Theory of the time reversal cavity for electromagnetic fields

We derive a general expression of the electric dyadic Green function in a time-reversal cavity, based on vector diffraction theory in the frequency domain. Our theory gives a rigorous framework to time-reversal experiments using electromagnetic waves and suggests a methodology to design structures generating subwavelength focusing after time reversal.     

时间反演脉冲电磁波在双负材料中传播特性研究

利用全时域电磁仿真技术, 对比研究了时间反演脉冲电磁波和脉冲电磁波透过Smith结构双负材料后的时域波形、脉宽压缩以及材料内部空间电场峰值强度分布等时域传播特性. 结果表明：时间反演脉冲电磁波在透过双负材料后, 在初始源激励处表现出良好的时间和空间聚焦特性. 更重要的是, 在双负材料内部, 观测到了电场峰值强度减弱、截面电场峰值强度趋向均衡分布等新型的物理现象. 这些物理现象对发展能够承受大功率新型的双负材料电子器件及其应用系统很有参考研究价值.     

Ku/K波段双频涡旋电磁阵列天线设计

涡旋电磁波具有携带轨道角动量的特性,利用这一特性,采用涡旋电磁波作为信号的载体,可以实现同一时间、同一频段的多路信号传输,极大地提高系统容量和频带利用率。以同轴馈电的半圆型开槽微带天线为单元,设计出了一种能工作在Ku波段和K波段的涡旋电磁阵列天线。使用三维电磁场仿真软件建模并且优化参数,最终得到在中心频率分别为17.1 GHz和19.7 GHz时,阵列天线产生的电磁波携带有轨道角动量。结论表明:该阵列天线能够产生双频涡旋电磁波。     

Time-reversed waves and super-resolution

Time-reversal mirrors (TRMs) refocus an incident wavefield to the position of the original source regardless of the complexity of the propagation medium. TRMs have now been implemented in a variety of physical scenarios from GHz microwaves to MHz ultrasonics and to hundreds of Hz in ocean acoustics. Common to this broad range of scales is a remarkable robustness exemplified by observations at all scales that the more complex the medium (random or chaotic), the sharper the focus. A TRM acts as an antenna that uses complex environments to appear wider than it is, resulting for a broadband pulse, in a refocusing quality that does not depend on the TRM aperture.Moreover, when the complex environment is located in the near field of the source, time-reversal focusing opens completely new approaches to super-resolution. We will show that, for a broadband source located inside a random metamaterial, a TRM located in the far field radiated a time-reversed wave that interacts with the random medium to regenerate not only the propagating but also the evanescent waves required to refocus below the diffraction limit. This focusing process is very different from that developed with superlenses made of negative index material only valid for narrowband signals. We will emphasize the role of the frequency diversity in time-reversal focusing. To cite this article: M. Fink et al., C. R. Physique 10 (2009).     

H$lt;em$gt;T$lt;/em$gt;$lt;sub$gt;c$lt;/sub$gt;SQUID低频通信接收机和穿墙通信接收实验

试验了一种能够在含水的岩层、土壤甚至海水中建立起无线通信的系统和方法.该系统的关键部件,高灵敏接收前端和接收机使用的是商品级高温超导量子干涉仪（high critical temperature superconducting quantum interference device,HT_cSQUID）磁强计和商用高速、高精度数据采集处理系统. 目前在从30 Hz到100 kHz频段内,商品级HT_cSQUID磁强计可以提供优于100 fT/Hz^1/2的内秉磁场噪声谱密度,同时商用数据采集处理系统可通过软件实现对传输信息的调制、采集、解调和分析. 利用低频电磁波在导电介质中有较大穿透深度以及HT_cSQUID磁强计低频磁场灵敏度高、体积小的特点,对于一种能在地下（岩石和土壤）和水下（海水）环境中使用的可移动式低频无线电通讯系统实现的可行性,进行了初步讨论. 使用面积等于1 m²的方形线圈作为测试信号的辐射体（发射天线）,将SQUID磁强计的传感器封闭在一个能对超低频测试信号提供较大衰减的电磁屏蔽体中,成功地接收到了发射线圈辐射的99 Hz调幅信号.因此证明,采用HT_cSQUID技术,可以在地面与数百米深的地下建立起有实用价值的无线电通信. 关键词： T_cSQUID磁强计')" href="#">HT_cSQUID磁强计 低频电磁波 低频无线电通讯     

外加电磁窗减缓再入飞行器的通信中断

为解决再入过程中的黑障问题,在前期磁窗天线增强等离子体透波特性研究基础上,开展了外加电磁窗影响研究,磁体为钕铁硼,外加电压为100 V。利用不同飞行高度下的流场数据,对不加电磁场、外加磁场和外加正交电场与磁场影响下的流场进行数值模拟,对比不同参数设置下天线窗口处的电子密度和电磁波衰减常数,分析了再入飞行器的飞行高度、天线窗位置、电磁波频率、电子密度和碰撞频率等参数对电磁窗天线性能的影响。从分析结果可以看出,外加正交电场与磁场对于减缓再入过程中黑障的效果优于仅外加磁场,通过合理选择电磁窗的工作状态和参数可以改变等离子体的分布特性和介电参数,能够有效地增强电磁波在等离子体鞘套中的传输,为解决和减缓通信中断问题提供了一种可能的途径。     

基于时间反转理论的聚焦Lamb波结构损伤成像

从理论和实验上研究了时间反转法在频散和多模式的Lamb波结构健康检测方面的应用.当Lamb波在包含有损伤的板类结构中传播时,损伤的存在表现为一个被动波源.采用分布式传感器网络,基于传递函数的观点,通过推导由损伤这个被动波源产生的时间反转波场幅值的表达式,证实了当观察点位于损伤位置时,时间反转波场的幅值最大.为验证时间反转方法的聚焦效应,提出了一种适合于分布的激励/接收传感器网络的成像方法,该方法可以对损伤定位并近似确定损伤尺寸.结合有限元的实验结果显示了Lamb波检测信号的能量可在损伤处聚焦,表明时间反转     

基于单层反射超表面的宽带圆极化高增益天线设计

基于Pancharatnam-Berry相位原理, 设计了一种宽带圆极化反射聚焦超表面并将其应用到提高天线增益中. 首先提出了一种变形十字超表面单元, 在11-16 GHz频带范围内能够实现高效同极化转换, 并基于该单元构建了宽带反射聚焦超表面. 仿真结果表明, 垂直入射的右旋圆极化平面波宽带聚焦效果明显. 然后利用单向阿基米德螺旋天线对超表面进行照射, 其辐射的球面波经超表面反射后得到了近平面波, 有效地提高了天线的增益. 最终对所设计的天线系统进行加工并测试, 结果表明系统的-1 dB增益带宽达到25% (12.5-16 GHz), 在该频带范围内峰值增益均高于19 dBc且轴比小于3 dB. 此外, 在12-15.5 GHz范围内天线口径效率均超过50%.     

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The characteristic of electromagnetic scattering by plasma cylinder is researched in this paper. Scattered fields of the parallel-polarized wave and vertical-polarized wave by plasma cylinder are calculated and analyzed. The calculated results show that the higher the electron density, is the greater the scattering intensity in the outside of the cylinder and the higher the plasma frequency of collision, is the smaller the scattering intensity in the outside of the column. In addition, the electromagnetic wave polarization and frequency of the incident wave also have a significant impact on the scattering intensity of electromagnetic waves, the vertically polarized wave is more likely to be scattered, and the lower frequency of the incident wave is also easier to scattering. These have certain reference value for designing and studying of the plasma antenna.     

SSC直线注入器RFQ腔体多物理场分析

SSC-LINAC是为兰州重离子研究装置（HIRFL）设计的直线注入器,它将U34+离子加速到1 MeV/u注入到分离扇回旋加速器（SSC）中,为冷却储存环（CSR）提供10 MeV/u的U34+。该注入器可以将SSC引出的重离子流强提高一个量级以上。SSC-LINAC由一个RFQ（Radio Frequency Quadrupole）加速器和4个DTL（drift tube linac）组成,设计频率为53.667 MHz。RFQ工作在连续波模式,设计功率30 kW,如果不能有效地冷却,高频电流在电极表面产生的热量会使RFQ的腔壁和电极发生形变,从而导致腔体频率的漂移以及加速和聚焦电场的改变。因此,为了保证连续波工作的RFQ加速器稳定运行,对水冷模式和通道设计提出了很高的要求。作者用有限元软件ANSYS对RFQ进行高频电磁场、温度场、结构应力的耦合分析,验证了冷却方案设计的可行性和可靠性。Heavy Ion Research Facility at Lanzhou(HIRFL) consists of SFC, SSC, CSRm and CSRe. A new linac injector, which will increase U34+ to 1 MeV/u, is designed for SSC to increase the beam intensity to ten times higher. The new injector, whose frequency is 53.667 MHz, is composed by a RFQ (Radio Frequency Quadrupole) cavity and four DTL(Drift Tube Linac) cavities. The RFQ cavity, whose RF power is 30 kW, is operated at CW(continuous wave) mode. The heat produced by HF (high frequency) electromagnetic will cause deformation of RFQ structure, lead to the resonant frequency shift, and reduce the focusing efficiency of the cavity. An efficient cooling system is necessary to ensure that the RFQ cavity can stably be operated at the nominal frequency. A detailed multi-physics field coupling analysis of RFQ has been finished with 3D finite elements software ANSYS. The result of the analysis shows that the water cooling system can cool the RFQ cavity fully and keep the frequency drift be in a acceptable level.     

天线阻抗特性对开关振荡器输出脉冲的影响

以单锥天线和螺旋天线作为开关振荡器辐射天线为例,采用等效电路模型和商业电磁仿真软件,分别对天线末端电压振荡信号和辐射电场脉冲进行了研究。研究结果表明:采用行波天线或者电长度与振荡器一致的振子天线作为辐射天线,都能够产生中心频率与振荡器本征频率一致的电磁脉冲信号;但采用振子天线时,振荡信号持续时间较短(Q值较低),频谱上能量较分散,带宽较宽,而采用行波天线则脉冲持续时间较长(Q值较高),频谱上能量较集中,带宽较窄。     

经颅超声聚焦方法和声场特性研究

基于高分辨的CT数据建立了非均匀颅骨仿真模型,该模型引入了颅骨的声衰减系数,深入研究和分析了声波时间反转法和超声相控阵法在颅脑中的聚焦方法及效果。颅骨具有较强的声波衰减特性,使用时间反转聚焦时需要进行幅度补偿,对于0.7MHz的频率信号,幅度补偿后的时间反转聚焦声场主瓣宽度窄、旁瓣低,焦点处声场比无幅度补偿的时间反转法提高8.86dB,比超声相控阵聚焦法提高7.89dB,具有很好的空间聚焦精度和聚焦效率。研究了颅骨衰减系数、声场焦点位置、声波频率、换能器阵列位置和方位等参数对聚焦声场的影响,结果表明,幅度补偿时间反转法比相控阵法具有更低的旁瓣,且高频时的聚焦效果比相控阵好,相控阵聚焦对换能器阵列的位置和方位比较敏感,而时间反转经颅超声聚焦对声传播路径和入射角具有更高的鲁棒性。      

Sound focusing in rooms: the time-reversal approach

New perspectives in audible range acoustics, such as virtual sound space creation and active noise control, rely on the ability of the rendering system to recreate precisely a desired sound field. This ability to control sound in a given volume of a room is directly linked to the capacity to focus acoustical energy both in space and time. However, sound focusing in rooms remains a complicated problem, essentially because of the multiple reflections on obstacles and walls occurring during propagation. In this paper, the technique of time-reversal focusing, well known in ultrasound, is experimentally applied to audible range acoustics. Compared to classical focusing techniques such as delay law focusing, time reversal appears to considerably improve quality of both temporal and spatial focusing. This so-called super-resolution phenomenon is due to the ability of time reversal to take into account all of the different sound paths between the emitting antenna and the focal point, thus creating an adaptive spatial and temporal matched filter for the considered propagation medium. Experiments emphasize the strong robustness of time-reversal focusing towards small modifications in the medium, such as people in motion or temperature variations. Sound focusing through walls using the time-reversal approach is also experimentally demonstrated.     

Integration of a field-effect-transistor terahertz detector with a diagonal horn antenna

Efficient coupling of terahertz electromagnetic wave with the active region in a terahertz detector is required to enhance the optical sensitivity. In this work, we demonstrate direct integration of a field-effect-transistor(FET) terahertz detector chip at the waveguide port of a horn antenna. Although the integration without a proper backshot is rather preliminary, the noise-equivalent power is greatly reduced from 2.7 nW/Hz~(1/2) for the bare detector chip to 76 pW/Hz~(1/2) at340 GHz. The enhancement factor of about 30 is confirmed by simulations revealing the effective increase in the energy flux density seen by the detector. The simulation further confirms the frequency response of the horn antenna and the onchip antennas. A design with the detector chip fully embedded within a waveguide cavity could be made to further enhance the coupling efficiency.     

一种用于时间反演通信的亚波长天线阵列设计

基于时间反演电磁波的远场超分辨聚焦特性, 设计了一种亚波长天线阵列, 其天线单元刻蚀有微结构、单元间距为1/20工作波长且信道相互独立. 在保证相似的辐射特性的条件下, 该亚波长天线阵列对比于其他微结构刻蚀所组成的亚波长天线阵列, 具有较好的远场超分辨率聚焦特性. 为基于时间反演的高速率、高质量多天线通信提供了一种有效的终端天线阵列.     

基于左手材料的高增益双频带微带天线

左手材料具有平板透镜聚焦效应,突破电磁波的衍射极限实现倏逝波的放大,其覆盖于微带天线上方,可以提高天线增益。设计了一种应用于UHF和WLAN的双频微带天线,通过在接地板上刻蚀"己"字形弯折缝隙的方法实现双频谐振。为了改善微带天线低频段的增益,设计了一种新型的哑铃型结构双频段左手材料,将其作为微带天线的覆层。测试结果表明,覆层左手材料微带天线的低频段和高频段的峰值增益分别为2.1dBi和7.4dBi。     

基于时间反演技术的电磁器件端口场与内部场转换方法

随着电磁器件的集成化,器件搭载的模块、实现的功能愈发多样.各模块间的耦合难以忽略,设计难度陡然增加,传统设计方法逐渐力不从心,迫切需要寻找一种新的电磁综合设计方法.本文利用时间反演电磁波的时空同步聚焦特性,探索了将时间反演技术应用于器件设计的可能性.首先,基于通用的器件逆设计流程,利用时间反演技术、并矢格林函数及电磁学的基本原理,提出了将器件端口场分布转换为内部场分布的方法,并证明由端口期望场的时间反演场在空间某一位置获得的连续等效源的共轭分布可在端口处产生与期望场接近的场分布.且在单点频逆设计过程中,只需知道端口电场或磁场的切向分量即可完成端口场与内部场的转换.同时,借助格林函数的互易性对本文所提理论做适当变换后,进行数值仿真验证,分析讨论了不同初始信息条件下该方法的适用性.仿真结果与理论相符,证明了理论的正确性,为将时间反演技术应用于电磁器件的逆设计提供了可能.     

Time-reversal analysis for scatterer characterization

A new application of time-reversal processing of wave scattering data permits characterization of scatterers by analyzing the number and nature of the singular functions (or eigenfunctions) associated with individual scatterers when they have multiple contributions from monopole, dipole, and/or quadrupole scattering terms. We discuss acoustic, elastic, and electromagnetic scattering problems for low frequencies. Specific examples for electromagnetic scattering from one of a number of small conducting spheres show that each sphere can have up to six distinct time-reversal eigenfunctions associated with it.     

Theoretical study of two-element array of equilateral triangular patch microstrip antenna on ferrite substrate

The radiation characteristics of a two-element array of equilateral triangular patch microstrip antenna on a ferrite substrate are studied theoretically by considering the presence of bias magnetic field in the direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves. It is found that the natural modes of propagation in the direction of magnetic field are left- and right-circularly polarized waves and these modes have different propagation constants. In loss-less isotropic warm plasma, this array antenna geometry excites both electromagnetic (EM) and electroacoustic plasma (P) waves in addition to a nonradiating surface wave. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the EM- and P-waves can be decoupled into two independent modes, the electroacoustic mode is longitudinal while the electromagnetic mode is transverse. The far-zone EM-mode and P-mode radiation fields are derived using vector wave function techniques and pattern multiplication approaches. The results are obtained in both plasma medium and free space. Some important antenna parameters such as radiation conductance, directivity and quality factor are plotted for different values of plasma-to-source frequency.     

Enhancement of image quality by using metamaterial inspired energy harvester

Metamaterial energy harvester based subwavelength imaging structure is presented. Besides, 2×2 array patch antenna is designed to create incident radiated signal towards the proposed harvester structure. Harvested energy is converted to DC voltage signal by using Schottky diodes and each cell is represented by 256 grey levelled pixel value. Therefore, any incident electromagnetic wave placed in the operating frequency range can be monitorized. In the experimental study, experiments are realized with and without antenna to investigate the effects of instantaneous electromagnetic waves and the observed images. Afterwards, another experiment is conducted to observe the effects of metal plate which is located between the antenna and the harvester structure. The last experiment is performed by using a Yagi Uda antenna for sub-wavelength imaging. The proposed harvester structure can be used in various applications such as energy harvesting, incident wave tracing, crack detection, spy device detection, medical imaging, and so on.