Isoparametric kinetic relations for chemical transformations in condensed substances (Analytical survey). II. Reactions involving the participation of solid substances

Various manifestations of the kinetic compensation effect are considered in reactions involving the participation of solid substances under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions, as well as manifestations of other isoparametric correlations. It is shown that isoparametric correlations can be used for the analysis of solid-phase reactions and the exclusion of artefacts in nonisothermal kinetics.

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Zusammenfassung Verschiedene Erscheinungen des kinetischen Kompensationseffektes bei unter Beteiligung von festen Substanzen unter isothermen und nichtisothermen Bedingungen verlaufenden Reaktionen werden erörtert, ebenso Erscheinungen anderer isoparametrischer Korrelationen. Es wird gezeigt, daß isoparametrische Korrelationen zur Analyse von Festphasenreaktionen und zum Ausschluß von Artifakten in der nicht-isothermen Kinetik herangezogen werden können.

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, , . .

     

Propagation of vibrational excitation in an adsorbed layer

Using a crystal model with an adsorbed layer, the propagation of vibrational excitation induced by an adsorbed particle is considered. The relaxation times of excitation have been estimated. The role of excitation transfer processes in adsorption-desorption phenomena is discussed.

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, . . - .

     

Effect of rare earth ions on the catalytic activity of Ln2MnNiO6 perovskites

Abstract A series of rare earth transition metal perovskites has been synthesized and the catalytic activity tested for 2-propanol decomposition. The effect of rare earth ions on the catalytic activity can been understood from the correlations obtained between the physico-chemical properties and the catalytic activity of the perovskites.

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, , 2-. , - .

     

Kinetic studies of hydrogen and carbon monoxide adsorption on Re2O7/Al2O3 catalysts

Kinetic studies of hydrogen and carbon monoxide adsorption on reduced Re₂O₇/Al₂O₃ catalysts have revealed that its activation energy decreases with increasing reduction degree of rhenium oxide. Adsorption of gases is suggested to take place on metallic rhenium atoms.

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- . , . , .

     

Synthesis of high-silicon zeolites in bialkaline systems

Rubidium and cesium zeolites (SiO₂Al₂O₃=4–9.2) of the faujasite, chabazite, erionite, offretite, phillipsite and pollucite type, L-zeolites as well as ZKF-2, ZKF-8 and ZKF-18 of unknown structure have been obtained. Their pore size is 4–10 Å and their thermostability is 1073–1223 K, which permits to use these zeolites as catalyst components.

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, , , , , , L, -2 -8 (SiO₂Al₂O₃=4–9,2). 4–10 Å 1073–1223 K, .

     

Acidity dependence of aniline alkylation activity over modified alumina+

-Al₂O₃ is modified by lithium additions and by calcination. Aniline alkylation activity over modified alumina is correlated with the Al–OH group population responsible for the acidity.

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-Al₂O₃ . Al–OH, .

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IICT Communication No.: 2824     

Kinetics of Fe3+ and Cu2+ sorption by fibrous polyampholite

The kinetics of Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ sorption from sulfate salt solutions by fibrous polyampholite have been studied.

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Fe³⁺ Cu²⁺ , .

     

Hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of methylcyclohexane-1,4-dione on Pt and Pd catalysts

Relative hydrogenation reactivity of the two carbonyl groups of methylcyclohexane-1,4-dione can be estimated beside that of two related compounds, 2- and 3-methyl-cyclohexanones. The reaction is accompanied with hydrogenolysis on Pt and Pd. The less hindered 4-carbonyl group is selectively hydrogenolyzed.

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-1,4- , 2- 3-. Pt Pd. 4- .

     

Kinetic luminescence measurements on the interaction of oxygen with oxide surfaces

The dependence of luminescence intensity on the reaction conditions on oxide surfaces permits to determine the kinetic mechanism and gas-surface interaction constants. The suggested method was realized as a computer algorithm.

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-. .

     

Quantitative DTA of epoxy adhesives of technological interest

The glass transition temperatures,T _g, and thermal effects of polymerization,H, have been determined for five epoxy adhesives of unknown composition. From the trendsH vs./t _cure it has been possible to attain a phenomenological kinetic order of the polymerization rate at 100° through an iterative calculation procedure. For most of the investigated adhesives there are reasons (double peak of polymerization and doubleT _g signal) to assume that they are graft copolymers.

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Zusammenfassung Die Glas-Übergangstemperaturen (T _g) und dieH thermische Effekte der Polymerisation wurden für fünf Epoxy-Klebstoffe unbekannter Zusammensetzung bestimmt.Aus den TrendsH gegenübert _cure war es möglich eine phenomenologische kinetische Ordnung der Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit bei 100° durch ein iteratives Berechnungsverfahren zu ermitteln.Für die meisten untersuchten Klebstoffe besteht der Grund — Doppelpeak der Polymerisation und doppeltesT _g-Signal — sie als Pfropfcopolymere zu betrachten.

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Résumé On a déterminé, pour cinq adhésifs époxy de composition inconnue, les températures de transition vitreuseT _g et les effets thermiques de polymérisationH.A partir de la variation deH en fonction du temps de recuit et par une méthode de calcul itératif, un ordre cinétique phénoménologique de la vitesse de polymérisation à 100° a pu être obtenu.Pour la plupart des adhésifs étudiés l'existence d'un pic double de polymérisation et d'une double transition vitreuseT _g permet de supposer qu'il s'agit de copolymères greffés.

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T _g H. H.-t. 100° . T _g , - .

     

Catalysts for metathesis of olefins, prepared by anchoring of MoO2(acac)2 to Al2O3

New highly active catalysts for metathesis of olefins were obtained through the interaction of bis(acetylacetonato)dioxymolybdenum(VI) with surface OH groups of -Al₂O₃ and subsequent reduction in H₂ or CO.

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()(VI) OH -Al₂O₃ H₂ CO .

     

Studies of supported catalysts for ethylene polymerization, prepared using organovanadium compounds

Catalysts containing trimethylsilyl complexes of V(IV) and (III) supported on SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, have been synthesized and examined for ethylene polymerization. The state of vanadium in solution and on the support and catalysts interaction with C₂H₄, CO, H₂ and pyridine have been studied using ESR and IR spectroscopy.

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, (IV) (III), SiO₂ Al₂O₃. , C₂H₄, CO, H₂ .

     

Mass-spectrometric analysis of polymers based on furyl alcohol-polyamic acid compositions

Polymer compositions based on furyl alcohol and polyamic acid were investigated by using mass-spectrometric thermal analysis. It was established that polyamic acid catalyses both the polycondensation of furyl alcohol and the formation of a three-dimensional network of furan polymer.

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Zusammenfassung Mittels massenspektroskopischer Thermoanalyse wurden auf Furylalkohol und Polyamidsäure basierende Polymergemische untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß Polyamidsäure sowohl die Polykondensation von Furylalkohol als auch die Bildung eines dreidimensionalen Furanraumnetzes katalysiert.

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- . , , .

     

The thermal properties of polysiloxanes poly(dimethyl siloxane) and poly(diethyl siloxane)

New measurements and literature data on polysiloxanes covering heat capacities, transition parameters, enthalpies, entropies and Gibbs energies are presented and critically reviewed. TheATHAS computation method is used to bring heat capacities into agreement with an approximate frequency spectrum. The various crystal and mesophases are discussed. TheATHAS (1990) recommended data are as follows: For poly(dimethyl siloxane) the glass transition is at 146 K with an increase in heat capacity of 29.24 J/(K mol). The completely crystalline sample melts at about 219 K with a heat of fusion of 2.75 kJ/mol. For poly(diethyl siloxane) the glass transition is at 135 K with an increase in heat capacity of 34.48 J/(K mol). The completely crystalline sample changes to a condis crystal at 206.7 K with a heat of disordering of 2.72 kJ/mol. The transition to a poorly characterized viscous crystal with thermodynamic properties close to the melt occurs at 282.7 K with an enthalpy of transition of 1.84 kJ/mol. Final fusion occurs at 308.5 K and a small endotherm of about 231 J/mol. Tables of heat capacities, enthalpies, entropies and Gibbs energies are given from 0 K to 550 K.

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Zusammenfassung Neue Messungen und Literaturangaben von Polysiloxanen über Wärmekapazität, Umwandlungsparameter, Enthalpien, Entropien und Gibbssche Energien werden vorgestellt und kritisch betrachtet. Das Rechenverfahren ATHAS wurde benutzt, um die Wärmekapazitäten mit einem annähernden Frequenzspektrum in Einklang zu bringen. Es wurden die verschiedenen Kristall- und Mesophasen diskutiert. Die von ATHAS (1990) empfohlenen Werte sind wie folgt: Für Poly(dimethylsiloxan) beträgt der Glasumwandlungspunkt 146 K bei Zunahme der Wärmekapazität um 29.24 J/(K.mol). Die vollständing kristalline Probe schmilzt bei etwa 219 K mit einer Schmelzwärme von 2.75 kJ/mol. Für Poly(diethylsiloxan) beträgt der Glasumwandlungspunkt 135 K bei Zunahme der Wärmekapazität um 34.48 J/(K.mol). Die vollständig kristalline Probe wandelt sich bei 206.7 K um, die Fehlordnungswärme beträgt 2.72 kJ/mol. Die Umwandlung in einen wenig verstandenen viskosen Kristall, dessen thermodynamische Eigenschaften denen der Schmelze gleichen, erfolgt bei 282.7 K mit einer Umwandlungsenthalpie von 1.84 kJ/mol. Letztendlich verläuft das Schmelzen bei 308.5 K mit einem kleinen endothermen Effekt von etwa 231 J/mol. Wärmekapazitäten, Enthalpien, Entropien und Gibbssche Energien sind für den Bereich 0 K–550 K tabellarisch angegeben.

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, , , , . ATHAS , - . . ATHAS (1990) : 146 29,24 / ·. 219 2,75 /. 135 34,48 /·. 206,7 2,72 /. « » 282,7 1,84 /. 308,5 231 /. , , 0–550 .

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This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, Polymers Program, Grant #DMR 83-17097 and early work of J.P.W. was supported by the Am. Chem. Soc. Petroleum Research Found, Grant 12431-AC7. In addition at Oak Ridge National Laboratory the work was sponsored by the Division of Materials Sciences, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 with Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc.     

Cluster and ligand effects in CO adsorption on high dispersity supported Ni?Cu alloys

IR spectroscopic studies of CO chemisorption on SiO₂-supported Ni and Ni–Cu microcrystals have revealed that the alloy composition affects the intensity and frequency of absorption bands of the linear form of chemisorbed CO. Chemisorbed hydrogen is shown to shift its absorption band to the high-frequency region on pure Ni and low-copper Ni–Cu alloys and does not affect it on high-copper ones. The presence of Cu in the alloy increases significantly the reactivity of chemisorbed oxygen in the reaction with CO. The results are treated in terms of the concepts of cluster and ligand effects.

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- CO SiO₂ Ni Ni–Cu. CO. CO Ni–Cu , Cu CO , Cu. Cu CO. .

     

Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of p-aminobenzoic acid by periodate ion in aqueous medium

Kinetic results of the oxidation of p-aminobenzoic acid by periodate ion in aqueous medium are discussed. A suitable mechanism based on kinetic evidence and product analysis is proposed.

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Kinetics and mechanism of the decomposition of pyrite under conventional and quasi-isothermal — quasi-isobaric thermoanalytical conditions

The kinetics and mechanism of the thermal decomposition of pyrite were examined by the method of quasi-isothermal and quasi-isobaric thermogravimetry (Q-TG). It emerged that by means of this technique the overlapping partial processes of the complicated oxidation and decomposition reactions of pyrite can be separated and studied independently from one another. It was found that the partial reactions FeS₂=FeS +S and Fe₂O_3–x(SO₄)_x=Fe₂O₃+SO₃ are endothermic processes taking place quasiisothermally and leading to equilibrium, while the oxidation FeS+O₂=Fe₂O_3–x(SO₄)_x is an exothermic process which takes place in an oscillating manner in a rather broad temperature interval.

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Zusammenfassung Autoren untersuchten die Kinetik und den Mechanismus der thermischen Zersetzung von Pyrit durch quasi-isotherme und quasi-isobare Thermogravimetrie (Q-TG). Es stellte sich heraus, daß sich überlagernde Teilprozesse der komplizierten Oxydations- und Zersetzungsprozesse von Pyrit mit Hilfe dieser Technik absondern und unabhängig voneinander untersuchen lassen. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Teilreaktionen FeS₂=FeS+S und Fe₂O_3–x(SO₄)_x=Fe₂O₃+SO₃ endotherme Prozesse sind, die quasi-isotherm verlaufen und zu einem Gleichgewicht führen, während die Oxydation FeS+O₂=Fe₂O_3–x(SO₄)_x ein exothermer Prozeß ist, der oszillierend in einem ziemlich breiten Temperaturintervall verläuft.

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(Q-) . . , FeS₂=FeS+S Fe₂O_3–x(S₂O₄)_x=Fe₂O₃+SO₃ , . FeS+O₂ =Fe₂O_3–x(SO₄)_x , .

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The authors thank Prof. E. Pungor for valuable discussions, and Mrs. M. Kiss and Miss I. Fabian for their technical assistance.     

Frequencies, anharmonicities, and dissociation energies of OH groups in H-mordenite

Harmonic frequencies, anharmonicities and dissociation energies of surface hydroxy groups in H-mordenite have been determined. The application of the Lippincott-Schroeder potential function for similar problems is proposed.

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, -. - .

     

ESR study of the reaction of substituted nitrosobenzenes with aliphatic and saturated alkylaromatic hydrocarbons

We have found that nitrosobenzenes spontaneously react with saturated hydrocarbons in the absence of oxygen and light. For interpretation of this general phenomenon a new reaction pathway has been assumed. In light of these results special care should be taken when applying nitrosobenzenes for inhibition and spin trapping as well as organic synthesis in saturated organic solvents, which are supposed to be inert.

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, . . , , , , .