Interaction of Zinc Oxide and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles with Chlorophyll: A Fluorescence Quenching Study

The present study aims to investigate the interactions of zinc oxide nanoparticles and copper oxide nanoparticles with the major photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll using ultraviolet-visible, steady state, and time resolved laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The steady state fluorescence measurements show that zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles quench the fluorescence of chlorophyll in concentration-dependent manner. The Stern-Volmer plot for the chlorophyll-zinc oxide nanoparticles is linear, and the value of quenching constant has been observed to increase with temperature indicating the possibility of dynamic quenching. A decrease in the lifetime of chlorophyll with increase in the concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles confirms the involvement of dynamic quenching in the chlorophyll–zinc oxide nanoparticle interaction. In the case of copper oxide nanoparticles, the Stern-Volmer plot deviates from linearity observed in the form of upward curvature depicting the presence of both static and dynamic quenching. In addition, the lifetime of chlorophyll decreases with increase in the concentration of copper oxide nanoparticles displaying the dominance of dynamic quenching in the chlorophyll-copper oxide nanoparticle interaction. The decrease observed in the value of binding constant with increasing temperature and negative values of change in enthalpy, entropy, and Gibb’s free energy indicates that van der Waal and hydrogen bonding are the prominent forces during the interaction of chlorophyll with both zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles and that the process is spontaneous and exothermic. The interaction of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles with chlorophyll occurs through electron transfer mechanism. The obtained results are useful in understanding the sensitization processes involving chlorophyll and zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles.     

Study on the Kinetics and Transformation Products of Sulfur Mustard Sulfoxide and Sulfur Mustard Sulfone in Various Reaction Media

Considering postulates of the Chemical Weapons Convention, this article is an attempt to improve the decontamination methods of mustard gas (HD) and studying its products of decontamination. It is widely known that mustard gas sulfoxide (HDO; O═S(CH₂CH₂Cl)₂) and sulfone (HDO₂; O₂═S(CH₂CH₂Cl)₂) undergo further transformations to another compounds, but so far kinetics of these processes have not yet been investigated neither carefully nor thoroughly. This study is focused on determination of kinetics and mechanisms of transformation of HD oxidation products. The primary objective of this study is to assess the impact of selected factors on the kinetics of the HCl elimination reaction and to determine the conditions in which cyclization reactions of divinyl sulfoxide and sulfone proceed. The HDO and HDO₂ decay kinetics were monitored in an aqueous solution of the desired pH. The rate of HCl elimination from HDO and HDO₂ is strongly dependent on pH. For example, with pH increasing from 9 to 12 the rate of HCl elimination from HDO increased over 1200 times. In solutions of pH 9, HDO loses hydrogen chloride at approximately 100 times slower compared to HDO₂, and the difference is reduced with increasing pH. In pH 12 solutions, the rate of hydrogen chloride loss from HDO₂ is only 20 times higher than the HCl loss from HDO. Divinyl sulfoxide and sulfone undergo a further transformation in a strongly alkaline environment, leading to cyclization and formation of 1,4‐thioxane sulfoxide and sulfone, respectively. Elimination of HCl from HDO and HDO₂ goes with a rapidly increasing rate with increasing pH if alkalinity of the reaction medium is relatively very high (the range of pH 9–12). Furthermore, the conversion of divinyl sulfone and sulfoxide to sulfoxide and sulfone thioxane, respectively, occurs at a measurable rate when the pH of the solution is in the range of 12–14.     

Kinetic Analysis of the Light-induced Fluorescence Quenching in Light-harvesting Chlorophyll a/b Pigment-Protein Complex of Photosystem II

We carried out a kinetic analysis of the light-induced fluorescence quenching (AF) of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b pigment-protein complex of photosystem II (LHCII) that was first observed by Jennings et at (Pho-tosynth. Res. 27, 57–64, 1991). We show that during a 2 min light, 2 min dark cycle, both the light and dark phases exhibit biexponential kinetics; this is tentatively explained by the presence of two types of light-induced quenchers in different domains of aggregated LHCII. Quantitative analysis could be carried out on the faster kinetic component; the slower component that was not completed during the measurement was not amenable for quantitative analysis. Our analysis revealed that the rate of the light-induced decrease of the fluorescence yield depended linearly on the light intensity, which shows that the generation of the quencher originates from a reaction that is first order with respect to the concentration of the excited domains. As shown by the estimated rate constant, pho-togeneration of the quencher is a fast reaction that can compete with other excitation-relaxation pathways. Both the decay and the recovery time constants of AF depended strongly on the temperature. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the fast light-induced decline in the fluorescence was determined by a low fraction of the excited states. Recovery was associated with large decrease in the entropy of activation that indicated the involvement of large structural rearrangements. Macroaggregated LHCII exhibited larger ΔF than small aggregates, which is consistent with the proposed role of aggregated LHCII in thy-lakoid membranes in nonphotochemical quenching.     

Ultrasensitive Biosensing Platform Based on the Luminescence Quenching Ability of Plasmonic Palladium Nanoparticles

An ultrasensitive biosensing platform for DNA and protein detection is constructed based on the luminescence quenching ability of plasmonic palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs). By growing the particles into large sizes (ca. 30 nm), the plasmonic light absorption of PdNPs is broadened and extended to the visible range with extinction coefficients as high as 10⁹ L mol^?1 cm^?1, enabling complete quenching of fluorescent dyes that emit at diverse ranges and that are tagged to bioprobes. Meanwhile the nonspecific quenching of the dyes (not bound to probes) is negligible, leading to extremely low background signal. Utilizing the affinity of PdNPs towards bioprobes, such as single‐stranded (ss) DNA and polypeptide molecules, which is mainly assigned to the coordination interaction, nucleic acid assays with a quantification limit of 3 pM target DNA and protein assay are achieved with a simple mix‐and‐detect strategy based on the luminescence quenching‐and‐recovery protocol. This is the first demonstration of biosensing employing plasmonic absorption of nanopalladium, which offers pronounced sensing performances and can be reasonably expected for wide applications.     

基于有孔壳层隔绝纳米粒子增强拉曼光谱的芥子气现场检测新方法

基于有孔壳层隔绝纳米粒子增强拉曼光谱技术,建立了一种快速便捷、高灵敏的芥子气及其相关物现场检测新方法。加入0.1 mol/L MgSO4可诱导纳米粒子有效团聚,形成多"热点"的拉曼散射,实现低至10μg/L芥子气的便携式拉曼光谱快速检测,线性范围为10~1000μg/L,分析增强因子约为1.1×106。本方法法直接应用于环境水样中微量芥子气的快速检测,回收率介于88%~114%之间。芥子气相关物(如2-氯乙基乙基硫醚、硫二甘醇、芥子亚砜和芥子砜)可得到有效区分。     

荧光猝灭法测定超氧阴离子自由基的研究

合成了一种新的荧光探针试剂香草醛缩苯胺,利用元素分析、红外光谱等手段对探针试剂进行结构表征;结合邻苯三酚的自氧化作用,建立了一种荧光法测定超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~(-·))的新方法.该方法具有操作简单、灵敏度高和选择性好等特点.邻苯三酚线性范围为4.0×10~(-6)～1.0×10~(-5) mol·~(-1).检出限为2.0×10~(-7) mol·~(-1).方法用于大蒜等样品中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性检测,结果满意.     

基于芘的荧光熄灭的单质碘荧光敏感膜的研究

单质碘熄灭固定于增塑的ＰＶＣ膜中的芘的荧光，且这种熄灭作用可逆。本据此研制了用于测定单质碘浓度的荧光敏感膜，最佳膜组成为２～４ｍｇ芘、５０ｍｇＰＶＣ粉、１００ｍｇ邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯，测定碘的浓度范围为２．２６×１０＾－５～１．０４×１０＾－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。此膜测定单质碘的重现性好，响应时间小于４０ｓ。除Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ｂｉ＾３＋外，其它常见离子均无干扰。将此膜用于食盐中碘的测定，结果令人满意。     

基于寡核苷酸链的汞离子荧光生物传感器

基于G-四链体结构和卟啉类化合物N-甲基卟啉二丙酸IX(NMM)结合产生强烈的荧光,利用T-Hg(Ⅱ)-T错配对汞离子(Hg2+)的特异性识别,建立了一种简单、灵敏、高效的Hg2+检测新方法.在富含鸟嘌呤(G)寡核苷酸链中,引入了大量胸腺嘧啶(T).在没有Hg2+存在时,可以自发形成G-四链体结构,与NMM结合产生强烈的荧光;在Hg2+存在时,可与另一条富含T序列的互补链通过T-Hg(Ⅱ)-T特异性结合,形成双链DNA分子,从而导致G-四链体结构不能产生.优化后最佳实验条件为:缓冲溶液的pH=6.7,20 mmol/LKCl,2.5 μmol/L NMM,反应时间为2h.在优化条件下,体系的荧光强度变化值与Hg2+浓度呈现良好的线性关系,线性范围为50～ 1000 nmol/L,检出限为22.8 nmol/L(30).此生物荧光传感器对Hg2+具有良好的选择性.实际水样中Hg2+的加标回收率为106.1％ ～ 107.8％,可以满足实际水样品中Hg2+的检测要求.     

铽-环丙沙星稀土敏化荧光猝灭法测定叶酸

在pH=5.0的醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液中,铽(与环丙沙星反应形成1∶2的稳定络合物,其最佳激发、发射波长分别为λex=330nm、λem=545nm。在该反应体系中加入适量叶酸溶液,铽(与环丙沙星络合物的激发、发射波长位置不变,但荧光强度下降。利用这一现象,建立了简单、快速、灵敏的测定叶酸的荧光分析方法。该方法保持了叶酸结构的完整性,叶酸浓度在22~880μg/L范围内符合线性关系;方法检出限为7.8μg/L。用于片剂及胶囊中叶酸含量的测定,结果满意。6次平行测定该方法回收率为93.7%~107.9%,相对标准偏差为0.38%~2.8%。     

碳量子点荧光猝灭法检测铁离子

以甘油为碳源,采用一步水热法合成稳定性高,水溶性好的蓝色荧光碳量子点,基于Fe3+对碳量子点的荧光猝灭效应,建立一种快速、选择性检测Fe3+的新方法.研究表明,Fe3+对碳量子点的荧光猝灭程度与Fe3+浓度在0.005～1.2 mmol/L内呈良好的线性关系(R2=0.995),检出限为2.2 μmol/L.将其应用于补铁药中铁含量的测定,标准偏差为0.41 mg/tablet,加标回收率为95.5％～101.0％,其结果与邻二氮菲法测定结果相符.     

4—甲基伞形酮荧光猝灭法测定苦味酸

本利用苦味酸对４－甲基伞形酮荧光的猝灭的猝灭效应，提出了一种新的测定苦味酸的方法，线性范围为１×１０＾－４－１×１０＾－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，以３σ衡量，检出限为８×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，用于药品奎宁的间接测定和水样中苦味酸的直接测定，结果令人满意。     

Excited-State Energy Level Does Not Determine the Differential Effect of Violaxanthin and Zeaxanthin on Chlorophyll Fluorescence Quenching in the Isolated Light-Harvesting Complex of Photosystem II

Abstract— The mechanism of action of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids in controlling the quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in the major light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHCIIb) has been investigated. Auroxanthin, a diepoxy carotenoid with 7 conjugated carbon double bonds, violaxanthin (9 conjugated double bonds) and zeaxanthin (11 conjugated double bonds) have been compared with regard to their effects in vitro on fluorescence quenching and LHCIIb oligomerization. It was found that auroxanthin stimulated fluorescence quenching, similar to the effect of zeaxanthin and in contrast to the inhibition caused by violaxanthin. Auroxanthin caused an increase in the oligomerization of LHCIIb and an increase in relative emission of long-wavelength fluorescence at 77 K. It is concluded that auroxanthin can mimic the effect of zeaxanthin on LHCII, strongly suggesting that the xanthophyll cycle carotenoids control quenching in vitro by an indirect structural effect and not by direct quenching of chlorophyll excited states.     

用MAA荧光猝灭法研究苦参碱和氧化苦参碱药物代谢动力学

用乙酸（β－二羟基－α－甲基）乙烯酯（MAA）荧光法对苦参碱1氧化苦参碱在单味药、单体药和复方药中药物代谢这进行了对比研究,有兔的血药浓度计算了苦参碱和氧化苦参碱的药物代谢动力学参数,实验结果提示苦参碱、氧化苦参碱在方药中的吸收代谢较好。     

吖啶橙-氧化石墨烯荧光猝灭法测定多巴胺

在酸性介质中氧化石墨烯对吖啶橙的荧光发生猝灭作用,此时加入适量多巴胺,则导致体系的荧光强度增强,且增强程度与多巴胺的加入量成正比.据此建立了吖啶橙-氧化石墨烯荧光光度法测定多巴胺的方法.多巴胺的质量浓度在0.05～12.0μmol/L范围内呈线性,线性方程为ΔIF=3.9+57.8c(μmoL/L),相关系数r=0.9...     

荧光淬灭法溶解氧测定仪校准方法的研究

介绍了荧光淬灭法溶解氧测定仪的工作原理,探讨了该类仪器计量特性和校准方法,提出了校准项目和技术指标,零值误差(≤0.10 mg/L)、溶解氧浓度示值误差(±0.50 mg/L)、重复性(≤0.20 mg/L)、响应时间(≤60 s)。用该校准方法对某些荧光淬灭法溶解氧测定仪进行了校准,证明该法是可行的。     

荧光猝灭法研究氟比洛芬与DNA相互作用

采用荧光光谱法和紫外光谱法, 在生理条件下(pH=7.40)对氟比洛芬(FP)与脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的作用方式进行了研究.证实了氟比洛芬通过沟槽结合方式与DNA发生相互作用.实验表明, DNA与氟比洛芬的相互作用为静态猝灭过程,测得结合常数为5.53×10~5 L·mol~(-1),结合位点数为1.12.     

铽-依诺沙星-SDS敏化荧光猝灭法检测雷公藤红素

在pH 9.3的氨-氯化铵缓冲溶液中,铽(Ⅲ)能与依诺沙星、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)形成荧光配合物(λex=330 nm、λem=545 nm),SDS的存在能增强配合物的荧光强度。研究发现,在该反应体系中加入适量雷公藤红素溶液后,铽(Ⅲ)与依诺沙星络合物的激发、发射峰位置不变,但其荧光强度呈规律性下降。据此,建立了简单、快速、灵敏地测定雷公藤红素的荧光分析方法。雷公藤红素的浓度在5.2×10-6～8.4×10-5 mol/L范围内呈良好线性关系,方法的检出限为4.1×10-8 mol/L。     

Interaction of Clofazimine with Divalent Metal Ions: A Fluorescence Quenching Study

The interaction of clofazimine (CFZ) with divalent metal cations was studied by measuring fluorescence quenching spectra, synchronous fluorescence spectra and ultraviolet spectra. The fluorescence quenching spectra of CFZ in the presence of metal ions showed that metal ions quenched the fluorescence of CFZ. The quenching constants were determined using the Stern–Volmer equation. The binding constants (log K) and binding site were obtained. The thermodynamic parameters obtained in this study revealed that the interaction between CFZ and metal ions was mainly driven by a hydrophobic force. The conformational changes of CFZ were investigated by synchronous spectrum studies.