Quantum limits and symphotonic states in free-mass gravitational-wave antennae

Quantum mechanics sets severe limits on the sensitivity and required circulating energy in traditional free-mass gravitational-wave antennae. One possible way to avoid these restrictions is the use of intracavity QND measurements. We analyze a new QND observable, which possesses a number of features that make it a promising candidate for such measurements, and propose a practical scheme for the realization of this measurement. In combination with an advanced coordinate meter, this scheme makes it possible to lower substantially the requirements on the circulating power.     

Approximate Real–Time Visualization of a Quantum Transition by Means of Continuous Fuzzy Measurement

For the detection of gravitational waves the quantum mechanical properties of the detector have to be taken into account. Not all gravitational wave detectors allow a quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement. Continuous weak or fuzzy measurements are an alternative to study the evolution of a quantum mechanical system under the influence of an external field. In the present paper we investigate this alternative by applying it to a simplified system. We numerically simulate continuous fuzzy measurements of the oscillations of a two-level atom subjected to a resonant external light field. We thereby address the question whether it is possible to measure characteristic features of the evolution of a single quantum system in real time without relying on a QND scheme. We compare two schemes of continuous measurement: continuous measurement with constant fuzziness and with fuzziness changing in the course of the measurement. Because the sensitivity of the two-level atom to the influence of the measurement depends on the state of the atom, it is possible to optimize the continuous fuzzy measurement by varying its fuzziness.     

Quantum Nondemolition Measurement in Two-Photon Optical Bistability

We evaluate the effectiveness of the quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement scheme in an effective two-level atomic configuration by using the input-output formalism and the quantum regression theorem. The QND capability can be promoted greatly as the cavity detuning is swept towards the bistability threshold.     

The scheme of QND meter of microwave quadrature amplitude

 We propose a new scheme of QND measurement in microwave band. It is shown that with deflection of electron beam in the electric field of a microwave resonator it is possible to measure quadrature amplitude of oscillations with the precision substantially exceeding the standard quantum limit. Estimates for the parameters of the experimental setup are presented. Received: 27 March 1996/Revised version: 5 August 1996     

光学简并参量振荡中的量子非破坏性测量

应用非线性量子光学的全量子理论,对光学简并参量振荡中的量子非破坏性测量(QND)问题进行了研究.发现测量系统在共振情况下,在阈值附近存在着最佳的QND测量;而在失谐情况下,系统的最佳QND测量位于非线性共振点(NDR). 关键词： 量子光学 非线性共振 光学参量振荡     

A ponderomotive scheme for QND measurement of quadrature component

We propose a scheme for quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement of the quadrature component of a traveling wave, which uses the nonlinear ponderomotive interaction of electromagnetic waves reflected from a movable mirror. The influence of mechanical and optical losses and of imbalance in the interferometer arms is analyzed. Received: 27 March 1996 / Revised version: 25 September 1996     

Theoretical analysis and experimental scheme of QND measurement for intensity difference fluctuations

A feasible experimental scheme of QND measurement for intensity difference fluctuations is presented, in which a nondegenerate optical parametric amplifier is used as the nonlinear coupling device. Optimum behavior is obtained by appropriately choosing the operating parameters, which can provide design references for the measurement.     

Cascaded χ(2) nonlinearity in QND measurement

 QND measurement schemes often use Kerr nonlinearity to couple the intensity fluctuations of the signal beam to the phase fluctuations of the probe beam by means of the cross-phase modulation effect. Such schemes use materials with intrinsic χ⁽³⁾nonlinearity. However, it has already been shown that Kerr-effect-like correlation between two light waves may be achieved through cascaded χ⁽²⁾: χ⁽²⁾ processes. The value of the nonlinearity induced by cascading χ⁽²⁾ can, in many cases, be much higher than fibre χ⁽³⁾. The authors point out the possibility of using the cascaded χ⁽²⁾ nonlinearity instead of intrinsic χ⁽³⁾ nonlinearity in the scheme which resembles the well-known photon number QND measurement scheme. The non-degenerate second-harmonic generation (SHG) with a large phase mismatch is considered. The harmonic wave influence on the measurements is shown. High QND measurement characteristics can be achieved with the use of an appropriate set of parameters. Received: 6 April 1996     

Quantum non-demolition measurement of Fock states via atomic scattering in Bragg regime

A simple scheme for quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement of a Fock state stored in a high-Q cavity is proposed. esscheme utilizes well-defined atomic center-of-mass momentum states in wave propagation direction, interacting with an offresonant cavity field in the Bragg regime. The same scheme can be applied for the formation of quantum Controlled-NOT logic gate.     

A nonlinear optical-fiber interferometer for nondemolitional measurement of photon number

A nondemolitional measurement scheme to determine the photon number was realised using an optical fiber as the optical Kerr medium. The φ⁽³⁾ value of an optical fiber for the optical Kerr effect was measured using this scheme. A classical correlation between the measured light intensity and the outgoing light intensity was observed experimentally. The goal of the measurement accuracy to obtain a quantum correlation is also discussed aiming at the quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement of the photon number.     

Quantum nondemolition measurements of a qubit

The concept of quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement is extended to coherent oscillations in an individual two-state system. Such a measurement enables direct observation of an intrinsic spectrum of these oscillations avoiding the detector-induced dephasing that affects the standard (non-QND) measurements. The suggested scheme can be realized in Josephson-junction qubits which combine flux and charge dynamics.     

Fast polarimetry system for the application to spin quantum non-demolition measurement

We report the development of a fast pulse polarimeter for the application to quantum non-demolition measurement of atomic spin (spin QND). The developed system was tunable to the atomic resonance of a ytterbium atom and has narrow laser line width suitable for spin QND. Using the developed polarimeter, we successfully demonstrated the measurement of the vacuum noise, with 10⁶ to 10⁷ photon number per pulse. PACS 42.25.Ja; 42.50.Lc; 42.55.Px     

Speedmeter scheme for gravitational-wave detectors based on EPR quantum entanglement

We propose a new implementation of a quantum speed meter QND measurement scheme. It employs two independent optical readouts of the interferometer test masses with different values of the bandwidths and of the optical circulating power, whose outputs have to be combined by an additional beamsplitter. Signals at the two outputs of the beamsplitter are proportional to the position and the velocity of the test masses, respectively. The influence of the position meter-like back action force associated with the position signal can be cancelled using the EPR approach by measuring the amplitude quadrature of the beamsplitter common output.     

关于电路量子电动力学系统中光子自由度的消除方案

基于超导传输线和超导量子比特相互耦合的电路量子电动力学(quantum Electrodynamics, QED)系统, 是目前固态量子信息领域的一个倍受关注的物理系统, 也是研究量子测量和量子控制的理想实验平台. 由于其中涉及的驱动场和超导传输线谐振腔支持的光子频率都在微波区, 在量子测量和量子控制研究中往往遇到 大量光子数引起的状态空间维数过大带来的数值模拟方面的困难. 为了避免这个困难, 往往采取"消除"光子自由度的办法, 建立一个只保留量子比特状态自由度的有效描述方案. 本文通过对单比特的量子测量动力学的数值模拟, 检验了 "绝热消除"和"极化子变换"两种方案的适用条件. 结果表明, 在量子非破坏(quantum non-demolition, QND) 测量情况下, 极化子变换精确适用于 任意驱动强度和任意(光子)泄漏速率微腔; 但在非QND测量情况下, 极化子变换相对通常的绝热消除方案, 并无优势. 在强泄漏微腔和弱耦合情况下, 两种消除光子自由度的方法都可以较好地描述 测量动力学; 但如果微腔光子泄漏速率不是很大或量子比特与微腔耦合较强, 则需要纳入光子自由度做完整模拟, 此时的量子测量属性是一个尚待研究的课题.     

非理想强度差起伏量子非破坏性测量的实验方案

提出了一种强度差起伏量子非破坏性（QND）测量的实验方案,该方案通过一个非简并光学参量放大腔实现。推导了在非理想状态下该系统的传输系数和量子态制备能力的关系式,分别讨论了探针输入噪声谱和探测系统测量效率对其测量的影响。结果表明：探针输入噪声越小,测量效率越高,则其测量质量就越好,且对测量效率越敏感。     

Continuous QND measurements: no quantum noise

Monitoring an arbitrary observable is analyzed in the framework of Restricted-Path-Integral (RPI) theory of continuous quantum measurements. While in an usual (quantum-demolition) continuous measurement the measurement noise contains both classical and quantum parts, only the classical noise is shown to be present in a quantum nondemolition (QND) continuous measurement. As a result, no absolute restrictions exist on measurability of a QND observable and the measurement output satisfies the classical equation of motion. Monitoring the energy gives an example of a discrete-spectrum observable. Received: 7 April 1996 / Revised version: 7 August 1996     

Dual quantum nondemolition measurements via successive soliton collisions

Quantum mechanics allows quantum nondemolition (QND) variables to be measured without being changed. This requires QND variables to be initially in an eigenstate and measurement backaction noise to be directed into conjugate variables. Experimental demonstrations thus require two measurements: the first to collapse variables toward an eigenstate and the second to show results identical to the first. Here, we report results from two successive soliton-collision QND measurements that optical correlation measurements show to be nearly identical.     

Nonunity gain quantum nondemolition measurements based on measurement and repreparation

We demonstrate experimentally a nonunity gain quantum nondemolition measurement based on a simple homodyne measurement and recreation strategy. Although the output state is an amplified version of the input state, the device meets standard criteria for QND measurements: the transfer coefficient was measured to 1.78, and the conditional variance was measured to 0.66.     

非线性双光束共振时的量子非破坏测量

运用全量子方法建立双光束Λ型三能级原子相互作用系统的理论模型，讨论了该系统的动力学行为和光学量子非破坏测量特性.研究表明在非线性双光束共振状态下，可以实现光学量子非破坏测量. 关键词：     

Splitting Single-Photon Polarization State with Weak Cross—Kerr Nonlinearity

We propose a three-party scheme for quantum information splitting (QIS) of an arbitrary single-photon polarization state based on weak cross-Kerr nonlinearity combined with linear optics elements such as polarization beam splitters (PBSs) and half wave plates (HWPs). The scheme is generalized to the arbitrary-party case. With the help of quantum nondemolition (QND) measurements, our schemes can be accomplished in an almost deterministic way. The two schemes are feasible with the current technology.