间接驱动的内爆不对称性随腔长和时间变化的研究

在激光间接驱动惯性约束聚变中, 为达到高密度压缩以实现点火, 对靶丸内爆对称性和黑腔辐射场均匀性有严格的要求. 为了研究内爆不对称性随腔长和时间的变化, 实验中采用了三种不同尺寸的黑腔, 利用X光分幅相机观测了靶丸燃料区自发光, 获得了压缩变形过程和椭圆度变化规律, 初步判断了在三种腔型中腔长1700 μm 的黑腔较接近神光Ⅲ原型装置内爆对称性要求. 根据视角因子程序计算得到辐射流不对称性随时间变化情况, 通过一个简化的解析模型推导出内爆形变不对称性随时间变化过程, 与实验结果大致符合. 由此进一步分析了黑腔辐射场不均匀性的演化导致内爆不对称性随腔长和时间变化的物理机制. 关键词： 内爆不对称性 黑腔辐射场不均匀性 腔长 视角因子程序     

Studies of plastic-ablator compressibility for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion on OMEGA

The compression of planar plastic targets was studied with x-ray radiography in the range of laser intensities of I approximately 0.5 to 1.5x10(15) W/cm2 using square (low-compression) and shaped (high-compression) pulses. Two-dimensional simulations with the radiative hydrocode DRACO show good agreement with measurements at laser intensities up to I approximately 10(15) W/cm2. These results provide the first experimental evidence for low-entropy, adiabatic compression of plastic shells in the laser intensity regime relevant to direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. A density reduction near the end of the drive at a high intensity of I approximately 1.5x10(15) W/cm2 has been correlated with the hard x-ray signal caused by hot electrons from two-plasmon-decay instability.     

激光间接驱动惯性约束聚变内爆物理实验研究

激光间接驱动惯性约束聚变利用辐射烧蚀驱动靶丸球形内爆,在减速阶段将内爆动能转化成热斑内能,同时压缩燃料,达到点火条件,实现聚变点火。根据目前认识,影响内爆压缩过程的主要因素包括内爆对称性、燃料熵增因子、内爆速度和混合。内爆物理实验研究的目的是发展对上述影响因素的实验表征方法,获取这些影响因素随靶设计参数的变化规律,建立相应的实验调控能力,最终达到不断提升内爆性能的目的。为此,在内爆对称性方面,开展了Bi球自发光实验,用于研究点火脉冲前2 ns驱动不对称性;在内爆速度方面,开展了球面弯晶单能流线实验,测量得到内爆速度和剩余质量随时间的变化;在混合方面,开展了内壳层示踪涂层内爆混合实验,测量得到环形发光图像。为考察综合内爆性能,在神光Ⅱ和神光Ⅲ原型装置上开展了DT内爆实验,获得了中子产额随初始靶参数的变化规律。     

激光间接驱动惯性约束聚变内爆物理实验研究

激光间接驱动惯性约束聚变利用辐射烧蚀驱动靶丸球形内爆,在减速阶段将内爆动能转化成热斑内能,同时压缩燃料,达到点火条件,实现聚变点火。根据目前认识,影响内爆压缩过程的主要因素包括内爆对称性、燃料熵增因子、内爆速度和混合。内爆物理实验研究的目的是发展对上述影响因素的实验表征方法,获取这些影响因素随靶设计参数的变化规律,建立相应的实验调控能力,最终达到不断提升内爆性能的目的。为此,在内爆对称性方面,开展了Bi球自发光实验,用于研究点火脉冲前2ns驱动不对称性;在内爆速度方面,开展了球面弯晶单能流线实验,测量得到内爆速度和剩余质量随时间的变化;在混合方面,开展了内壳层示踪涂层内爆混合实验,测量得到环形发光图像。为考察综合内爆性能,在神光Ⅱ和神光Ⅲ原型装置上开展了DT内爆实验,获得了中子产额随初始靶参数的变化规律。     

ICF内爆靶丸能流分布三维数值仿真

针对惯性约束聚变(ICF)两区均匀模型中靶丸表面能流分布问题,采用三维离散视角因子方法进行模拟仿真。对辐照过程中出现腔壁自身遮挡的面元,利用四叉树结构进行快速剔除;实现了GPU上的靶丸能流分布的并行计算。基于该方法开发的三维仿真软件IRAD3D 1.0,其有效性通过与解析解的对比得到了验证。不同算例模型的仿真结果表明了软件具有通用性、高效性,给出了靶丸均匀性分析的应用实例。     

ICF内爆靶丸能流分布三维数值仿真

针对惯性约束聚变(ICF)两区均匀模型中靶丸表面能流分布问题,采用三维离散视角因子方法进行模拟仿真。对辐照过程中出现腔壁自身遮挡的面元,利用四叉树结构进行快速剔除;实现了GPU上的靶丸能流分布的并行计算。基于该方法开发的三维仿真软件IRAD3D 1.0,其有效性通过与解析解的对比得到了验证。不同算例模型的仿真结果表明了软件具有通用性、高效性,给出了靶丸均匀性分析的应用实例。     

Progress in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion research at the laboratory for laser energetics

Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is expected to demonstrate high gain on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in the next decade and is a leading candidate for inertial fusion energy production. The demonstration of high areal densities in hydrodynamically scaled cryogenic DT or D₂ implosions with neutron yields that are a significant fraction of the “clean” 1-D predictions will validate the ignition-equivalent direct-drive target performance on the OMEGA laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE). This paper highlights the recent experimental and theoretical progress leading toward achieving this validation in the next few years. The NIF will initially be configured for X-ray drive and with no beams placed at the target equator to provide a symmetric irradiation of a direct-drive capsule. LLE is developing the “polar-direct-drive” (PDD) approach that repoints beams toward the target equator. Initial 2-D simulations have shown ignition. A unique “Saturn-like” plastic ring around the equator refracts the laser light incident near the equator toward the target, improving the drive uniformity. LLE is currently constructing the multibeam, 2.6-kJ/beam, petawatt laser system OMEGA EP. Integrated fast-ignition experiments, combining the OMEGA EP and OMEGA Laser Systems, will begin in FY08.     

Geant4在惯性约束聚变内爆物理中的应用

基于Geant4建立了内爆物理实验多种诊断设备的全三维仿真模型,包括中子成像系统、用于硬X射线诊断的滤波应光谱仪、楔形滤片质子能谱仪、化学气相沉积金刚石探测器(CVD)等。根据Geant4仿真模拟的数据,建立了合适的解谱及图像还原算法,优化了系统设计,从理论上预估了诊断设备的诊断能力。此外仿真数据亦用于设计实验方案,建立诊断设备的标定方法等。     

Geant4在惯性约束聚变内爆物理中的应用

基于Geant4建立了内爆物理实验多种诊断设备的全三维仿真模型,包括中子成像系统、用于硬X射线诊断的滤波应光谱仪、楔形滤片质子能谱仪、化学气相沉积金刚石探测器(CVD)等。根据Geant4仿真模拟的数据,建立了合适的解谱及图像还原算法,优化了系统设计,从理论上预估了诊断设备的诊断能力。此外仿真数据亦用于设计实验方案,建立诊断设备的标定方法等。     

Monoenergetic-proton-radiography measurements of implosion dynamics in direct-drive inertial-confinement fusion

Time-gated, monoenergetic radiography with 15-MeV protons provides unique measurements of implosion dynamics in direct-drive inertial-confinement fusion. Images obtained during acceleration, coasting, deceleration, and stagnation display a comprehensive picture of spherical implosions. Critical information inferred from such images, hitherto unavailable, characterizes the spatial structure and temporal evolution of self-generated fields and plasma areal density. Results include the first observation of a radial electric field inside the imploding capsule. It is initially directed inward (at approximately 10(9) V/m), eventually reverses direction ( approximately 10(8) V/m), and is the probable consequence of the evolution of the electron pressure gradient.     

Saturation of the two-plasmon decay instability in long-scale-length plasmas relevant to direct-drive inertial confinement fusion

Measurements of the hot-electron generation by the two-plasmon-decay instability are made in plasmas relevant to direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. Density-scale lengths of 400 μm at n(cr)/4 in planar CH targets allowed the two-plasmon-decay instability to be driven to saturation for vacuum intensities above ~3.5×10(14) W cm(-2). In the saturated regime, ~1% of the laser energy is converted to hot electrons. The hot-electron temperature is measured to increase rapidly from 25 to 90 keV as the laser beam intensity is increased from 2 to 7×10(14) W cm(-2). This increase in the hot-electron temperature is compared with predictions from nonlinear Zakharov models.     

惯性约束聚变实验中的层析成像技术研究

文章对惯性约束聚变(ICF)中的多方位成像的层析技术(CT)和编码成像技术在激光等离子体实验中的应用进行了研究．作者完成了以下工作：建立了多方位层析成像系统，自行编制三维图像重建的软件；采用三个方位的针孔相机对爆推爆靶内爆压缩过程进行成像，同时成功地获得了三个针孔图像，得到的直径压缩比约为3．且压缩的对称性很好；采用编码成像技术，在“神光Ⅱ”上成功地验证了菲涅耳波带片的可行性应用，并建立了激光热核聚变产生的α粒子和腔靶超热电子的菲涅耳波带片成像系统，获得了热核反应区的α粒子图像，并首次得到了厚壁腔靶的超热X射线图像．     

惯性约束聚变反应速率测量

聚变反应速率是表征惯性约束聚变热核反应的重要参数,为测量聚变反应速率,研制了一套由闪烁体及鼻锥部分、光学系统和条纹相机组成的测量系统。在神光Ⅲ原型装置上利用新研制的聚变反应速率测量系统进行了聚变反应速率测量。在DT中子产额约为1010条件下,首次获得了聚变反应速率随时间的变化过程。对影响聚变反应速率测量的相关因素进行详细分析后表明,系统的时间分辨力优于30 ps。     

Choice of targets for inertial confinement fusion

We propose a simple target in the form of a miniature torus, in which the heavy shell is used to confine the plasma spread, for a solution of the laser-fusion problem. We achieve a significant decrease of heat losses using an external magnetic field and/or as a result of a self-sustaining magnetic field that is generated in the plasma. We formulate the conditions and determine the energy of the laser pulse (or of a beam of fast charged particles) required to ignite a thermonuclear DD reaction and obtain a positive energy yield. We show that the stopping range of α-particles does not exceed the small radius of the torus within a broad range of the plasma and magnetic-field parameters.     

惯性约束聚变反应速率测量

 聚变反应速率是表征惯性约束聚变热核反应的重要参数,为测量聚变反应速率,研制了一套由闪烁体及鼻锥部分、光学系统和条纹相机组成的测量系统。在神光Ⅲ原型装置上利用新研制的聚变反应速率测量系统进行了聚变反应速率测量。在DT中子产额约为10¹⁰条件下,首次获得了聚变反应速率随时间的变化过程。对影响聚变反应速率测量的相关因素进行详细分析后表明,系统的时间分辨力优于30 ps。     

视角因子方法在间接驱动ICF中的应用

采用视角因子方法,对间接驱动惯性约束聚变(ICF)过程中从腔内壁辐射到靶丸表面的辐射进行了计算,并分析了激光原型装置上的一个实验的对称性环境。间接驱动ICF系统的不对称性一般来自于激光焦斑和腔体的几何结构,利用视角因子方法,计算X光能量在腔体内的强度分布,将靶丸表面的驱动对称性表示成腔体结构和激光焦斑几何参数的函数。结果表明,采用该方法的程序模拟能够评估腔靶设计的主要参数。     

视角因子方法在间接驱动ICF中的应用

采用视角因子方法,对间接驱动惯性约束聚变(ICF)过程中从腔内壁辐射到靶丸表面的辐射进行了计算,并分析了激光原型装置上的一个实验的对称性环境。间接驱动ICF系统的不对称性一般来自于激光焦斑和腔体的几何结构,利用视角因子方法,计算X光能量在腔体内的强度分布,将靶丸表面的驱动对称性表示成腔体结构和激光焦斑几何参数的函数。结果表明,采用该方法的程序模拟能够评估腔靶设计的主要参数。     

Intense ion beams for inertial confinement fusion

Intense beams of light and heavy ions are being studied as inertial confinement fusion (ICF) drivers for high yield and energy. Heavy and light ions have common interests in beam transport, targets, and alternative accelerators. Self-pinched transport is being jointly studied. This article reviews the development of intense ion beams for ICF. Light-ion drivers are highlighted because they are compact, modular, efficient and low cost. Issues facing light ions are: (1) decreasing beam divergence; (2) increasing beam brightness; and (3) demonstrating self-pinched transport. Applied-B ion diodes are favored because of efficiency, beam brightness, perceived scalability, achievable focal intensity, and multistage capability. A light-ion concept addressing these issues uses: (1) an injector divergence of ⩽24 mrad at 9 MeV; (2) two-stage acceleration to reduce divergence to ⩽12 mrad at 35 MeV; and (3) self-pinched transport accepting divergences up to 12 mrad. Substantial progress in ion-driven target physics and repetitive ion diode technology is also presented. Z-pinch drivers are being pursued as the shortest pulsed power path to target physics experiments and high-yield fusion. However, light ions remain the pulsed power ICF driver of choice for high-yield fusion energy applications that require driver standoff and repetitive operation