三种碳材料上原位电沉积AuPt合金的催化性能

在碳纸(CP)及涂覆了碳粉科琴黑(KB)或石墨烯纳米片(GNs)的碳纸上,原位电沉积了Au Pt合金,制备成CP/Au Pt、CP/KB/Au Pt、CP/GNs/Au Pt三种空气电极。对比研究发现,以石墨烯纳米片为载体的CP/GNs/Au Pt空气电极上,Au Pt合金载量高,颗粒分散均匀,粒径约为100 nm,Au和Pt的含量分别为78.84%(n/n)和21.16%(n/n)。在0.1 mol·L-1 KOH溶液中氧还原反应的起峰电势为0.93 V,催化活性和稳定性优于其他两种空气电极。分析认为,石墨烯纳米片具有高导电性、高比表面积以及较多的缺陷活性位点,有利于Au Pt合金在其上均匀电沉积且沉积载量较高,同时GNs本身具有一定的催化活性,两者能够产生协同催化作用,提高了CP/GNs/Au Pt电极的催化性能。     

AuPt合金泡沫膜的制备及其电催化性能研究

采用阴极共沉积氢气泡动态模板法成功地制备了AuPt合金薄膜,这种三维分级多孔结构是由连通的枝晶壁构成。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分别对泡沫膜的形貌、物相、表面组成进行了表征。结果表明:由于多孔结构、电子效应和集合效应的影响,AuPt合金对甲酸的电催化氧化表现出高催化活性。     

FeCo合金纳米电催化剂制备及其性能研究

运用电化学电位阶跃技术,在玻碳基底上制得FeCo合金纳米电催化剂.XRD、SEM和TEM表征结果显示,制备的FeCo合金纳米粒子为单晶,呈立方体形貌,分布较均一,平均粒径65 nm,Fe和Co原子百分比约1∶1.电化学测试结果表明,FeCo/GC电极具有比Fe/GC电极更高的电催化活性,对亚硝酸盐还原的活性是Fe/GC电极的4.7倍.FeCo/GC电极对氧还原也表现出优异的催化性能.     

电泳沉积制备氧化石墨烯-银电极及其氧还原催化性能

通过在1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)中超声剥离氧化石墨制备出稳定的氧化石墨烯(GO)分散液,添加AgNO3使氧化石墨烯吸附Ag+而带正电荷。采用电泳沉积法使GO沉积到阴极的玻璃碳电极上,Ag+被电化学还原为单质银,均匀的分散在GO片层当中。通过AFM、SEM、Raman、XRD及元素面扫分析对制备电极的形貌、结构进行表征。在碱性环境中进行氧还原测试,结果表明GO+Ag电极的氧还原起始电位较玻璃碳电极最大正移228 mV,还原电流密度最大为7.564 mA·cm-2,是玻璃碳电极的3.4倍。通过不同转速下的线性扫描曲线绘制Koutechy-Levich图,计算氧还原反应的电子转移数为3.3。     

电泳沉积制备氧化石墨烯-银电极及其氧还原催化性能

通过在1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮（NMP）中超声剥离氧化石墨制备出稳定的氧化石墨烯（GO）分散液,添加AgNO₃使氧化石墨烯吸附Ag+而带正电荷。采用电泳沉积法使GO沉积到阴极的玻璃碳电极上,Ag+被电化学还原为单质银,均匀的分散在GO片层当中。通过AFM、SEM、Raman、XRD及元素面扫分析对制备电极的形貌、结构进行表征。在碱性环境中进行氧还原测试,结果表明GO+Ag电极的氧还原起始电位较玻璃碳电极最大正移228mV,还原电流密度最大为7.564mA·cm^-2,是玻璃碳电极的3.4倍。通过不同转速下的线性扫描曲线绘制Koutechy-Levich图,计算氧还原反应的电子转移数为3.3。     

无电沉积硼化镍材料对水氧化的电催化性能

通过无电沉积/化学镀的方法分别制得石墨烯(Graphene)、 镍网(Ni foam, NF)、 钛网(Ti mesh, TM)、 碳布(Carbon cloth, CC)负载的硼化镍材料. 其中在石墨烯基底上生长的硼化镍层由规则的纳米颗粒构成, 且均匀致密. 对几种材料在碱性条件下(1.0 mol/L KOH电解质中)的水氧化电催化性能进行了研究, 结果表明, 石墨烯基底上生长的硼化镍材料(NiB_x/graphene)具有最佳的水氧化电催化性能. 电流密度达到10 mA/cm²时的过电位仅为277 mV, 相应的Tafel斜率为57 mV/dec. 对石墨烯负载的硼化镍材料进行烧结, 测得过电位为330 mV, 与未烧结的样品相比电催化活性下降. 该方法所制的石墨烯负载的硼化镍材料兼具高电催化活性和稳定性, 为低成本、 高效率的水氧化非贵金属电催化剂的制备提供了新思路.     

三元合金氧还原电催化剂

质子交换膜燃料电池作为重要的电化学能源转换装置,在提高能量转换效率、减少环境污染等方面具有诱人的前景.然而,阴极氧还原过电位较大、活性较低、稳定性差,且铂基催化剂昂贵,使该燃料电池难以商业化.纳米结构电催化剂的发展有望解决此难题。对纳米合金电催化剂其组分和结构的设计是开发高活性、高稳定性和低成本的燃料电池电催化剂的重要因素.本文综述了近期由分子设计和热化学控制处理法制备的三元纳米合金电催化剂对燃料电池氧还原反应催化性能的最新进展.该方法可控制纳米合金的尺寸、组成以及二元和三元纳米催化剂的合金化程度.以高活性的三元纳米合金催化剂PtNiCo/C为例,综述了在设计燃料电池电催化剂时结构和组成的纳米级调优的重要性.PtNiCo/C电催化剂的质量比活性远高于其二元合金催化剂和Pt/C商业电催化剂.三元电催化剂的催化活性可通过控制其组成来调节.文章还讨论了三元纳米合金催化剂的结构及其协同效应对增强其电催化性能的影响.     

PtRu合金薄膜结构及其催化性能

采用离子束溅射技术(IBS)在碳纤维布基底上制备PtRu/C合金薄膜作为燃料电池电极催化材料. 应用XPS、XRD、GIXD、AFM等分析手段研究了PtRu薄膜表面的成分、化学状态、表面形貌以及PtRu薄膜的表层、次表层和体相的结构. 结果表明, 在双束离子沉积过程中, 由于溅射产生的Pt+和Ru+之间的相互作用, 使薄膜表面的化学状态和薄膜表层(15-40 nm范围内)结构发生了变化, 并影响PtRu薄膜的催化性能. 当xPt/xRu=0.64时, PtRu薄膜出现Ru固溶体在表层富集, 并在表层诱发形成Pt39Ru61非晶相.     

铂合金氧还原催化剂:合成、结构和性能

质子交换膜燃料电池是一种将燃料中的化学能直接转化为电能的装置,它具有转化效率高、能量密度高、低温启动、易于操作等优点,因而被认为是最具发展前景的新能源利用方式,在电动汽车、便携电源及分散式电站有着广泛应用.但是,目前质子交换膜燃料电池技术的发展面临着巨大挑战,主要问题包括高成本、低功率密度和低寿命.众所周知,质子交换膜燃料电池中的阴极氧还原反应在酸性条件下是一个复杂的四电子过程,动力学速度缓慢,限制了电池的最终性能.目前大量使用的阴极氧还原催化剂是细小的铂或铂合金纳米颗粒负载在碳载体上,其成本占燃料电池总成本的比例最大.制约燃料电池商业化发展的另一个重要问题是电池寿命低,其中氧还原催化剂的稳定性是决定电池寿命的主要因素.在这样的研究背景下,如何降低催化剂中铂的用量、提高催化剂活性和稳定性显得尤为重要,这也是近年来国内外学者研究的热点.在铂基合金催化剂中,通常采用过渡金属元素作为掺杂元素,由于原子半径不匹配(几何效应)以及电子结构不同(电子效应),合金催化剂表现出优于纯铂催化剂的催化性能.近几年,对于铂基合金催化剂的研究已取得重大进展,以合金组成和结构研究为基础,通过精确控制原子结构、调控表面电子状态以及制备工艺,获得了各种特殊形貌的催化剂,大大提高了催化活性.本文深入综述了近年来铂基合金氧还原催化剂制备、形貌和性能,特别关注了催化剂形貌和催化活性之间的关系.值得注意的是,具有有序原子排列的铂合金催化剂不仅在半电池中表现出优异活性,在实际质子交换膜燃料电池中也显示了很好的活性和稳定性.另一方面,碳载体的形貌及微观结构也对提高催化活性和稳定性起到决定性作用,通过化学手段加强金属纳米颗粒与碳载体之间的相互作用也是提高催化剂稳定性的重要途径.尽管铂基氧还原催化剂在近几年取得了重要进展,但在实际商业化过程中还存在诸多挑战,本文在综述进展的基础上,对铂基催化剂的发展提出了展望.首先,对于氧还原反应机理仍需要深入研究,采用更加精确的理论模型模拟氧还原动力学过程,以获得影响催化活性的关键因素.其次,提高催化剂在膜电极中的催化活性和利用率.目前,氧还原催化剂在半电池测试中性能优异,但是实际燃料电池操作条件下其性能远不能达到要求,这与膜电极、催化剂层及扩散层结构相关.因此,基于不同铂基催化剂的特性,合理设计膜电极组件的结构是将催化剂进行实际应用的基础.最后,催化剂的稳定性仍需进一步提高,尽管目前大部分催化剂在实验室半电池研究中表现了很好的稳定性,但在实际燃料电池中的稳定性研究还不足,而且对催化剂在膜电极中性能衰退机理的研究也非常有限.因此,对于铂基氧还原催化剂的研发仍需要国内外科研工作者不懈的努力.     

碳材料催化硝基苯还原反应

本文对碳材料(主要是碳纳米管)催化硝基苯的还原反应进行了系统研究.通过热重分析、程序升温脱附、透射电子显微镜、物理吸附以及拉曼光谱等表征,发现碳材料表面的含氧官能团在反应中起着重要的作用,而比表面、孔结构、形貌、结构缺陷以及可能存在的铁杂质对反应没有显著影响.羰基的作用非常重要,但是羧基和酸酐对反应不利.除此之外,材料的π电子体系也很关键,因为它可以传递电子,并且利于硝基苯的吸附.硝基苯还原按照直接路径进行,反应过程中生成的中间体亚硝基苯可以迅速转化为苯胺.     

The Influence of N‐doped Carbon Materials on Supported Pd: Enhanced Hydrogen Storage and Oxygen Reduction Performance

N‐doped graphene has become an important support for Pd in both hydrogen storage and catalytic reactions. The molecular orbitals of carbon materials (including graphene, fullerene, and small carbon clusters) and those of the supported Pd species will hybrid much stronger as N dopants are introduced, owing to the increased electrostatic attraction at the interface. This enhances the carbon substrates′ catching force for the supported Pd, preventing its leaching and aggregation in many practical applications. The better dispersion and stabilization of Pd nanoparticles, which are induced by various carbon supports with N‐doping, are pleasing to us and could increase their efficiency and facilitate their recycling during various reaction processes in several fields.     

Chemical Dealloying Mechanism of Bimetallic Pt–Co Nanoparticles and Enhancement of Catalytic Activity toward Oxygen Reduction

The chemical dealloying mechanism of bimetallic Pt–Co nanoparticles (NPs) and enhancement of their electrocatalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) have been investigated on a fundamental level by the combination of X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Structural parameters, such as coordination numbers, alloy extent, and the unfilled d states of Pt atoms, are derived from the XAS spectra, together with the compositional variation analyzed by line‐scanning energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) on an atomic scale, to gain new insights into the dealloying process of bimetallic Pt–Co NPs. The XAS results on acid‐treated Pt–Co/C NPs reveal that the Co–Co bonding in the bimetallic NPs dissolves first and the remaining morphology gradually transforms to a Pt‐skin structure. From cyclic voltammetry and mass activity measurements, Pt–Co alloy NPs with a Pt‐skin structure significantly enhance the catalytic performance towards the ORR. Further, it is observed that such an imperfect Pt‐skin surface feature will collapse due to the penetration of electrolyte into layers underneath and cause further dissolution of Co and the loss of Pt. The electrocatalytic activity decreases accordingly, if the dealloying process lasts for 4 h. The findings not only demonstrate the importance of appropriate treatment of bimetallic catalysts, but also can be referred to other Pt bimetallic alloys with transition metals.     

铁、氮掺杂石墨烯/碳黑复合材料的制备及氧还原电催化性能

以高含氮量的2-氨基咪唑为氮源,三氯化铁为铁源,高比表面积的KJ600碳黑为载体,通过水热法制得氨基咪唑聚合物前驱体,再经二次高温热处理,制得石墨烯/碳黑复合材料. 透射电镜表征显示该材料为石墨烯纳米片与碳黑颗粒的复合结构. BET表征表明这是一种多孔结构,具有很高的比表面积（882 m²•g^-1）,这有利于暴露更多活性位点,并促进传质. XRD证实催化剂中存在石墨烯,且石墨烯结构是在第一次热处理过程中形成的. 电化学测试表明,该催化剂在酸性和碱性介质中都具有很高的氧还原电催化活性和低H₂O₂产率,并且在碱性介质中对甲醇小分子的抗毒化性能明显优于商业Pt/C催化剂,展示出在实际燃料电池系统中的应用潜力.     

The Effect of KOH Treatment on the Chemical Structure and Electrocatalytic Activity of Reduced Graphene Oxide Materials

Reduced graphene oxide (rG‐O)‐based materials have great potential as metal‐free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) owing to their electrical and electrochemical properties and large surface area. Long‐term durability and chemical stability of the catalysts in the presence of electrolytes such as aqueous KOH solution are important for their use in practical applications. In this study, three types of rG‐O and rG‐O‐K (rG‐O after reaction with KOH) materials were synthesized. The chemical structures, surface areas, and catalytic ORR performances of the rG‐O materials were compared with those of the corresponding rG‐O‐K materials. The onset potentials of the rG‐O materials for electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen are almost the same as those of the corresponding rG‐O‐K materials; however, the current density and the number of transferred electrons are significantly reduced. These data show that the catalytic ORR performance of rG‐O‐based materials can be altered by KOH.     

Catalytic Activity of Polyaniline in the Molecular Oxygen Reduction: Its Nature and Mechanism

By comparing experiments in air and an inert atmosphere, additional evidence for the polyaniline catalytic action on the air oxygen electroreduction is obtained. The action is compared with that of graphite substrates under the same conditions. The effect of the oxygen supply method and the polyaniline film thickness (weight) on the oxygen reduction rate is evaluated. To elucidate the nature of the polyaniline catalytic activity, quantum-chemical modeling of polyaniline and its adsorption complexes with oxygen is carried out. According to calculations, molecular oxygen can be reversibly chemisorbed at the polyaniline surface that serves as a donor of electron density. The bonding order for the O₂*molecules chemisorbed at polyaniline decreases by 30% and the bond length increases by 24%. Thus, oxygen molecules acquire higher activity in a chemisorbed state and can then participate in the reduction more actively.     

FeNi Alloy Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Carbon Shells Supported on N-Doped Graphene-Like Carbon as Efficient and Stable Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysts

The development of cost-effective and durable oxygen electrocatalysts remains highly critical but challenging for energy conversion and storage devices. Herein, a novel FeNi alloy nanoparticle core encapsulated in carbon shells supported on a N-enriched graphene-like carbon matrix (denoted as FeNi@C/NG) was constructed by facile pyrolyzing the mixture of metal salts, glucose, and dicyandiamide. The in situ pyrolysis of dicyandiamide in the presence of glucose plays a significant effect on the fabrication of the porous FeNi@C/NG with a high content of doped N and large specific surface area. The optimized FeNi@C/NG catalyst displays not only a superior catalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR, with an onset potential of 1.0 V and half-wave potential of 0.84 V) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER, the potential at 10 mA cm⁻² is 1.66 V) simultaneously in alkaline, but also outstanding long-term cycling durability. The excellent bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalytic performance is ascribed to the synergism of the carbon shell and FeNi alloy core together with the high-content of nitrogen doped on the large specific surface area graphene-like carbon.     

Solvent-Free Synthesis of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks and the Catalytic Properties of Their Carbon Materials

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are traditionally synthesized solvothermally by using cost- and waste-incurring organic solvents. Here, a direct synthesis method is reported for ZIF-8, ZIF-67, and their heterometallic versions from solid precursors only. This solvent-free crystallization method not only completely avoids organic solvents, but also provides an effective path for the synthesis of homogeneous mixed-metal ZIFs. Furthermore, under templating by NaCl/ZnCl₂ eutectic salt, carbonization of the ZIF materials gives rise to a series of N-containing high-surface-area carbon materials with impressive catalytic properties for the oxygen reduction reaction.     

耐甲醇碳载酞菁-铂纳米复合物催化电极

本文报导了一种H2Pc-Pt/C纳米复合物电化学催化剂,采用TEM、XRD、ICP对其组成与结构进行了表征. 在含有0.5 M甲醇的硫酸溶液中,H2Pc-Pt/C-Nafion?催化电极催化氧还原反应的起始电位比由商购Pt/C-JM与Nafion?制备的Pt/C-JM-Nafion?催化电极提高了200 mV,其催化氧还原反应的比活性是Pt/C-JM-Nafion?催化电极的7倍,表明其具有优良的耐醇性和对氧还原反应的高催化活性及良好的选择性. 不同于FePc,H2Pc与Nafion?在乙醇中不能形成可溶性配合物,H2Pc-Pt/C-Nafion?催化电极的耐醇性主要得益于H2Pc微晶的覆盖作用和H2Pc微晶/Pt边界上活性位点对氧还原反应的高催化活性及良好的选择性.     

碳纳米管负载金属卟啉电催化剂制备及其催化活性

采用微波合成法制备了多壁碳纳米管负载钴卟啉(CoTMPP/MWNT)电催化剂,利用透射电子显微镜对催化剂微观结构进行了表征,并通过旋转圆盘和旋转环盘技术对电催化剂的氧还原活性进行了评价.结果表明,与有机回流合成法制备的催化剂相比,微波法合成的CoTMPP/MWNT催化剂具有更好的氧还原性能,半波电位正向移动110mV;与多孔碳为载体的CoTMPP/BP2000催化剂相比,多壁碳纳米管为载体的CoTMPP/MWNT电催化剂的起始电位高10mV,还原电流损失低21%,表现出更好的氧还原活性和稳定性.在CoTMPP/MWNT电催化剂表面进行的氧还原过程中电子转移数为3·6,H2O2生成量为18%.MWNT独特的电子特性、强抗腐蚀能力及其与活性钴离子之间的相互作用有助于改善催化剂的氧化还原性能.