平面射流中纳米粒子积聚的矩方法

应用大涡模拟方法求解平面湍射流场,矩方法求解纳米粒子的一般动力学方程．通过对每种情况3 000个时间步的平均,得到了Schmidt数和Damkohler数对纳米粒子动力学特性的影响．结果发现, 当气体参数不变时,Schmidt数的变化只对直径小于1 nm的颗粒数密度的分布产生影响．直径小的颗粒其颗粒数密度沿流动方向下降迅速,而具有大Schmidt数的颗粒,沿横向的分布较窄．较小的颗粒容易发生积聚和扩散,并且体积增长较快,因而颗粒多分散性较为明显．小的颗粒积聚时间尺度能增强颗粒的碰撞和积聚频率,导致颗粒尺寸迅速增大．Damkohler数越大,颗粒的多分散也越明显．     

Brown凝并中两个不同直径纳米颗粒的碰撞系数

对Brown凝并中两个不同直径纳米颗粒的碰撞系数进行了研究,通过求解碰撞方程,获得了在van der Waals力和弹性变形力作用下,直径为100 nm至750 nm的邻苯二甲酸二辛酯纳米颗粒的碰撞系数．发现碰撞系数总体上随着颗粒直径和2个颗粒半径比的增加而减小;当颗粒直径为550 nm时,碰撞系数有一个突然的增加．最后给出了具有不同直径2个纳米颗粒碰撞系数的新表达式．     

气固两相弯管湍流场中圆柱状颗粒取向和沉积特性的研究北大核心CSCD

针对在Reynolds数Re=3000~50000、Stokes数S_(tk)=0.1~10、Dean数De=1400~2800的情况下,长径比β=2~12的圆柱状颗粒流经弯管湍流场时的取向与沉积特性进行了研究.圆柱状颗粒的运动采用细长体理论结合Newton第二定律进行描述,取向分布函数由Fokker-Planck方程给出,平均湍流场通过求解Reynolds平均运动方程结合Reynolds应力方程得到,作用在颗粒上的湍流脉动速度由动力学模拟扫掠模型描述.通过求解湍流场以及颗粒的运动方程和取向分布函数方程,得到并分析了沿流向不同截面和出口处颗粒的取向分布,讨论了各因素对颗粒沉积特性的影响.研究结果表明,随着S_(tk)和颗粒长径比β的增加、De和Re的减少,颗粒的主轴更趋向于流动方向.颗粒的沉积率随着De,Re,S_(tk)和颗粒长径比的增大而增加,所得结论对于工程实际应用具有参考价值.     

有障碍圆形浮力射流的绕流流态研究

针对静止环境中有障碍圆形浮力射流出现的正常绕流现象与非正常绕流现象（反射与分叉现象）,分析了其主要的3个影响因素:障碍盘直径D/d（D和d分别是障碍盘和射流出口的直径）,射流出口密度Froude数以及障碍盘离射流孔口的距离H/d与发生非正常绕流之间的相互关系．得到了H/d=2,4,6,8在不同D/d值时发生非正常绕流的临界密度Froude数．对直径为D/d的障碍盘,当其离射流孔口的距离H/d达到某一值时,流动仅为正常绕流流态．基于大量计算给出了不同障碍盘所要求的H/d值,综合以上因素得到了临界密度Froude数的拟合公式．对非正常绕流中射流出现反射与分叉的规律性进行了探讨．对D/d=1的有障碍浮力射流进行的数值计算表明,所有工况下的流态均为正常绕流,并得到了不同H/D条件下的轴线稀释度．     

微通道周期流动电位势及电粘性效应

求解了双电层的Poisson-Boltzmann方程和流体运动的Navier-Stokes方程,得到在周期压差作用下,二维微通道的周期流动电位势,流动诱导电场和液体流动速度的解析解．量纲分析表明,流体电粘性力与以下3个参数有关:1) 电粘性数,它表示定常流动时,通道最大电粘性力与压力梯度的比;2) 形状函数,它表示电粘性力在通道横截面的分布形态; 3) 耦合系数,它表示电粘性力的振幅衰减特征和相位差．分析结果表明,微通道周期流动诱导电场、流动速度与频率Reynolds数有关．在频率Reynolds数小于1时,流动诱导电场随频率Reynolds数变化很慢．在频率Reynolds数大于1时,流动诱导电场随频率Reynolds数的增加快速衰减．在通道宽度与双电层厚度比值较小情况下,电粘性效应对周期流动速度和流动诱导电场有重要影响．     

基于球窝结构冷却通道的强化传热数值及实验研究

球窝作为一种小流阻的强化传热结构,在微型换热器中有较大的发展前景.该文采用实验与数值相结合的方法,研究层流条件下布置球窝结构的矩形通道内部的流动与换热特性,比较了不同球窝深度、不同Reynolds(雷诺)数对其强化换热特性的影响,并与光滑结构进行了对比.研究结果表明:随着Reynolds数的增加,换热效果逐渐增强.在3种Reynolds数(Re=500,1 000,1500)工况下,在球窝深度直径比在0.1~0.2之间时,球窝内部均存在流动分离且分离点位于球窝中心之前,球窝换热特性最好,与实验得出深度直径比为0.2时换热效果最好相吻合.在同一Reynolds数条件下,随着球窝深度的增加,其阻力特性逐渐降低.综合热特性随着Reynolds数的增大呈现下降趋势.     

纳米流体强化传热问题的高效算法设计及其高精度数值模拟

对周期性温度边界条件下方腔内Copper-水纳米流体的对流传热问题建立了完全四阶高精度紧致差分格式,并探讨了该格式高效算法设计,同时引入伪时间导数项采用Von Neumann方法证明了格式的绝对稳定性.研究了不同Ri数下纳米颗粒体积分数、左右边界温度的正弦振幅比和相位偏差对纳米流体传热效率的影响.数值结果表明,对于给定的Ri数,随着纳米颗粒体积分数的增大和边界温度的正弦振幅比的增加,纳米流体的传热效果会显著增强,而相位偏差只影响方腔右侧的温度分布.     

磁场、多孔性和各向异性动脉壁有多处狭窄段时对血液流动的影响

建立一个血液流动的数学模型:多孔介质在磁场作用下,血液流过一段有多处狭窄段的弹性动脉;用一个各向异性的弹性圆柱形管道模拟动脉,用粘性不可压缩的导电流体表示血液,动脉有轻微的局部性狭窄,形成一段内腔局部变窄的动脉,并完成该模型的数学分析．详细阐述了血管壁参数对血液流动的影响,参数包括纵向和圆周向的粘弹性应力分量Tt和Tθ、血管壁的各向异性度γ、血管及其周边结缔组织的总质量M、完全栓管中粘性约束的贡献C和弹性约束的贡献K,并用图形表示壁面剪切应力的分布、径向和轴向的速度等．还研究了狭窄形状参数m、渗透率常数κ、Hartmann数Ha和血管狭窄区的最大高度δ,对血液流动特征的影响．研究表明,流动受到周边结缔组织（动脉壁运动）的影响式微,血管壁的各向异性度,是确定动脉材料的一个重要指标．进一步发现壁剪切力分布,随着Tt和γ的增加而增加,随着Tθ,M,C和K的增加而减少．壁面剪切应力分布的传播,以及壁面处阻力阻抗的传播,栓管与自由管相比要低得多;狭窄段咽喉处的剪切应力分布特性,完全栓管和自由管正相反．靠近中心线的俘获区大小,随着渗透率κ的增加而增大;随着Hartmann数Ha的增加而减小．最后,狭窄段非对称时,逐渐形成俘获区;狭窄段对称时,不出现俘获区,各向同性自由管（无初始应力）中俘获区的大小,比完全栓管中的小得多．     

纳米流体在粘性耗散和Newton传热组合影响下的Sakiadis流动分析

就两类以水为基本流体的Newton纳米流体:内含金属颗粒铜(Cu),或者非金属颗粒二氧化钛(TiO2),研究粘性耗散和Newton传热对移动平板边界层流动的组合影响.利用相似变换,将偏微分的控制方程转换为常微分方程组,并用Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg法和打靶法,对其进行数值求解.由此得到结论,随着纳米颗粒体积分数和Newton传热的增加,移动平板表面的热交换率也增加,但是,随着Brinkmann数的增加,移动平板表面的热交换率反而减小.此外,纳米工作流体Cu-水的移动平板表面热交换率,高于纳米工作流体TiO2-水.     

锯齿射流与圆射流流场和远场噪声特性的对比研究

采用大涡模拟研究了高亚音速、基于直径Reynolds(雷诺)数为Re=105的圆喷管构型射流和6齿喷管与4齿喷管构型的锯齿射流.将圆射流的计算结果与前人已有的实验和大涡模拟结果进行了对比,验证了当前计算结果的可靠性.对比研究了锯齿射流与圆射流特征,结果显示锯齿射流在近喷口附近具有更大的径向扩张率和更短的势核区长度;锯齿射流的总声压级在低辐射角度上相比于圆射流可低4 dB,而在侧边辐射方向噪声没有明显升高.分析了锯齿射流和圆射流远场压力脉动的前三阶周向Fourier(傅里叶)模态m=0,1,2,结果显示三组算例在同一周向模态上呈现出相似的声压级分布,然而4齿锯齿射流的第零阶和第一阶周向模态在高辐射角度上相较于圆射流具有更高的噪声水平.将POD分解技术用于提取特定周向模态上的最具能量的大尺度结构,在与大尺度结构相关的波包特征角度部分解释了锯齿射流和圆射流远场噪声特性的不同.     

Heat and mass transfer in annular liquid jets: I. Formulation

Heat and mass transfer phenomena in annular liquid jets are analyzed at high Reynolds numbers by means of a model derived from the governing equations that takes into account the effects of surface tension and boundary conditions at the gas–liquid interfaces and the large differences between the thermal and mass diffusivities, densities, dynamic viscosities, and thermal conductivities between gases and liquids. The model clearly illustrates the stiffness in both space and time associated with the concentration, linear momentum and energy boundary layers, and the initial cooling of the gases enclosed by the jet when, starting from a steady state where gases are injected into the volume enclosed by the jet at a rate equal to the heat and mass absorption rates by the liquid, gas injection is stopped. It is shown that, owing to the non-linear integrodifferential coupling between the fluid dynamics and heat and mass transfer processes, the pressure of the gases enclosed by the jet may vary in either a monotonic or an oscillatory manner depending on the large number of non-dimensional parameters that govern the heat and mass transfer phenomena. For the underpressurized jets considered here, it is shown that thermal equilibrium is achieved at a much faster rate than that associated with mass transfer, double diffusive phenomena in the liquid may occur, and the mass and volume of the gases enclosed by the jet may increase or decrease as functions of time until a steady equilibrium condition is reached.     

静水中正方形孔口的有障碍浮射流(Ⅰ)——数学模型及计算方法的验证

对静水中正方形孔口之上放置一正方形阻力盘的浮射流进行了试验,测量了不同工况下盘后自相似区域轴线上浓度的分布,并建立了其相应的三维数学模型,对不同工况进行了数值模拟计算,数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好．将结果与静水中圆孔有阻力浮射流的经验公式进行了比较,发现正方形孔口上放置一正方形阻力盘与圆孔上放置一圆盘在盘后自相似区轴线上浓度分布规律基本一致．对盘后不同高度位置处横截面上的温度等值线分布进行了分析,发现离正方形盘较近的一段高度内温度等值线呈现独特的星形分布,随着离盘距离的增加则变为与圆孔浮射流类似的同心圆形状．     

Asymptotic analysis of compound liquid jets at low Reynolds numbers

Asymptotic methods based on the slenderness ratio are used to obtain the leading-order equations which govern the fluid dynamics of both hollow and solid, compound jets such as those employed in the manufacture of textile fibers, composite fibers and optical fibers. These fibers consist of an inner material which may be a round jet or an annular one and which, in turn, is surrounded by an annular jet in contact with ambient air. It is shown that the leading-order equations are one-dimensional and that it is possible to obtain analytical solutions for several flow regimes for steady, compound jets. These analytical solutions are presented here. The one-dimensional leading-order equations for the fluid dynamics of annular liquid jets at low Reynolds numbers are also derived here.     

Aerodynamics of an isolated slot-burner from a tangentially-fired boiler

The aerodynamic development of fully turbulent isothermal jets issuing from rectangular slot-burners was modelled by obtaining a solution to the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A finite-volume method was used with the standard k–ε, RNG k–ε and Reynolds stress turbulence models. The slot-burners were based on physical models, which were designed to be representative of typical burner geometries found in tangentially-fired coal boilers. Two cases were investigated, in which jets from three vertically stacked rectangular nozzles discharged at 90° and then 60° to the wall containing the burner. The nozzle angle had little effect on jet centreline velocity decay, with the 60° nozzle showing a marginally higher rate of decay. The jets from the 60° nozzles were found to deviate slightly from their geometric axis slightly due to internal pressure redistribution in the flow at the nozzles. The simulations were validated against the physical models and were found to reproduce the flow field of the jets accurately with the Reynolds stress model producing the best results.     

Annular liquid jets and other axisymmetric free-surface flows at high Reynolds numbers

A perturbation method based on a long wavelength approximation is used to obtain the leading order equations governing the fluid dynamics of laminar, annular, round and compound liquid jets and liquid films on convex and concave cylindrical surfaces. An approximate, integral balance method is also used to determine the inviscid core and the thickness of the boundary layers of annular liquid jets near the nozzle exit. The steady state equations are transformed into parabolic ones by means of the von Mises transformation and solved in an adaptive, staggered grid to determine the axial velocity distribution and the location of the free surfaces. It is shown that, for free surface flows subject to inertia, gravity and surface tension, there is a contraction near the nozzle which increases as the Reynolds and Froude numbers are decreased, and is nearly independent of the Weber number for Weber numbers larger than about one hundred. It is also shown that this contraction depends on the flow considered, and is larger for films on convex surfaces. It is also shown that, for round jets, the acceleration of the jet's free surface is larger than that of the jet's centerline, although, sufficiently far from the nozzle exit, the axial velocity is uniform across the jet.     

Damping of sound and vibration by flow nonlinearity in the apertures of a perforated elastic screen

An analysis is made of the influence of flow nonlinearity inthe apertures of a perforated elastic plate on the damping ofsound and flexural vibrations. Fluid is forced through the perforationsby the pressure differential established across the plate bythe incident disturbance. The Reynolds number is assumed tobe sufficiently large that separation occurs, and the reciprocatingaperture flows form ‘jets’ on alternate sides ofthe plate. The growth of these jets is modelled by means ofa nonlinear equation proposed by Cummings (1986). This equationis solved simultaneously with a generalized bending wave equationderived by the author (Howe, 1995a) which governs motions ofa perforated elastic plate whose lengths scales are large comparedto the aperture spacing. It is shown that significant attenuationsof large amplitude acoustic waves can occur except when thefrequency is so small that the plate is acoustically transparent.Bending waves are also damped provided the amplitude of theplate surface velocity is not too large and the frequency issmall enough to ensure the formation of substantial jets inthe apertures. Numerical results are given for large amplitudesound waves incident on a perforated screen in air, and forbending waves propagating over aluminium and steel screens immersedin either air or water.     

浅水横流中异重冲击射流的大尺度涡结构

采用RNG湍流模型对浅水横流中异重冲击射流的大尺度涡结构进行了详细的数值研究．分析了冲击区滞止点上游壁面涡结构和近区Scarf涡结构的尺度、形成机理和演化特征．计算得到了上游壁面涡的特征尺度,结果表明上游壁面涡具有高度的三维性,其特征尺度依赖于流速比和环境水深．近区Sarf涡结构对横流冲击射流的横向浓度分布具有重要的影响．当流速比相对较小时,在底层壁射流与环境横流的横向边界附近出现明显的高浓度聚集现象,计算结果表明Scarf涡结构对这一高浓度聚集区的形成起主导作用．     

Size distribution of convective thermals in an unstable stratified turbulent surface layer

An ensemble of convective thermals is considered in the surface layer of penetrative turbulent convection over a homogeneous heated horizontal surface. An integral model of an unsteady spontaneous jet having an exact self-similar solution is proposed to describe the dynamics of an isolated convective element. A statistical model for an ensemble of convective elements using a hydrodynamic analogy of the isolated spontaneous jet equations is suggested. It is supposed that motion of the elements of an ensemble corresponds to a statistic invariant that combines the squared velocity and the diameter of the jet. Using the combination of the statistic invariant of an ensemble and the Boltzmann distributions on squares of velocities, the size distribution of spontaneous jets in a convective surface layer of the atmosphere is constructed, which agrees with available experimental data.      

Annular liquid jets in zero gravity

The equations describing the steady-state behavior of long annular liquid jets and liquid membranes in zero gravity are solved analytically as a function of the pressure difference across the jet or membrane, Weber number, and nozzle exit angle. The ranges of the parameters for which the analytical solutions are valid are determined, and analytical solutions of the mass absorption rate are obtained as a function of the Peclet and Weber numbers, nozzle exit angle, pressure difference, and thickness of the annular liquid jet. It is shown that the convergence length of annular liquid jets and liquid membranes increases as the Weber number, nozzle exit angle, and pressure coefficient are increased. It is also shown that the mass absoption rate increases as the nozzle exit angle, pressure coefficient, and Weber number are increased; however, the mass absorption rate decreases as the Peclet number and annular jet initial thickness-to-radius ratio are increased.