Preparation and characterization of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride–based gel polymer electrolyte in electrochemical double-layer capacitors

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) have recently received an enormous attraction due to their ability to produce higher power density without...     

Distillation of LiCl from the LiCl–Li2O molten salt of the electrolytic reduction process

Electrolytic reduction of the uranium oxide in LiCl–Li₂O molten salt for the treatment of spent nuclear fuel requires the separation of the residual salt from the reduced metal product, which contains about 20 wt% salt. In order to separate the residual salt and reuse it in the electrolytic reduction, a vacuum distillation process was developed. Lab-scale distillation equipment was designed and installed in an argon atmosphere glove box. The equipment consisted of an evaporator in which the reduced metal product was contained and exposed to a high temperature and reduced pressure; a receiver; and a vertically oriented condenser that operated at a temperature below the melting point of lithium chloride. We performed experiments with LiCl–Li₂O salt to evaluate the evaporation rate of LiCl salt and varied the operating temperature to discern its effect on the behavior of salt evaporation. Complete removal of the LiCl salt from the evaporator was accomplished by reducing the internal pressure to <100 mTorr and heating to 900 °C. We achieved evaporation efficiency as high as 100 %.     

Electrodeposition of magnesium–lithium–dysprosium ternary alloys with controlled components from dysprosium oxide assisted by magnesium chloride in molten chlorides

In the work, Gibbs energy showed that MgCl₂ can chloridize Dy₂O₃ and release Dy(III) ions in the LiCl–KCl–MgCl₂–Dy₂O₃ melts. Dy(III) ions were observed by cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry in melts. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of melts indicated that Dy₂O₃ was chlorinated by MgCl₂ and formed DyCl₃. XRD pattern of non-dissolved residue, which was left after the melts were washed with water to remove the soluble salt, showed that the new compounds (i.e., DyOCl, MgO, and Dy(OH)₃) were produced. The concentration of Dy(III) reached a maximum when the concentration of Mg(II) ions exceeded 8?×?10^?4 mol cm^?3 in melts by inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer analyses of melts. Galvanostatic electrolysis was conducted to extract Dy element from LiCl–KCl–MgCl₂–Dy₂O₃ melts by forming Mg–Li–Dy alloys. The components of Dy and Li in alloys were controlled within a small range by the concentration of MgCl₂ in melts, current density, and additions of Dy₂O₃. XRD patterns of alloys indicated that Mg₃Dy phase was formed. Scanning electron microscope images with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that Dy elements were mainly distributed in the grain boundary. Grain size was refined, due to a more content of Dy elements in alloys by optical microscopy images.     

Electrodeposition of Zn–Mn alloys at high current densities from chloride electrolyte

The Zn–Mn alloy electrodeposition on a steel electrode in chloride electrolyte was investigated with the aim of obtaining deposits with as high as possible Mn percent. It was found that the deposition current density and concentration of Mn²⁺ ion in the chloride electrolyte significantly affect the Mn content in the alloy coating as well as the coating surface morphology. There was a transition from dendritic and spongy to smooth, bright, and amorphous structure of Zn–Mn deposits, when some critical deposition current density was reached, probably due to the metal oxyhydroxide inclusion in the coatings. Several plating additives were tested in order to decrease the hydroxide content and to improve surface appearance of the deposits. The 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde was found to decrease oxygen and increase Mn percent in the coatings, and to significantly improve their surface morphology.     

Solid–liquid equilibria for systems containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride

The solubility of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C₄mim][Cl] in alcohols {ethanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-octanol, 1-decanol, 1-dodecanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol (tert-butanol)} has been measured by a dynamic method from 270 K to the melting point of the ionic liquid or to the boiling point of the solvent. The melting point, enthalpy of fusion, and the temperature of the glass phase transition were determined by differential scanning calorimetry.The solubility data were correlated by means of the Wilson, UNIQUAC ASM and modified NRTL1 equations utilizing parameters derived from the solid–liquid equilibrium data. The root-mean-square deviations of the solubility temperatures for all calculated data were higher than 0.9 K and depended on the particular equation used.     

Investigation of the evaporation of rare earth chlorides in a LiCl–KCl molten salt

Uranium dendrites which were deposited at a solid cathode of an electrorefiner contained a certain amount of salts. These salts should be removed for the recovery of pure metal using a cathode processor. In the uranium deposits from the electrorefining process, there are actinide chlorides and rare earth chlorides in addition to uranium chloride in the LiCl–KCl eutectic salt. The evaporation behaviors of the actinides and rare earth chlorides in the salts should be investigated for the removal of salts in the deposits. Experiments on the salt evaporation of rare earth chlorides in a LiCl–KCl eutectic salt were carried out. Though the vapor pressures of the rare earth chlorides were lower than those of the LiCl and KCl, the rare earth chlorides were co-evaporized with the LiCl–KCl eutectic salt. The Hertz–Langmuir relation was applied for this evaporation, and also the evaporation rates of the salt were obtained. The co-evaporation of the rare earth chlorides and LiCl–KCl eutectic were also discussed.     

Electrodeposition of polypyrrole–Au nanoparticles composite from one solution containing gold salt and monomer

An easy method of preparation of polymer/metal–nanoparticle composites is reported. KAu(CN)₂ and pyrrole do not react (redox reaction) in solutions of moderate pH. The gold complex, due to its inertness, is stable in the presence of 10 μM CN^? for weeks. Therefore the electrodeposition of controlled amounts of polypyrrole and Au nanoparticles on the graphite surface can be done in one solution by applying a sequence of 0.75 and ? 1.6 V potentials. Pulse deposition of both components leads to substantial improvement of the layer smoothness and homogenous distribution of Au nanocrystallites.     

Electrodeposition and characterization of zinc–nickel–iron alloy from sulfate bath: influence of plating bath temperature

The electrodeposition of ternary zinc–nickel–iron alloy was studied in acidic sulfate bath. The comparison between Zn, Ni, and Fe deposition and Zn–Ni and Zn–Ni–Fe co-deposition revealed that the remarkable inhibition of Ni and Fe deposition takes place due to the presence of Zn²⁺ in the plating bath. The increase in corrosion resistance of ternary deposits is not only attributed to the formation of γ-Ni₂Zn₁₁ phase but also to iron co-deposition and formation of iron phase. It was also found that the bath temperature has a great effect on the surface appearance and the deposit composition. The investigation was carried out using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic techniques for electrodeposition, while linear polarization resistance and anodic linear sweeping voltammetry techniques were used for corrosion study. Morphology and chemical composition of the deposits were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy.     

Physical properties of the ternary mixture ethanol + water + 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride at 298.15 K

In this work, densities and refractive indices of the ternary mixture ethanol?+?water?+?1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C₆mim][Cl]) and of the binary systems containing the ionic liquids (ILs) have been measured at 298.15?K and atmospheric pressure. Excess molar volumes and changes of refractive indices on mixing were determined from experimental data. The binary data were correlated with the Redlich–Kister equation, while the Cibulka equation was applied for the ternary system.     

Study on the temperature-induced sol–gel transition of cellulose/silk fibroin blends in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride via rheological behavior

Temperature-induced sol–gel transition of cellulose/silk fibroin/1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) was studied from the viscosity and dynamic modulus of the mixtures. The shear thinning behavior of the mixture solution was very obvious with a decrease in temperature. The curves of storage modulus G′ and loss modulus G″ were parallel when the temperature was below 20 °C, indicating that a gel structure exists in the system. The sol–gel transition process was described according to Winter and Chambon’s theory. The gel structure of the mixture system was loosened with the increase of silk fibroin concentration.     

Influence of the reticular polymeric gel—electrolyte structure on ionic and molecular mobility of an electrolyte system salt—ionic liquid: LiBF4—1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate

Russian Chemical Bulletin - Peculiarities of the formation of a reticular polymeric gel—electrolyte matrix based on polyethylene glycol diacrylate in a medium of ionic liquid...     

Enhanced saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass with1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride（Amim Cl） pretreatment

A simple and efficient method of enhancing biomass saccharification by microwave-assisted pretreatment with dimethyl sulfoxide/1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride is proposed. Softwood（pine wood（PW））, hardwoods（poplar wood, catalpa bungi, and Chinese parasol）, and agricultural wastes（rice straw, wheat straw, and corn stover（CS）） were exploited. Results showed that the best pretreatment effect was in PW with 54.3% and 31.7% dissolution and extraction ratios, respectively. The crystal form of cellulose in PW extract transformed from I to II, and the contended cellulose ratio and glucose conversion ratio reached 85.1% and 85.4%, respectively. CS after steam explosion achieved a similar pretreating effect as PW, with its cellulose hydrolysis ratio reaching as high as 91.5% after IL pretreatment.     

DFT Study on the Structure of Ionic Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate

1 INTRODUCTION Ionic compounds generally have high melting points and always exist in solid state since they are main- tained by electrovalent bonds. Ionic Liquids (ILs), which are liquids at or near ambient temperature, have been a class of ionic compounds extensively studied experimentally and theoretically in recent years[1, 2]. ILs consist exclusively of anions and ca- tions and do not contain any neutral molecule. They have many attractive properties, such as low vapor pressure, no…     

Viscosity reduction of cellulose + 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate in the presence of CO2

Viscosities of microcrystalline cellulose + 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([bmIm][Ac]) solutions (0.6–1.2 wt%) in contact with CO₂ were measured at 312 K with a resonant vibrational viscometer. At 4 MPa and 312 K, the CO₂ could reduce the viscosity of 1.2 wt% cellulose + [bmIm][Ac] solution by about 80 %, whereas N₂ at the same conditions gave less than a 10 % reduction in viscosity. The viscosity-averaged degree of polymerization and IR spectrum showed that cellulose did not decompose during experiments and that [bmIm][Ac] acted as a non-derivatizing solvent during the dissolution and viscosity reduction process. Further, although CO₂ does react with [bmIm][Ac] to form 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-2-carboxylate, the reaction seems to be reversible and it does not affect the cellulose. Thus, [bmIm][Ac] with CO₂ provides an effective solvent for cellulose and the solvent system can probably be recycled or reused.     

Effect of cooling rate on the microstructure and solidification parameters of Mg–3Al–3Nd alloy

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - The effect of cooling rate on the microstructure and solidification parameters of Mg–3Al–3Nd alloy was investigated by thermal analysis....