应用气-质联机和同位素双标记技术对土壤微生物吸收有机氮的研究

土壤微生物对小分子有机氮的直接吸收和利用是目前微生物氮素营养研究的新方向。本研究通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对双标记氨基酸(13C,15N)的测定技术探讨土壤微生物对有机氮分子的直接吸收和利用。结果表明：加入土壤中的甘氨酸被微生物迅速利用,半衰期为2.9 h。培养4 h后在微生物体内检测到最大量的双标记甘氨酸(相当于甘氨酸加入量的10%),说明甘氨酸可以被微生物以完整分子形式所吸收。通过此手段也可检测到土壤溶液和微生物体内的单标记ａ-酮酸(双标记甘氨酸分解后的产物),但含量极少,说明加入的甘氨酸主要向微生物提供C源供其生命活动。本研究证明专性化合物同位素双标记手段结合氯仿熏蒸技术是检测微生物吸收小分子有机氮的有效手段。     

NMR determination of photorespiration in intact leaves using in vivo 13CO2 labeling

Solid-state 13C NMR measurements of intact soybean leaves labeled by 13CO2 lead to the conclusion that photorespiration is 17% of photosynthesis for a well-watered and fertilized plant. This is the first direct assessment of the level of photorespiration in a functioning plant. A 13C{31P} rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) measurement tracked the incorporation of 13C label into intermediates in the Calvin cycle as a function of time. For labeling times of 5 min or less, the isotopic enrichment of the Calvin cycle depends on the flux of labeled carbon from 13CO2, relative to the flux of unlabeled carbon from glycerate returned from the photorespiratory cycle. Comparisons of these two rates for a fixed value of the 13CO2 concentration indicate that the ratio of the rate of photosynthesis to the rate of photorespiration of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) in soybean leaves is 5.7. This translates into a photorespiratory CO2 loss that is 21% of net CO2 assimilation, about 80% of the value estimated from Rubisco kinetics parameters. The ratio of rates is reduced at low external CO2 concentrations, as measured by net carbon assimilation rates. The carbon assimilation was determined from 13C-label spin counts converted into total carbon by the REDOR-determined isotopic enrichments of the Calvin cycle. The net carbon assimilation rates indicate that the rate of decarboxylation of glycine is not directly proportional to the oxygenase activity of Rubisco as is commonly assumed.     

基于FTIR分析猪场废水有机物分解过程中组成结构变化

猪场废水排放的环境污染问题日益受到重视,研究废水中有机物的组成结构变化将可为制订合理的污染防治措施提供科学依据。本研究通过设置不同规模化猪场废水的室内培养试验,在培养过程中定期采样,采用抽滤、冷冻干燥等方法获得可溶性有机物(DOM)固体样品;运用FTIR光谱仪采集样品的红外谱图,研究废水中DOM组成结构在有机分解过程中的变化。结果表明,不同猪场来源的废水中DOM具有类似的组成结构,且主要由蛋白质、脂质类、腐殖酸、多糖类和酚类等有机物组成。随着培养天数的增加,与脂质类、蛋白质和酚类等相关的官能团含量逐渐降低并趋于稳定,而与腐殖酸和多糖类相关的官能团显著增加直至平稳。与初始样品相比,培养20天后样品中DOM组成结构以腐殖酸和多糖类为主,表明DOM的腐殖化程度有所提高。此外,与纤维素分子内氢键缔合的羟基(OH)相比,纤维素分子间氢键缔合的羟基降解速率相对更快,而以前者对微生物的降解更为敏感。废水中DOM以酚羟基C—O的降解速率更快,随后是芳香族COOH、糖类C—O和酰胺羰基CO,而糖类C—O倾向于优先被微生物所利用。综上所述,废水中不同的DOM组成结构在有机降解过程中的变化存在一定差异。     

基于红外光谱研究沥青燃烧机理和有害气体成分分析

利用Rosemount气体分析仪和定碳炉搭建起固定床燃烧反应试验平台,通过红外光谱分析技术定量分析沥青及其胶浆在高升温速率条件下燃烧反应的有毒气态产物成分、及其释放规律。研究表明,在高升温速率、近等温条件下,沥青及胶浆的燃烧过程可近似分为活泼挥发组分析出燃烧、二次挥发析出结合残炭燃烧两个阶段,其主要气态产物为CO₂,CO,NO,NO₂及SO₂。沥青材料中活泼挥发组分含量是影响燃烧气态产物释放规律的关键因素之一,减少沥青材料中活泼挥发组分的含量可有效降低燃烧气态产物的生成、尤其是CO的产生。     

Degradation pathways of dissolved carbon in landfill leachate traced with compound-specific (13)C analysis of DOC

The isotopic compositions of carbon compounds in landfill leachate provide insights into the biodegradation pathways that dominate the different stages of waste decomposition. In this study, the carbon geochemistry of different carbon pools, environmental stable isotopes and compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of leachate dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fractions and gases show distinctions in leachate biogeochemistry and methane production between the young area of active waste emplacement and the old area of historical emplacement at the Trail Road Landfill (TRL). The active area leachate has low DOC concentrations (<200 mg l(-1)) dominated by fulvic acid (FA=160 mg l(-1)), and produces CH(4) dominantly by CO(2) reduction (D- excess=20.6 per thousand). Leachate generated in the area of older waste has high DOC (>4770 mg l(-1)) dominated by FA (4482 mg l(-1)) and simple fatty acids (acetic=1008 mg l(-1) and propionic=608 mg l(-1)), and produces CH(4) by the acetate fermentation pathway (D- excess=9.8 per thousand). CSIA shows an advanced degradation and a progressive accumulation of (13)C of fatty acids in leachate from the older area. The enriched (13)C value of FA (-20 and-26 per thousand for the older and active parts, respectively,) and of low molecular weight DOC (-8 and-27 per thousand) as well as of the bulk DOC (-21 and-25 per thousand) shows more advanced degradation in the older part of the landfill, which is consistent with the shift in the humic/FA ratios (0.05 and 0.18). The (13)C enrichment of acetate (-12 per thousand) above the (13)C of DOC (-21 per thousand) and of propionic acid (-19 per thousand), in older leachate, suggests that this acetate has not evolved from the simple degradation of larger organic molecules, but by homoacetogenesis from the enriched dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) pool (8 per thousand) and H(2,) which produce a more enriched (13)C of acetate. In contrast, the (13)C of the minor acetate in the active area (-17 per thousand) indicates that CO(2)-reducing bacteria must be the primary consumers of H(2), which has resulted in enriched (13)C(DIC) (10 per thousand) and depleted (13)C(CH4) (-58 per thousand).     

Isotopic ((13)C) fractionation during plant residue decomposition and its implications for soil organic matter studies

Carbon isotopic fractionations in plant materials and those occurring during decomposition have direct implications in studies of short-and longer-term soil organic matter dynamics. Thus the products of decomposition, the evolved CO(2) and the newly formed soil organic matter, may vary in their (13)C signature from that of the original plant material. To evaluate the importance of such fractionation processes, the variations in (13)C signatures between and within plant parts of a tropical grass (Brachiaria humidicola) and tropical legume (Desmodium ovalifolium) were measured and the changes in (13)C content (signatures) during decomposition were monitored over a period of four months. As expected the grass materials were less depleted in (13)C (-11.4 to -11.9 per thousand) than those of the legume (-27.3 to -25.8 per thousand). Root materials of the legume were less (1.5 per thousand) depleted in (13)C compared with the leaves. Plant lignin-C was strongly depleted in (13)C compared with the bulk material by up to 2.5 per thousand in the legume and up to 4.7 per thousand in the grass. Plant materials were subsequently incubated in a sand/nutrient-solution/microbial inoculum mixture. The respiration product CO(2) was trapped in NaOH and precipitated as CaCO(3), suitable for analysis using an automated C/N analyser coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Significant depletion in (13)C of the evolved CO(2) was observed during the initial stages of decomposition probably as a result of microbial fractionation as it was not associated with the (13)C signatures of the measured more decomposable fractions (non-acid detergent fibre and cellulose). While the cumulative CO(2)-(13)C signatures of legume materials became slightly enriched with ongoing decomposition, the CO(2)-C of the grass materials remained depleted in (13)C. Associated isotopic fractionation correction factors for source identification of CO(2-)C varied with time and suggested errors of 2-19% in the estimation of the plant-derived C at 119 days of incubation in a soil of an intermediate (-20.0 per thousand) (13)C signature. Analysis of the residual material after 119 days of incubation showed little or no change in the (13)C signature partly due to the incomplete decomposition at the time of harvesting. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微孔板荧光法对土壤糖酶活性的测定研究

应用荧光共轭物质作为底物,将96微孔板和荧光检测法结合进行稻-麦轮作系统CO₂倍增条件(FACE)下土壤两种糖酶(木聚糖酶和纤维素酶)活性的测定,探讨了微孔板结合荧光法测定糖酶活性的可行性。结果表明,此种方法可以灵敏的检测到土壤稀释液中的糖酶活性,测定结果重现性较好(变异系数最大为4.879%)。与传统的分光光度法相比,是一种准确、快速、简便的土壤糖酶活性测定方法。CO₂倍增条件下土壤木聚糖酶活性高于自然条件,且在小麦的拔节期,抽穗期和成熟期及水稻的抽穗期和成熟期显著高于对照(P<0.05),CO₂浓度升高提高作物的生长代谢水平,进而影响微生物活性造成土壤木聚糖酶活性提高。纤维素酶活性在CO₂倍增条件下未发生显著变化,说明土壤纤维素酶在短时期内对CO₂增加的响应不显著。     

Amino Acid (15)n/(14)n analysis at natural abundances: a new tool for soil organic matter studies in agricultural systems

Abstract The effects of landuse, fertilizer history and soil type on the quantity and isotopic quality of hydrolysable soil amino acids were examined in 3 grassland and 2 arable soils. Results showed, (i) that overall concentrations of individual amino acids were highest in the grassland soils, (ii) that ‰δ(15)N values of the individual amino acids differed considerably between the five soils, and (iii) that the combination of amino acid ‰δ(15)N values and concentrations could be used to distinguish between landuse, crop type and fertilizer history. This preliminary study indicates that the pathways of transformation of soil amino acid N are influenced by long term N inputs and that associated biological processes are reflected in differences in concentrations and ‰δ(15)N values of individual soil amino acids.     

二维红外光谱法对肉豆蔻酸相变过程的研究

脂肪酸由于成本低、相变潜热大、热稳定性好的特点,在有机固-液相变材料中应用较多。对脂肪酸进行热分析一般采用热重法（TG）或差示扫描量热法（DSC）得到材料宏观上的热力学性质,但难以对其微观结构变化进行深入探讨。二维红外光谱（2D-IR）在温度扰动的作用下,样品的光谱信号将随之发生动态变化。通过数学处理能够发现样品在相变过程中微观结构的变化。以肉豆蔻酸为例,采用傅里叶红外光谱仪,在4 000～400 cm-1和30～100 ℃温度范围内对肉豆蔻酸进行一系列红外光谱实验。采用二维移动窗口（MW2D）红外光谱技术,对肉豆蔻酸中的CO和O—H键进行分析,发现MW2D测出的肉豆蔻酸熔点与传统的DSC测出的基本一致,且两种化学键显示的热数据具有良好的一致性和稳定性。对光谱数据进行2D-IR分析,结果表明,由于分辨率的提高,一维光谱中单一的重叠吸收峰对应着二维光谱中的多个吸收峰,根据2D-IR的理论知识,推测可能存在二聚体肉豆蔻酸构型向单聚体肉豆蔻酸构型转变的情况。从峰强度和温度的变化关系中发现,升温时CO键和O—H键存在三个变化过程,达到相变温度之前,CO吸收峰强度基本不变,O—H吸收峰强度逐渐下降,说明O—H键偶极矩的变化比CO键更易受温度影响;相变过程中,两者吸收峰强度都显著减弱且O—H吸收峰强度下降幅度更大;达到相变温度之后,可能因O—H形成的分子间氢键,受热导致由强变弱,O—H上的电子云移向CO,导致CO吸收峰强度增大、O—H吸收峰强度减小。同时,结合密度泛函理论,对二维红外光谱的推论进行理论验证,可知存在二聚体肉豆蔻酸向单聚体肉豆蔻酸的转化过程。     

Use of 13C and 15N mass spectrometry to study the decomposition of Calamagrostis epigeios in soil column experiments with and without ash additions

The dynamics of C and N in terrestrial ecosystems are not completely understood and the use of stable isotopes may be useful to gain further insight in the pathways of CO2 emissions and leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) during decomposition of litter. Objectives were (i) to study the decomposition dynamics of Calamagrostis epigeios, a common grass species in forests, using 13C-depleted and 15N-enriched plants and (ii) to quantify the effect wood ash addition on the decomposition and leaching of DOC and DON. Decomposition was studied for 128 days under aerobic conditions at 8 degrees C and moisture close to field capacity in a spodic dystric Cambisol with mor-moder layer. Variants included control plots and additions of (i) Calamagrostis litter and (ii) Calamagrostis litter plus 4 kg ash m-2. (i) Decomposition of Calamagrostis resulted in a CO2 production of 76.2 g CO2-C m-2 (10% of added C) after 128 days and cumulative DOC production was 14.0 g C m-2 out of which 0.9 g C m-2 was Calamagrostis-derived (0.1% of added C). The specific CO2 formation and specific DOC production from Calamagrostis were 6 times higher (CO2) and 4 times smaller (DOC) than those from the organic layer. The amount of Calamagrostis-derived total N (NH4+, NO3-, DON) leached was 0.7 g N m-2 (4.8% of added N). Cumulative DON production was 0.8 g N m-2 which was slightly higher than for the control. During soil passage, much of the DOC and DON was removed due to sorption or decomposition. DOC and DON releases from the mineral soil (17 cm depth) were 6.3 g C m-2 and 0.5 g N m-2. (ii) Addition of ash resulted in a complete fixing of CO2 for 40 days due to carbonatisation. Afterwards, the CO2 production rates were similar to the variant without ash addition. Production of DOC (98.6 g C m-2) and DON (2.5 g N m-2) was marked, mainly owing to humus decay. However, Calamagrostis-derived DOC and Calamagrostis-derived total N were only 3.9 g C m-2 (0.5% of added C) and 0.5 g N m-2 (3.4% of added N). The specific DOC production rate from the organic layer was 6 times higher than that from Calamagrostis. The results suggest that with increasing humification from fresh plant residues to more decomposed material (OF and OH layers) the production ratio of DOC/CO2-C increases. Addition of alkaline substances to the forest floor can lead to a manifold increase in DOC production.     

长期不同施肥处理对黑土根际土壤有机碳结构组分的影响

土壤有机碳是农业生态系统的关键驱动和调节者,特别是根际微域有机碳动态对土壤碳素循环和矿质营养元素释放起着重要作用。研究长期不同化肥和有机肥施用下大豆根际土壤有机碳、活性有机碳以及有机碳结构的变化规律,深入了解根际有机碳固持和稳定机制,为完善农田生态系统碳固持和农田可持续发展提供科学依据和理论支撑。该研究依托黑土长期定位试验,采用化学分析、固态¹³C-核磁共振(¹³C-NMR)等方法研究大豆根际土壤有机碳含量、活性有机碳含量和有机碳结构组分变化规律。结果表明,与非根际土壤相比,大豆根际土壤有机碳含量显著增加,长期施肥处理能够显著增加根际土壤有机碳和低活性有机碳含量,以常量有机肥加氮磷钾(MNPK)处理提升效果最好。核磁共振实验结果表明,与不施肥处理相比,MNPK处理明显增加根际土壤烷基碳、烷氧基碳比例以及烷基碳/烷氧基碳比值,降低芳香基碳和芳香碳/总碳比值,在非根际土壤中尤其显著;常量氮磷钾(NPK)处理增加芳香基碳比例和芳香碳/总碳比值,在根际土壤中烷基碳比例和烷基碳/烷氧基碳比值增加,烷氧基碳比例降低,非根际土壤测试结果相反。综上所述,MN...     

THM-Py-GC/MS分析内蒙古伊和淖尔出土照明燃料

考古发掘出土的遗物中,有机残留物大部分是以附着在器物上,或者是遗址表面而存在的,由于没有固定形状,或量少而难以发现,且不易保存,因此常常被忽视。但是这类有机物作为古代人类生活生产资料,包含重要的历史信息,具有珍贵价值。通过遗址中发现的器物或者有机残留物,可以决定器物甚至是遗址的用途,古代照明燃料就属于这类有机残留物。中国古代多使用动物油、植物油、蜡等作为照明燃料,对植物油和蜡都有一定研究,但对于动物油种类的分析仅停留在区分反刍动物与非反刍动物。引入热裂解气相色谱质谱技术（THM-Py-GC/MS）研究有机残留物,使用600 ℃裂解温度经过12 s裂解时间,可以将甘油三酯与老化过程中由于失去酰基逐步形成的双酰基甘油、单酰基甘油等完全裂解成甘油与脂肪酸,通过计算脂肪酸相对含量,可以分析不同动物油具有的特征。同时用高温裂解代替了传统酸化提纯样品的预处理方法,能最大程度的保留样品中的各组分。加入过量的四甲基氢氧化铵,可将样品中脂肪酸与醇等量转化为对应的酯和醚,在气相色谱初始50 ℃保持5 min,然后以10 ℃·min-1升至280 ℃保持10 min的条件下,将甲基化的样品组分分离,质谱以1∶100的分流比进行测定。对内蒙古伊和淖尔墓地出土铁灯内的残留物进行了分析,结果显示,灯内残留物样品中主要成分是C7-C22连续碳原子的脂肪酸,含量较高的饱和脂肪酸有十四烷酸、十五烷酸、十六烷酸、十七烷酸、十八烷酸等。对比老化前与老化后猪油、牛油、羊油等动物脂肪参考样品所含主要成分与相对含量,老化后的羊油中的奇数碳饱和脂肪酸含量明显高于其他两种动物油,并且这一特征也体现在考古样品中,结合以往文献中动物油成分的研究结果,可以判断出残留物中所含动物油的确切种类属羊油。此外样品中包含的碳氢化合物与醇属于蜡的成分,根据脂肪酸及醇的相对含量可以判断为蜂蜡。热裂解气相色谱质谱技术（THM-Py-GC/MS）,为出土有机残留物,特别是动物脂肪种类的的分析研究,提供了更加高效、便捷的方法。并且,对混合有机残留物种类的鉴别也做出了有益的尝试。     

Biodegradability screening of soil amendments through coupling of wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy to multiple dynamic chambers

A system was developed for the automatic measurements of 13CO? efflux to determine biodegradation of extra carbon amendments to soils. The system combines wavelength-scanned cavity ring down laser spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) with the open-dynamic chamber (ODC) method. The WS-CRDS instrument and a batch of 24 ODC are coupled via microprocessor-controlled valves. Determination of the biodegradation requires a known δ13C value and the applied mass of the carbon compounds, and the biodegradation is calculated based on the 13CO? mixing ratio (ppm) sampled from the headspace of the chambers. The WS-CRDS system provided accurate detection based on parallel samples of three standard gases (13CO? of 2, 11 and 22 ppm) that were measured simultaneously by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (linear regression R2 = 0.99). Repeated checking with the same standards showed that the WS-CRDS system showed no drift over seven months.The applicability of the ODC was checked against the closed static chamber (CSC) method using the rapid biodegradation of cane sugar-δ13C-labeled through C4 photosynthesis. There was no significant difference between the results from 7-min ODC and 120-min CSC measurements. Further, a test using samples of either cane sugar (C4) or beetroot sugar (C3) mixed into standard soil proved the target functionality of the system, which is to identify the biodegradation of carbon sources with significantly different isotopic signatures.     

Evaluation of spectral pretreatments,spectral range,and regression methods for quantitative spectroscopic analysis of soil organic carbon composition

Although there is an increasing interest in using infrared spectroscopy for the simple, rapid, and inexpensive prediction of soil organic carbon content, few studies have used this technique to measure organic carbon chemistry. In this paper, based on both near-infrared and mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, we compared the use of instrumentation, spectral pretreatment, and regression method for the prediction of three parameters related to organic carbon content, one related to isotopic composition, and five related to organic carbon chemistry. A total of 140 soil samples collected from seven oriental oak forest sites across East China were used as the data set for the calibration-validation procedure. Calibrations using sample set partitioning based on joint x-y distances method significantly outperformed those using Kennard-Stone method. Compared to models using linear method (i.e., partial least squares), those using non-linear regression method (i.e., support vector machines) greatly improved the prediction precision of the alkyl-to-O-alkyl ratio and performed slightly better for the other organic carbon chemical compositions. Instrumentation had a large effect as mid-infrared models had higher average prediction accuracies than near-infrared models. We finally proposed a model using second derivative preprocessing, joint x-y distances based sample set partitioning, mid-infrared spectra, and support vector machines regression to quantify organic carbon chemistry in this study. The results are helpful for the further study of soil composition measurement.     

Long term changes in the distribution and delta(15)N values of individual soil amino acids in the absence of plant and fertiliser inputs

The long-term 'biodegradation' on soil amino acids was examined in the control plots of '42 parcelles' experiment, established in 1928 at INRA, Versailles (France). None of the plots is cultivated, but is kept free of weeds, and mixed to a depth of 25 cm twice yearly. Topsoil (0-10 cm depth) samples collected in 1929, 1963 and 1997 were subjected to acid hydrolysis (6 N HCl) for comparison. The distribution and delta(15)N natural abundance of 20 individual amino acids in the soils were determined, using ion chromatography (IC) and gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). The total N and amino acid-N (AA-N), respectively, decreased by 54 % and 73 % in the period from 1929 to 1997. The average N loss was comparable for 1929-1963 (period 1) and 1963-1997 (period 2), but AA-N loss was three times faster in the former period. This significant reduction in total AA-N content was mirrored in the individual amino acids, which decreased by 74 % +/- 1 % (ranging 58-89 %) between 1929 and 1997. The bulk delta(15)N values generally increased from 1929 to 1997, mainly associated with comparable or even higher increase of delta(15)N of the non-AA-N in the soil. The residence time (t(1/2), time in which half of N was lost from a specific soil pool) was ca. 65 +/- 5 years for the bulk soil, and comparable for periods 1 and 2. However, between periods 1 and 2 it decreased from 128 to 41 years in the non-AA pool, but increased from 59 to 92 years in the AA-N pool. Proline and amino acids that appear early in soil microbial metabolic pathways (e.g. glutamic acid, alanine, aspartic acid and valine) had relatively high delta(15)N values. Phenylalanine, threonine, glycine and leucine had relatively depleted delta(15)N values. The average delta(15)N value of the individual amino acids (IAAs) increased by 1delta unit from 1929 to 1997, associated with a similar rise from 1929 to 1963, and no change thereafter till 1997. However, the delta(15)N values of phenylalanine decreased by more than 7delta(15)N units between 1929 and 1997. The delta(15)N shift of IAAs from 1929 to 1963 and from 1929 to 1997 was not influenced by the relative amount of N remaining compared with the 1929 soil concentrations. The only exception was phenylalanine which showed decreasing delta(15)N associated with its decreasing concentration in the soil. We conclude therefore that in the absence of plant and fertiliser inputs, no change in the delta(15)N value of individual soil amino acids occurs, hence the original delta(15)N values are preserved and diagnostic information on past soil N (cycling) is retained. The exception was phenylalanine, its delta(15)N decreased with decreasing concentration from 1929 to 1997, hence it acted as a 'potential' marker for the land use changes (i.e. arable cropping to a fallow). The long term biological processing and reworking of residual amino acids resulted in a (partial) stabilisation in the soil, evidenced by reduced N loss and increased residence time of amino acid N during the period 1963-1997.     

X射线荧光光谱研究粮食中生命有机碳与碳化学循环

采用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)方法测定六种粮食:稻谷(大米)、小麦(面粉)、黄豆、小米、高粱和玉米中生命有机碳含量和化学元素组成,建立一种新方法测定它们的蛋白质含量.粮食中生命有机碳平均含量约为44%.黄豆中的蛋白质含量最高(42.74%),小米蛋白质含量28.56%,麦子蛋白质含量27.57%,玉米蛋白质含量24.99...     

东北黑土不同组分有机碳的近红外光谱测定

不同颗粒组分的土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)具有不同的化学组成且对不同农艺措施响应不同,因此了解其信息有助于深入理解SOC对土壤肥力的贡献。本研究旨在评价近红外光谱(near Infraredspectroscopy,NIRS)预测黑土不同颗粒组分SOC(水稳性团聚体结合碳、颗粒态有机碳及不同大小粒级有机碳)的潜力。土壤样品(n=136)采集于东北典型黑土带上,利用偏最小二乘法建立定量模型(n=100),并用独立样本对模型进行检验(n=36)。结果表明:NIRS可以在一定程度上预测水稳性团聚体结合碳含量(R2=0.69-0.82,RPD=1.2-1.8);对矿质结合态SOC(<53μm)(R2=0.97,RPD=5.4)及细粒级SOC(<20μm)(R2=0.93,RPD=3.8)预测结果较好,对颗粒态有机碳(>53μm)和粗粒级SOC(>20μm)预测结果不理想。NIRS在简化黑土不同颗粒组分SOC的测定,特别是矿质结合态(<53μm)SOC,具有很好的应用前景。     

原位红外光谱法研究大气颗粒物表面非均相反应

大气污染物之间可能发生协同作用,造成严重的二次污染,产生次生环境问题.本实验通过原位红外光谱分析方法研究气态污染物和碳颗粒物之间的吸附过程,发现大气中CO2和NO极易在颗粒物表面发生吸附;CO2在颗粒物表面达到吸附平衡时间很短,NO的吸附平衡时间较长;CO2和SO2会影响NO在颗粒物表面的吸附,CO2在颗粒物表面的吸附几乎不受NO和SO2的影响.     

不同施肥处理对潮土胡敏酸结构特性的影响

研究了饼肥,绿肥,秸秆肥三种处理在等氮等磷条件下对胡敏酸结构特性的影响,采用元素分析,显微红外,固态13C-NMR三种分析方法进行结构解析,结果表明：不同施肥处理的胡敏酸在化学组成和结构上类似,但还有很多明显的差别。(1)饼肥处理的胡敏酸H和N含量最高,绿肥处理的胡敏酸含O量最大,秸秆肥处理的胡敏酸含C量最高 (2)红外分析显示,三种处理的胡敏酸均含有蛋白质及碳水化合物,饼肥处理的胡敏酸含氨基化合物最多,绿肥处理的胡敏酸含羟基,脂肪烃含量最大,秸秆肥处理的胡敏酸含醇,酚含量最高;(3)固态 13C-NMR数据表明饼肥处理的胡敏酸含有最多的羧基碳,绿肥处理的胡敏酸含有烷基碳,羰基碳最多。秸秆肥处理的胡敏酸烷氧基碳,芳香碳含量最大。     

Amino acid adsorption on single-walled carbon nanotubes

We investigate and discuss the adsorption of a few amino acids on (3,3) carbon nanotubes and on graphite sheets through calculations within density functional theory. Results show weak binding of the biomolecules on both substrates, but through generally favourable adsorption pathways. Zwitterion adsorption through the charged amine and carboxylate groups are bound stronger to the nanotube surface in comparison to their nonionic counterparts, as well as on histidine, phenylalanine, and cysteine side chain groups fixed in specific orientations. Binding strengths on graphite suggest dissimilar trends for amino acid interactions with increasing nanotube diameter.