生物凝聚态物质的多层次结构表征

在生物体内到处都是由蛋白质、核酸和多糖等生物大分子构成的各种不同生物凝聚态物质,这些生物凝聚态物质形成不同的高级结构,执行不同的生物功能。获取这些生物凝聚态物质的高分辨结构是理解生命过程的重要途径。在离体环境中,获取高分辨结构的手段主要有X-射线晶体衍射、冷冻电镜和核磁共振等,而在活细胞内原位研究生物凝聚体的结构,核磁共振和化学交联质谱具有独特优势。本文总结了利用多种分析手段对生物凝聚态物质进行多层次结构表征的研究进展:包括简单纯化体系下的蛋白质分子机器,蛋白质纤维等;液-液相分离,大分子拥挤、限域等模拟细胞复杂环境下的生物大分子以及活细胞内生物大分子。     

基于化学计量学的GC-MS分析方法研究

气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)、液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)等,为分析多组分混合物提供了有力手段并广泛地应用于化工、食品、生物、医药等领域.但在分析多组分复杂体系时,其色谱信号严重重叠,使得该方法难于进行准确的定性定量分析.化学计量学方法的引入,为解决该问题提供了一种新手段.例如化学因子分析(CFA)、多元校正解析方法(MCR)、免疫算法(IA)和小波变换(WT)等已被成功地运用于复杂体系分析化学重叠信号的解析.     

罗丹明荧光探针在生化分析中的应用

罗丹明荧光探针作为生物学研究中使用最广泛的荧光探针之一,广泛地应用于活体细胞内小分子的检验、生物大分子的分析以及复杂生物体系的研究等方面.罗丹明荧光探针在生化分析中的应用研究融合了分子生物学、分析化学、有机化学等多个学科.是当今化学研究的热点领域.本文综述了近年罗丹明荧光探针在生化分析中的应用进展,并对其未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

~(13)C NMR方法研究固体高分子中的结构、取向和分子运动及其相关性

高分辨液体核磁共振谱(NMR)的线宽一般<1Hz,它提供了关于天然和合成高分子结构,构象,组成和序列结构等的详尽的知识,因此,对于化学家来说NMR已经成了不可缺少的的结构分析手段。多维高分辨谱技术的发展,人们甚至已经可以获得复杂的蛋白质分子在溶液中的空间立体构象,并为揭示生物大分子的结构和功能的关系起到了重     

基于新型分离介质的痕量物质萃取富集与高灵敏检测技术

复杂基质中痕量组分的萃取富集与高灵敏检测一直是分析化学领域的难点和热点问题,涉及环境污染监测、食品药品安全分析、生物样品检测等领域,与人类健康息息相关.高灵敏检测通常需要对痕量目标组分进行萃取分离、净化、富集等前处理后才能实现.因此,样品前处理技术在痕量物质检测中具有重要地位.大部分样品前处理技术的核心是分离介质的选择与优化,分离介质的功能基团组成和形貌结构等理化性质直接影响着其吸附和萃取性能.本文主要综述了目前颗粒型和整体型两大类分离介质的研究进展及基于新型分离介质的萃取富集与高灵敏检测技术,并归纳了其在环境分析、食品分析、生物分析和医药分析领域中的应用.     

生物时空振荡分析法

一切生物体系本身均存在固有的非线性、非平衡振荡行为。无论是活性酶体系,线粒体体系还是细胞体系都存在许多自组织的时空振荡现象。细胞分析是研究生命过程的切入点,也是现代分析化学研究的前沿和热点。本文评述了以耗散结构为基础,以时空振荡为依托的生物时空振荡分析方法及其特点,重点评述了酶振荡、钙振荡、糖酵解振荡在细胞代谢分析中应用的现状。     

表面活性剂在水溶液中性质的质子核磁共振研究

综述了质子核磁共振的几种方法在表面活性剂水溶液研究中的应用.自从上世纪六十年代以来的许多研究表明核磁共振的各种技术是研究表面活性剂溶液的有效手段.它可以提供表面活性剂在水溶液中的cmc、胶束的结构、尺寸、水化、加溶性质和位置，不同表面活性剂胶束之间的相互作用，以及胶束与生物分子和高聚物的相互作用.化学位移已经成为惯常方法，弛豫测量提供动态信息，自扩散系数测量是研究胶束尺寸的很好手段.近来由于核磁共振技术的不断发展，用于研究生物大分子的2D NOESY和HOESY也逐渐应用到研究表面活性剂聚集结构中.由此可以得到有关表面活性剂在水溶液中行为的分子水平信息，是其它谱学方法所不能及的.     

液质联用技术用于复杂混合物体系中小分子化合物的分析

复杂混合物体系中化合物类型多样,理化性质各异,对其组成成分进行定性定量分析一直是分析化学研究的热点问题.液相色谱与质谱联用(liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy,LC-MS),尤其是超高效液相色谱(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography,UPLC)结合高分辨质谱(high resolution mass spectrometry,HRMS)是复杂样品分析的有力工具.UPLC能够极大程度提高色谱分离能力和效率,为复杂混合物中各组分的有效分离提供保证;HRMS能够提供高精确的分子质量,提高定性定量分析的可靠性和准确性.本文综述了LC-MS技术在分析典型的复杂混合物体系(尿液、血液、细胞代谢物及天然产物提取物)中小分子化合物组分及含量中的应用,主要从样品制备、数据采集、数据(前)处理、目标化合物的定性定量分析及多样本多变量分析(代谢组学分析)用于差异代谢物(生物标志物)的发现等方面展开,并对LC-MS技术用于复杂混合物样品分析当前存在的问题及未来的发展进行了总结和展望     

色谱在药物-机体复杂巨系统研究中的应用进展

色谱是一门以分离分析为主,旨在追求复杂事物纯而净的分析化学的重要分支学科.其经过百余年的发展,理论与技术日臻完善,集科学、技术与艺术于一体.近年来,色谱及其与质谱、核磁共振波谱、原子发射光谱等联用技术极大推动了环境、食品、石油化工、生物医药等领域中所涉及复杂体系的研究进展.作为我国传统文化的核心代表,中医药为中国乃至世...     

中国化学会关于召开“第9届全国分析化学年会暨第9届原子光谱学术会议”的通知

中国化学会决定于2006年10月10日~15日在英雄城南昌市召开“第九届全国分析化学年会暨第9届原子光谱学术会议”,并委托南昌大学负责筹办。会议将就我国自上届学术会议以来分析化学学科的新成就、新进展和加快我国分析化学学科的发展进行学术交流和讨论,热忱欢迎大家踊跃参加会议。学术交流内容(1)原子光谱分析法;(2)分子光谱分析法;(3)色谱法与分离科学;(4)电分析化学法;(5)波谱法(包括顺磁、核磁共振);(6)质谱分析;(7)形态、表面及结构分析;(8)化学计量学;(9)生物分析化学;(10)环境分析化学;(11)联用方法与自动化分析;(12)临床与药物分析;(…     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

Trends in education in analytical chemistry

Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.

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Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.

     

AGET ATRP in the Presence of Air in Miniemulsion and in Bulk

Summary: The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(II ) 2‐ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight = 14 000 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity ( = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi‐logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an of 13 400 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity index ( = 1.14).

Appearance of miniemulsion before and after the reducing agent ascorbic acid was added (left); and GPC traces representing molecular weights during the AGET ATRP of BA in miniemulsion in the presence of air (right).