparison with Deetlefs's method of using neutral parachor contribution, the method proposed in this work makes smaller error in estimating properties of AAILs.     

Green and controllable fabrication of nanocrystals from ionic liquids

Nanocrystals are of great value in delivering poorly soluble drugs as a technique enables enhanced dissolution and bioavailability. The bottom-up technique allows better control of particle properties. However, the commonly used organic solvents are hazardous to environment and operators, and always lead to large particle size and wide size distribution due to failure on controlling the nucleation and crystal growth. The situation is exacerbated in scale-up production. Therefore, in the proof-of-concept study, we evaluated the feasibility of green and controllable fabrication of drug nanocrystals by using biocompatible ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents. Choline based ILs (Ch-ILs) were synthesized via metathesis reactions. Pure paclitaxel nanocrystals of high quality were obtained from Ch-ILs with surface tension higher than 42 mN/m. The sizes were below 250 nm, while the polydispersity indexes were lower than 0.25. Compared with ethanol, choline lactate is superior in controlling the size of the nanocrystals in scale-up production, where the drug concentration was increased by 6 times. The underlying mechanism may be due to the high viscosity and low surface tension of the ILs, which are supposed to benefit homogeneous and burst nucleation. Ch-ILs can be recycled from the process and recovery rate reached 91.1%. Moreover, the applicability of the green technique was validated in a wider range of model drugs and Ch-ILs. In conclusion, ILs are potent solvents in bottom-up technique for green and controllable fabrication of nanocrystals.     

利用红外光谱和拉曼光谱研究离子液体结构与相互作用的进展

热力学实验、理论计算以及计算机模拟是离子液体微观结构与相互作用研究中常用的三种手段,但是目前采用这些手段对离子液体结构的认识尚处于初步探索阶段,还没有完全找到离子液体性质随结构变化的规律,尚未完全能够对离子液体进行"设计",这也使得对离子液体的进一步开发和应用受到极大的限制.近年来,谱学方法成为研究溶液结构的重要手段.其中,红外光谱(IR)和拉曼光谱(Raman)等谱学手段在离子液体的结构与相互作用研究中发挥着越来越重要的作用.本文着重概述了红外光谱和拉曼光谱在纯离子液体及离子液体混合溶液结构与相互作用方面的研究进展、挑战以及发展方向.     

稀散金属室温离子液体BMIInCl4的性质研究

在干燥高纯氩气氛的手套箱内,直接将摩尔比为1∶1的高纯无水InCl₃与氯化1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑(BM IC l)混合,得到无色透明的离子液体BM IInCl₄.在278.15-343.15 K温度范围内测定了该离子液体的密度和表面张力.利用G lasser经验方程和空隙模型讨论了BM IInCl₄的性质,并与离子液体BMIAlCl₄作了比较,证明了空隙模型具有一定的合理性.