受冲击作用弹塑性圆板动力响应的弹性效应

利用有限差分离散微分方程进行计算分析,研究冲击载荷作用下弹塑性圆板的早期动力响应,通过对瞬态径向弯矩分布规律的细致分析,阐明弹塑性固支圆板响应过程中弹性效应对其变形历史的影响.研究表明:弹塑性响应过程可划分为八个阶段,对应的变形模式为:“单铰圆模式”,“双铰圆模式”,“五铰圆模式”,“四铰圆模式”,“三铰圆模式”,“双铰圆模式”,“双驻定铰圆模式”,“弹性振动模式”.与刚塑性分析所假定的三相的变形模式比较,弹塑性响应分析证实了固支边界“驻定塑性铰圆”的存在性.虽然刚塑性分析所假定的第一相位移响应模式并不存在,但第二相和第三相响应模式则得到了证实.由于这两相及相应弹塑性分析的两个阶段持续时间都较长,因而也肯定了刚塑性分析所假定变形模式的主要特征.弹性效应对于板内“移行铰圆”的影响比较大,它不但使“移行铰圆”出现“回退”现象,还使得“移行铰圆”的个数增加到三个;对于圆心处的“塑性铰圆”,弹性效应则使得它的符号出现由负向到正向的反复变化.因此,弹性效应对弹塑性板的变形历史影响十分明显.     

Effect of gravity on the vibration of vertical cantilevers

The free vibration of a vertically-oriented, thin, prismatic cantilever is influenced by weight. That is, the natural frequencies (and to a lesser extent, mode shapes) are affected by the application of a linearly varying axial load. A beam with an “upward” orientation, i.e., with the free end above the clamped end, will experience a de-stiffening effect, up to the point of self-weight buckling (at zero effective stiffness). A beam in a “downward” orientation will be stiffened by the weight of the beam. This technical note describes some simple experiments on very slender strips and their (vertical) orientation and shows a close correlation with theory.     

DYNAMICS AND STABILITY OF PINNED–CLAMPED AND CLAMPED–PINNED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS CONVEYING FLUID

The paper examines the dynamics and stability of fluid-conveying cylindrical shells having pinned–clamped or clamped–pinned boundary conditions, where “pinned” is an abbreviation for “simply supported”. Flügge's equations are used to describe the shell motion, while the fluid-dynamic perturbation pressure is obtained utilizing the linearized potential flow theory. The solution is obtained using two methods — the travelling wave method and the Fourier-transform approach. The results obtained by both methods suggest that the negative damping of the clamped–pinned systems and positive damping of the pinned–clamped systems, observed by previous investigators for any arbitrarily small flow velocity, are simply numerical artefacts; this is reinforced by energy considerations, in which the work done by the fluid on the shell is shown to be zero. Hence, it is concluded that both systems are conservative.     

The role of heterogeneous deformation on damage nucleation at grain boundaries in single phase metals

The mechanical response of engineering materials evaluated through continuum fracture mechanics typically assumes that a crack or void initially exists, but it does not provide information about the nucleation of such flaws in an otherwise flawless microstructure. How such flaws originate, particularly at grain (or phase) boundaries is less clear. Experimentally, “good” vs. “bad” grain boundaries are often invoked as the reasons for critical damage nucleation, but without any quantification. The state of knowledge about deformation at or near grain boundaries, including slip transfer and heterogeneous deformation, is reviewed to show that little work has been done to examine how slip interactions can lead to damage nucleation. A fracture initiation parameter developed recently for a low ductility model material with limited slip systems provides a new definition of grain boundary character based upon operating slip and twin systems (rather than an interfacial energy based definition). This provides a way to predict damage nucleation density on a physical and local (rather than a statistical) basis. The parameter assesses the way that highly activated twin systems are aligned with principal stresses and slip system Burgers vectors. A crystal plasticity-finite element method (CP-FEM) based model of an extensively characterized microstructural region has been used to determine if the stress–strain history provides any additional insights about the relationship between shear and damage nucleation. This analysis shows that a combination of a CP-FEM model augmented with the fracture initiation parameter shows promise for becoming a predictive tool for identifying damage-prone boundaries.     

A new Finite Element Method for magneto-dynamical problems: two-dimensional results

A mixed Lagrange finite element technique is used to solve the Maxwell equations in the magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) limit in an hybrid domain composed of vacuum and conducting regions. The originality of the approach is that no artificial boundary condition is enforced at the interface between the conducting and the insulating regions and the non-conducting medium is not approximated by a weakly conducting medium as is frequently done in the literature. As a first evaluation of the performance of the method, we study two-dimensional (2D) configurations, where the flow streamlines of the conducting fluid are planar, i.e., invariant in one direction, and either the magnetic field (“magnetic scalar” case) or the electric field (“electric scalar” case) is parallel to the invariant direction. Induction heating, eddy current generation, and magnetic field stretching are investigated showing the usefulness of finite element methods to solve magneto-dynamical problems with complex insulating boundaries.     

The effect of transverse shear onto the singular solutions of a complete spherical shell

Green's functions for the field variables of a complete sphere subjected to normal surface traction are obtained with “free space” properties. Further, self-equilibrated singular solutions of the variables associated with tangentially applied point loads and concentrated surface moments are constructed. The solution formulae are derived within the framework of the improved theory of thin shells and thus incorporate the effect of transverse shear in the equilibrium of the shell element. Despite the complex character of the solution, expressed in terms of complex Legendre functions, the closed form of it reveals the effects of the new assumptions (presence of shear strains) onto the singular behavior of the associated kernels. Numerical results for the field variables demonstrate the differences between the two theories, classical and improved.     

Legendre integrators, post-processing and quasiequilibrium

A toolbox for the development and reduction of the dynamical models of nonequilibrium systems is presented. The main components of this toolbox are: Legendre integrators, dynamical post-processing, and the thermodynamic projector. The thermodynamic projector is the tool to transform almost any anzatz to a thermodynamically consistent model. The post-processing is the cheapest way to improve the solution obtained by the Legendre integrators. Legendre integrators give the opportunity to solve linear equations instead of nonlinear ones for quasiequilibrium (“maximum entropy”, MaxEnt) approximations. The essentially new element of this toolbox, the method of thermodynamic projector, is demonstrated on application to the FENE-P model of polymer kinetic theory. The multi-peak model of polymer dynamics is developed.     

AEROELASTICITY ANALYSIS OF AN INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE COMBUSTOR USING A SIMPLIFIED COMBUSTION MODEL

Lean premixed industrial gas turbine combustors are susceptible to flame instabilities, resulting in large unsteady pressure waves that may cause the discharge nozzle to experience excessive vibration levels. A detailed aeroelasticity analysis, aimed at investigating possible structural failure mechanisms, was undertaken using a time-accurate unsteady flow representation, a simplified combustion disturbance and a structural model of the discharge nozzle. The computational domain included the lower part of the combustor geometry as well as the nozzle guide vanes (NGVs) at the HP turbine inlet. A pressure perturbation, representing the unsteadiness due to the combustion process, was applied below the tertiary fuel inlet and its frequency was set to each structural natural frequency in turn. The propagation of the pressure perturbation through the combustor nozzle, its reflection from the NGVs and further reflections were monitored using two different models. The first one, the so-called “open” system, ignored the reflections from the upper part of the combustion chamber while the second one, the “closed” system, assumed full reflection with an appropriate time shift. The calculations have shown that the imposed excitation could generate unsteady pressure shapes that were correlated with the “flap” modes of the discharge nozzle. In addition, an acoustic resonance condition was observed when the forcing pressure wave had a frequency close to 550 Hz, the experimentally observed failure frequency of the nozzle. The co-existence of these two factors, i.e., excitation/structural-mode match and the possibility of acoustic resonance, was thought to have the potential of producing very high vibration response.     

On structural safety assessment by load factor maximization in piecewise linear plasticity

The safety assessment of structures by the maximization of a load factor up to a critical threshold is considered in this paper and a procedure is developed which generalizes limit analysis by the static approach. The following issues are dealt with: (a) piecewise linear approximation of material models is adopted as a unifying framework; (b) a procedure is developed apt to reduce the computing effort by means of yield mode selection or “sifting”; (c) a method which combines limit and deformation analysis is presented, based on mathematical optimization under linear and complementarity constraints and apt to compute, also in the presence of nonassociativity and softening, the safety factor with respect to either plastic collapse or local fracture or unserviceability because of excessive deformations, alternatively. Classical limit analysis rooted in associative perfect plasticity has well-known limitations, which are substantially mitigated in its generalization represented by method (c) proposed herein.     

A “quasi-elastic” affine formulation for the homogenised behaviour of nonlinear viscoelastic polycrystals and composites

The derivation of the overall behaviour of nonlinear viscoelastic (or rate-dependent elastoplastic) heterogeneous materials requires a linearisation of the constitutive equations around uniform per phase stress (or strain) histories. The resulting Linear Comparison Material (LCM) has to be linear thermoviscoelastic to fully retain the viscoelastic nature of phase interactions. Instead of the exact treatment of this LCM (i.e., correspondence principle and inverse Laplace transforms) as proposed by the “classical” affine formulation, an approximate treatment is proposed here. First considering Maxwellian behaviour, comparisons for a single phase as well as for two-phase materials (with “parallel” and disordered morphologies) show that the “direct inversion method” of Laplace transforms, initially proposed by Schapery (1962), has to be adapted to fit correctly exact responses to creep loading while a more general method is proposed for other loading paths. When applied to nonlinear viscoelastic heterogeneous materials, this approximate inversion method gives rise to a new formulation which is consistent with the classical affine one for the steady-state regimes. In the transient regime, it leads to a significantly more efficient numerical resolution, the LCM associated to the step by step procedure being no more thermoviscoelastic but thermoelastic. Various comparisons for nonlinear viscoelastic polycrystals responses to creep as well as relaxation loadings show that this “quasi-elastic” formulation yields results very close to classical affine ones, even for high contrasts.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of deformation and failure of nanocrystals of bcc metals

Simulations of uniaxial and hydrostatic tension of Fe and Mo nanocrystal are made by molecular dynamics method. Stress versus strain are obtained while regularities of lattice rearrangement during nanocrystal plastic deformation are considered. Local instability of nanocrystal lattice, which is the cause for transition from elastic to plastic deformation of nanocrystal, is found. It is shown that local shear stresses is a driving force of nanocrystal lattice rearrangements under the conditions of both uniaxial and hydrostatic tension, so, local instability of nanocrystal of bcc metals should be considered as shear instability. Realization of “orthorhombic” path of deformation at 1 0 0 tension of Mo nanocrystal is specific case of above effect. It is demonstrated that unlike covalent nanocrystal, metallic nanocrystals display “heterogeneous” mechanism of crack nucleation, which essence is that cracks nucleate not in homogeneous elastically deformed lattice but in shear bands or near their boundaries, i.e., after non-homogeneous plastic deformation of nanocrystal.     

The hybrid crack-tip element approach to thermo-elastic cracks

The stress intensity factors for a thermal crack problem are computed directly from the crack tip singular field as it was embedded in a specialized crack-tip element. The method gives accurate results without modeling a very refined mesh near the crack tip and without evaluating additional line and/or area integrals for the “modified” path independent integrals as suggested by most current methods for thermoelastic cracks.     

Validation of component assembly model and extension to plasticity

Material potential energy is well approximated by “pair-functional” potentials. During calculating potential energy, the orientational and volumetric components have been derived from pair potentials and embedding energy, respectively. Slip results in plastic deformation, and slip component has been proposed accordingly. Material is treated as a component assembly, and its elastic, plastic and damage properties are reflected by different components respectively. Material constitutive relations are formed by means of assembling these three kinds of components. Anisotropy has been incorporated intrinsically via the concept of component. Theoretical and numerical results indicate that this method has the capacity of reproducing some results satisfactorily, with the advantages of physical explicitness, etc.     

Analysis of temperature and stress field in Al alloy’s twin wire welding

By analyzing the shape of twin wire welding’s arcs and the track of droplets’ transition, the phenomenon that the twin wire welding’s fore arc and rear arc all deflect to the middle of the two arcs is found. Based on this the double ellipsoid heat source model is amended, and a heat source model which can apply to calculate the twin wire welding’s temperature field is put forward. This model is testified by actual experiment of temperature sampling. By comparing the temperature field of twin wire welding and single wire welding, the results show that twin wire welding has slender weld pool the end part of which is ellipsoid, and its HAZ is narrower than that of single wire welding. So, twin wire welding can not only reduce the Al alloy generating hot crack, but can also weaken the “overaging” softened phenomenon of heat treated strengthening Al alloy. In the end, the evolving rules of 2219 Al alloy’s longitudinal and transverse stress when welded with twin wire welding are analyzed.     

细长薄壁弹体的屈曲和靶体等效分析

利用金属靶开展动能深侵彻弹的穿甲屈曲实验研究。实验观察到长/短型弹体动塑性屈曲破坏分别表现为轴向皱褶型和轴向外翻撕裂型2种基本模式。不同的屈曲破坏模式与弹体几何、撞击初条件以及靶材等密切相关。区别于刚性尖头弹穿甲金属靶的韧性隧道开孔,尖头弹因屈曲破坏易变形为钝头形,导致弹体穿透靶板表现为挤凿穿甲。利用薄壁中空柱壳的弹性欧拉屈曲分析和弹体塑性屈服的极限分析给出弹体动塑性屈曲的临界条件。同时给出屈曲实验中混凝土靶和金属靶的等效条件。     

Simplified prediction of creep buckling of cylinders under external pressure. Part 1: finite element validation

In this paper, a simplified method is proposed for the prediction of creep buckling. This simplified approach relies upon a model which yields an analytical evaluation of creep buckling times for cylinders under external pressure. This model is fully developed herein, and a ‘closed-form’ solution is given for the evaluation of the critical creep collapse time. The collapse mechanism is assumed to be due to the formation of a plastic hinge which induces an unstable post-buckling of the ring. The analytical ‘closed-form’ creep collapse time is then compared to finite element buckling predictions using the quasi-axisymmetric COMU shell element in the INCA code of the CASTEM system. The model is then applied to four different cylinders under external pressure and compared to finite element predictions; the cylinders' radius-to-thickness ratio varies between 50 and 550. It is shown that the proposed model performs well for this type of prediction: in all cases, the times to failure predicted by the model are lower than the finite element predictions. These predictions prove to be rather conservative for thicker cylinders. It is shown that creep buckling is a very dangerous failure mode. If the shape of the structure is observed as a function of time, nothing seems to happen during a very long ‘incubation’ period; when the initial imperfection reaches some critical value, buckling then suddenly occurs. This phenomenon is shown by the two methods of evaluation presented herein.     

J-integral and crack driving force in elastic–plastic materials

This paper discusses the crack driving force in elastic–plastic materials, with particular emphasis on incremental plasticity. Using the configurational forces approach we identify a “plasticity influence term” that describes crack tip shielding or anti-shielding due to plastic deformation in the body. Standard constitutive models for finite strain as well as small strain incremental plasticity are used to obtain explicit expressions for the plasticity influence term in a two-dimensional setting. The total dissipation in the body is related to the near-tip and far-field J-integrals and the plasticity influence term. In the special case of deformation plasticity the plasticity influence term vanishes identically whereas for rigid plasticity and elastic-ideal plasticity the crack driving force vanishes. For steady state crack growth in incremental elastic–plastic materials, the plasticity influence term is equal to the negative of the plastic work per unit crack extension and the total dissipation in the body due to crack propagation and plastic deformation is determined by the far-field J-integral. For non-steady state crack growth, the plasticity influence term can be evaluated by post-processing after a conventional finite element stress analysis. Theory and computations are applied to a stationary crack in a C(T)-specimen to examine the effects of contained, uncontained and general yielding. A novel method is proposed for evaluating J-integrals under incremental plasticity conditions through the configurational body force. The incremental plasticity near-tip and far-field J-integrals are compared to conventional deformational plasticity and experimental J-integrals.     

Simplified prediction of the creep buckling of cylinders under external pressure. Part 2: Experimental verification

In this paper, the simplified method, proposed in (Combescure, 1998), for the prediction of creep buckling is compared to experimental results. The model is applied to predict the buckling time of two sets of experiments on cylinders subjected to uniform external pressure. It is shown that the proposed model is satisfactory for this type of prediction: in all cases, the times up to failure predicted by the model are generally lower than the experimental failure times. The model is rather conservative for thicker cylinders. However, it appears that a very detailed geometrical imperfection survey would be necessary if a highly accurate assessement of the creep failure time were sought. It has been observed experimentally that creep buckling is a very dangerous failure mode: nothing seems to happen during a very long “incubation” period but, when the initial imperfection reaches some critical value, buckling then suddenly occurs. For thin cylinders, the level of creep strain at which the instability starts to develop is much lower than the strain at which the tertiary creep initiates; the instability is thus clearly generated from the interaction between the material and the geometrical nonlinearity.     

Fatigue crack growth in high and low strength steel under torsional loading

During loading of a crack in mode III the crack surfaces in contact slide against each other giving rise to friction, abrasion and mutual support, thereby reducing the effective stress at the crack tip (“sliding mode crack closure”). This phenomenon was investigated in a high strength steel (AISI 4340) and in a low strength steel (AISI C1018) in circumferentially notched specimens under pure cyclic torsion and combined loading (cyclic torsion plus static axial load). The influence of sliding mode crack closure on fatigue crack propagation is shown and “true” crack growth values (without the sliding mode crack closure influence) are determined on the basis of an extrapolation procedure. Explanations are given for causes of the various fracture modes observed, such as “factory roof” fracture, macroscopically flat mode III fracture and “lamella” fracture. Finally the scientific and technical importance of sliding mode crack closure is demonstrated.     

Mechanics of granular materials: The discrete and the continuum descriptions juxtaposed

In recent years a discussion could be followed where the pros and cons of the applicability of the Cosserat continuum model to granular materials were debated [Bardet, J.P., Vardoulakis, I., 2001. The asymmetry of stress in granular media. Int. J. Solids Struct. 38, 353–367; Kruyt, N.P., 2003. Static and kinematics of discrete Cosserat-type granular materials. Int. J. Solids Struct. 40, 511–534; Bagi, K., 2003. Discussion on “The asymmetry of stress in granular media”. Int. J. Solids Struct. 40, 1329–1331; Bardet, J.P., Vardoulakis, I. 2003a. Reply to discussion by Dr. Katalin Bagi. Int. J. Solids Struct. 40, 1035; Kuhn, M., 2003. Discussion on “The asymmetry of stress in granular media”. Int. J. Solids Struct. 40, 1805–1807; Bardet, J.P., Vardoulakis, I., 2003b. Reply to Dr. Kuhn’s discussion. Int. J. Solids Struct. 40, 1809; Ehlers, W., Ramm, E., Diebels, S., D’Addetta, G.A., 2003. From particle ensembles to Cosserat continua: homogenization of contact forces towards stresses and couple stresses. Int. J. Solids Struct. 40, 6681–6702; Chang, C.S., Kuhn, M.R., 2005. On virtual work and stress in granular media. Int. J. Solids Struct. 42, 3773–3793]. The authors follow closely this debate and try, with this paper, to provide a platform where the various viewpoints could find their position. We consider an ensemble of rigid, arbitrarily shaped grains as a set with structure. We establish a basic mathematical framework which allows to express the balance laws and the action–reaction laws for the discrete system in a “global” form, through the concepts of “part”, “granular surface”, “separately additive function” and “flux”. The independent variable in the balance laws is then the arbitrary part of the assembly rather than the single grain. A parallel framework is constructed for Cosserat continua, by applying the axiomatics established by [Noll, W., 1959. The foundation of classical mechanics in the light of recent advances in continuum mechanics. In: The axiomatic method, with special reference to Geometry and Physics, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam pp. 266–281, Gurtin, M.E., Williams, W.O., 1967. An axiomatic foundation of continuum thermodynamics. Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 26, 83–117, Gurtin, M.E., Martins, L.C., 1976. Cauchy’s theorem in classical physics. Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 60, 305–324]. The comparison between the two realisations suggests the microscopic interpretation for some features of Cosserat Mechanics, among which the asymmetry of the Cauchy-stress tensor and the couple-stress.