Characterization of silylated Ti-grafted HMS catalyst and its excellent epoxidation performance

Silylated Ti-grafted hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) catalyst was prepared by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using TiCl4 as titanium source and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDSZ) as silylating agent. The samples were characterized by XRD, N2- adsorption, FTIR, 29Si NMR, DR UV-vis, and evaluated by epoxidation of styrene, propylene, cyclohexene, and 1-hexene with cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) as oxidant, respectively. It is revealed that the catalyst possesses typical mesoporous structure, high hydrophobicity and highly dispersed tetracoordinated titanium sites and hence exhibits excellent performance in epoxidation of olefins.     

Comparative study of niobium-containing hexagonal mesoporous silicas prepared using different niobium sources

Two groups of niobium-containing hexagonal mesoporous silica (Nb-HMS) samples were prepared hydrothermally using niobium oxalate and niobium ethoxide as Nb source, respectively. The samples were characterized by XRD, N₂-adsorption, ICP-AES, UV-Vis, respectively. They were also evaluated by the epoxidation of cyclohexene with cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) as oxidant. It is revealed that the samples possess typical hexagonal mesoporous structure in which most of Nb species exist in the form of framework pentahedral coordinated state. Meanwhile, the Nb-HMS samples from niobium ethoxide give more excellent catalytic performance than those from niobium oxalate. It is likely because that the former samples have a higher total amount of Nb species and a higher proportion of isolated framework Nb species. Accordingly, niobium ethoxide is a better niobium source than niobium oxalate.     

化学气相沉积法制备Ti/HMS催化剂及甲基接枝改性

用化学气相沉积法制备了Ti/HMS介孔分子筛催化剂, 并对其进行甲基接枝改性. 用XRD、N2-吸附、ICP-AES、FTIR, UV-vis和29Si CP/MAS NMR等手段对样品进行了表征, 考察了催化剂的丙烯环氧化性能. 结果表明: 气相沉积法载钛和接枝改性减小了HMS分子筛表面的孔径和比表面, 但是分子筛的介孔特征仍然保持; 随着沉积时间的增加(0.5～2 h), 催化剂的钛含量逐渐增加, 催化活性也随之增加, 但当沉积时间超过2 h后, 钛含量和催化活性均保持不变; 接枝改性后催化剂的环氧化活性和选择性均显著提高; 气相沉积法合成Ti/HMS比水热法合成Ti-HMS具有更高的环氧化催化活性.     

硅烷化对Ti/HMS分子筛催化性能的影响

分别用水热法和气相沉积法制备了Ti/HMS分子筛,采用三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)和六甲基二硅氮烷(HMDSZ)对Ti/HMS样品进行了气相硅烷化,并用X射线衍射、N2吸附、红外光谱、29Si核磁共振和紫外-可见光谱对样品进行了表征.丙烯环氧化反应的测定结果表明,硅烷化可显著提高环氧化催化活性.水热法制备的Ti/HMS经HMDSZ硅烷化后的催化活性比经TMCS硅烷化后的稍高;气相沉积法制备的Ti/HMS经HMDSZ硅烷化后的催化活性远高于经TMCS硅烷化后的催化活性.这是由于TMCS不但能与分子筛表面的硅羟基反应,而且能破坏分子筛骨架中的Si-O-Ti甚至Si-O-Si键,形成新的羟基,导致样品的亲水性较强,同时还能对气相沉积法制备的Ti/HMS中的四配位骨架钛产生破坏作用.     

Ti-HMS介孔分子筛的制备及其在一氧化氮催化分解反应中的活性

 在常温下制备了具有不同钛含量的大比表面积和孔体积的介孔分子筛HMS．XRD谱表明,这些Ti－HMS样品呈现出很好的六方晶形．经焙烧后,Ti－HMS样品的UV吸收光谱和XAFS谱结果表明,在Ti－HMS（1）和Ti－HMS（2）骨架中的钛离子以四配位存在,而在Ti－HMS（10）中至少有部分钛是以六配位存在．在NO存在的情况下,在273K下光催化剂Ti－HMS受紫外光照射后,导致NO分解生成N2,O2和N2O．实验结果表明,具有高分散四配位钛的Ti－HMS（1）使NO以高效率、高选择性分解生成N2和O2;随着钛含量的增加,其光催化活性反而降低．     

中孔载体上组装Ti催化活性中心的研究Ⅰ—钛配合物在中孔HMS载体上的组装

利用六角中孔硅载体（记为ＨＭＳ）上丰富的表面羟基与钛酸异丙酯、四氯化钛的交换反应,实现了钛配合物在载体上的组装。ＦＴ－ＩＲ表征表明载体与钛化合物的键合作用会使样品出现一个新的９６０ｃｍ＾－１带,该带可归属于与钛化合物键合的Ｓｉ－ＯＨ振动带;交换温度会明显影响钛化合物与载体羟基的交换反应模式;酒石酸二乙酯（ＤＥＴ）被键合后其Ｃ＝０带没有明显位移证明ＤＥＴ是以其ＯＨ与键合在载体上的钛化合物发生键合作用     

Preparation,characterization, and catalytic performance of Ta-HMS mesoporous molecular sieve

Various Ta-HMS (hexagonal mesoporous silica) samples with different Ta content were hydrothermally prepared and characterized by XRD, N₂-adsorption, ICP-AES, FTIR, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The catalytic performance of the samples was also evaluated in the epoxidation of cyclohexene with cumene hydroperoxide as oxidant. The regularity of mesoporous structure decreases while more extraframe Ta ions are formed with increasing the Ta content. Ta-HMS with Ta/Si ratio of 0.015 shows the highest conversion and selectivity in the studied epoxidation reaction. The catalyst can be used for three times without significant activity loss.     

Silica-supported,single-site titanium catalysts for olefin epoxidation. A molecular precursor strategy for control of catalyst structure

A molecular precursor approach involving simple grafting procedures was used to produce site-isolated titanium-supported epoxidation catalysts of high activity and selectivity. The tris(tert-butoxy)siloxy titanium complexes Ti[OSi(O(t)Bu)(3)](4) (TiSi4), ((i)PrO)Ti[OSi(O(t)Bu)(3)](3) (TiSi3), and ((t)BuO)(3)TiOSi(O(t)Bu)(3) (TiSi) react with the hydroxyl groups of amorphous Aerosil, mesoporous MCM-41, and SBA-15 via loss of HO(t)Bu and/or HOSi(O(t)Bu)(3) and introduction of titanium species onto the silica surface. Powder X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, infrared, and diffuse reflectance ultraviolet spectroscopies were used to investigate the structures and chemical natures of the surface-bound titanium species. The titanium species exist mainly in isolated, tetrahedral coordination environments. Increasing the number of siloxide ligands in the molecular precursor decreases the amount of titanium that can be introduced this way, but also enhances the catalytic activity and selectivity for the epoxidation of cyclohexene with cumene hydroperoxide as oxidant. In addition, the high surface area mesoporous silicas (MCM-41 and SBA-15) are more effective than amorphous silica as supports for these catalysts. Supporting TiSi3 on the SBA-15 affords highly active cyclohexene epoxidation catalysts (0.25-1.77 wt % Ti loading) that provide turnover frequencies (TOFs) of 500-1500 h(-1) after 1 h (TOFs are reduced by about half after calcination). These results demonstrate that oxygen-rich siloxide complexes of titanium are useful as precursors to supported epoxidation catalysts.     

Facile synthesis of Ti-TUD-1 for catalytic oxidative desulfurization of model sulfur compounds

A facile synthesis route for Ti-TUD-1 at room temperature employing silatrane and titanium glycolate as Si and Ti sources (2?C8 mol%), respectively, over a triethanolamine template is proposed. XRD, N₂ adsorption?Cdesorption isotherms, and TEM analysis confirmed disordered mesoporous structures with high surface area (715?C824 m²/g). According to the UV?Cvisible spectroscopy of the calcined materials, titanium species of ca. 2.7 mol% Ti loading were present mostly in tetrahedral coordination for a sample prepared with 4 mol% Ti in the substrate mixture. Ti-TUD-1 showed catalytic activity in cyclohexene epoxidation, which depended on the amount of tetrahedrally coordinated Ti species. The hydrophilic nature of the surface of Ti-TUD-1 was confirmed by the effect of oxidant such that tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP, 5?C6 M in decane) was superior to other oxidants in water (cyclohexene conversion: TBHP in decane 36.5% vs. TBHP in water 30.6%). Ti-TUD-1 was more active in oxidative desulfurization (ODS) reaction than Ti-MCM-41 at the same Ti loading; the former produced 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) conversion near 100% after reacting for 15 min, whereas Ti-MCM-41 produced final conversion of 4,6-DMDBT of 89% after reacting for 180 min. ODS over Ti-TUD-1 was influenced both by electron density and steric hindrance in model sulfur compounds. Partially polymerized Ti sites seemed to also contribute to the reaction.     

乙二胺基和2,4-戊二酮官能化介孔分子筛固载钼(VI):新型的环己烯环氧化催化剂

通过对介孔分子筛HMS和MCM 41表面修饰 ,将乙二胺基和 2 ,4 戊二酮引入到介孔分子筛孔道内 ,制备出乙二胺基和戊二酮官能化介孔分子筛 .首次将烯烃环氧化均相催化剂MoO2 (acac) 2 固载到乙二胺基和戊二酮官能化介孔分子筛孔道内 ,制备出新型的、易回收、可重复使用的烯烃环氧化多相催化剂 .环己烯催化环氧化表明 ,该催化剂的催化活性与均相催化剂MoO2 (acac) 2 相当 ,选择性大于 80 %.     

乙二胺基和2，4-戊二酮官能化介孔分子筛固载钼（Ⅵ）：新型的环己烯环氧化催化剂

通过对介孔分子筛HMS和MCM-41表面修饰，将乙二胺基和2，4-戊二酮引入到介 孔分子筛孔道内，制备出乙二胺基和戊二酮官能化介孔分子筛。首次将烯烃环氧化 均相催化剂MoO_2(acac)_2固载到乙二胺基和戊二酮官能化介孔分子筛孔道内，制 备出新型的、易回收、可重复使用的烯烃环氧化多相催化剂。环已烯催化环氧化表 明，该催化剂的催化活性与均相催化剂MoO_2(acac)_2相当，选择性大于80%。     

Non-hydrolytic synthesis of titanosilicate xerogels by acetamide elimination and their use as epoxidation catalysts

Novel non-hydrolytic syntheses of titanosilicate xerogels by polycondensation of silicon acetate, Si(OAc)₄, with titanium (IV) dimethylamide or diethylamide, Ti(NR₂)₄ (R?=?Me, Et), are presented. The reactions are based on acetamide elimination and yield gels with a high content of Si?CO?Ti bonds in comparison with the ester elimination route. Although a ligand exchange was observed, it was interestingly not followed by homo-condensation and during the synthesis the phase separation to SiO₂ and TiO₂ was avoided. The degree of condensation reached up to 68?%. The xerogels prepared for a comparison by ester elimination from Si(OAc)₄ and titanium (IV) isopropoxide featured a significantly lower content of the Si?CO?CTi bonds. The initial tests in the epoxidation of cyclohexene by cumyl hydroperoxide (CHP) indicated a high selectivity and moderate activity of the xerogels. The catalytic properties were significantly improved by combining non-hydrolytic and hydrolytic methods yielding mesoporous and homogeneous Si/Ti mixed oxides. The catalysts prepared by these methods provided a complete epoxidation of cyclohexene in 2?h at?65?°C.     

高度隔离过渡金属催化剂及其烯烃环氧化研究

 介绍了过渡金属杂原子分子筛的骨架杂原子表征、用离子注入法和化学嫁接法制备高度隔离过渡金属催化剂及其催化烯烃环氧化研究的结果．基于共振拉曼原理,用紫外共振拉曼光谱明确鉴别了TS－1,Fe－ZSM－5和V－MCM－41等分子筛中的骨架杂原子．用离子注入法和化学嫁接法制得具有高度隔离过渡金属离子的非杂原子分子筛催化剂．烯烃环氧化反应结果表明,所制得的催化剂显示出优良的催化性能．     

Synthesis of titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) zeolite with high content of Ti by a dry gel conversion method using amorphous TiO2–SiO2 composite with highly dispersed Ti species

In this study, we have developed a new method to synthesize mesoporous titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) with a higher content of active titanium in the framework (more than 5%) than that obtained from the conventional hydrothermal synthesis. The new method combines two methods as follows: (1) a sol-gel method in tetrahydrofuran for the synthesis of TiO₂–SiO₂ composite with highly dispersed Ti species and (2) a dry gel conversion method for the crystallization to TS-1. This investigation revealed that the dispersion of Ti in the starting materials was quite important to synthesize mesoporous TS-1 with high content of Ti besides dry conversion method. The obtained mesoporous TS-1 with a high content of titanium showed higher catalytic activity in 1-hexene epoxidation than conventional TS-1. This high activity is likely to originate from the high content of titanium in the framework.     

Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Titanium Dioxide Supported on Hexagonal Mesoporous Silica at Lower Coverage

The photocatalytic activities of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) supported on hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS), zeolite Y (NaY) were investigated by using the photodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) as test reactions. It was found that the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ on HMS was much higher than that of TiO₂ powders, and that of TiO₂ on NaY. It was also found that TiO₂/HMS had maximal photocatalytic activity at a lower Ti content. The larger the pore size of HMS used as the support of TiO₂, the better the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ for degradating of organic pollutant. These observations suggested that the supported structure was a main factor responsible for enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂. Characterization of the samples by TEM, XRD, BET, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra indicated that the structures of HMS and TiO₂ were confirmed and TiO₂ did not enter into the HMS framework and was formed as nanoparticles on all supports.     

用于丙烯环氧化的 Ti/HMS 催化剂的失活与再生

 研究了以异丙苯过氧化氢为氧化剂选择氧化丙烯制环氧丙烷的 Ti/HMS 催化剂的失活原因. 采用 XRD (X 射线衍射), FT-IR (傅里叶变换红外光谱), UV-Vis (紫外-可见光谱) 和 TG (热重分析) 等技术表征了催化剂失活前后的结构和化学组成. 结果表明, 催化剂的失活主要是由于反应过程中所产生的重组分在催化剂表面吸附, 覆盖了活性中心所致; 并不是由于四配位的活性钛物种转化为六配位、八配位或者锐钛矿 TiO2 所致. 采用热异丙苯溶剂洗涤的方法可以部分恢复失活催化剂的活性, 但不能恢复到新鲜催化剂的水平; 采用低温烧炭方法能够使催化剂的活性恢复到新鲜催化剂的水平. 因此, Ti/HMS 催化剂的失活是可逆的, 采用合适的再生方法可以恢复其催化活性.     

具有MFI骨架结构的介孔钛硅材料的合成、表征和催化性能

利用介孔碳作硬模板合成出具有MFI骨架结构的介孔钛硅材料. 该样品复制了类似SBA-15的介孔结构, 同时骨架含有MFI微孔结构. 透射电镜表征结果表明, 样品表面还有部分大孔结构. 催化结果证明了该样品既具有介孔材料较大孔道结构, 又保持了微孔钛硅材料的高活性.     

Extensions in the synthesis and catalytic application of titanium silicalite-1

Titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) was prepared by microwave heating of a SiO₂–TiO₂ xerogel, which was dry-impregnated with tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH). Highly crystalline product was obtained, with the yields higher than 90%, within 30 min after microwave irradiation. These are significant advantages over the conventional oven heating using alkoxide precursors in liquid phase, which requires 1-2 day crystallization time with low product yields. Sub-micron sized SiO₂–TiO₂ prepared by thermal plasma process and Ti-containing mesoporous silica, Ti-HMS, were also tested as the solid phase precursor for TS-1. These were found inferior as precursor due to difficulties in uniformly wetting the surface with TPAOH. It was possible to prepare TS-1 using diethoxysiloxane-ethyltitanate (DESET, 93.75 mol Si:6.25 mol Ti) as a single mixed alkoxide precursor, but titanium species in the sample were highly unstable and large fraction of them came out from the framework to form TiO₂ clusters upon calcination. In addition, TS-1 monolith was prepared utilizing polyurethane foam as an infiltration medium of the synthesis gel. The prepared TS-1 monolith exhibited properties similar to those of TS-1 powders, but the elementary unit of the former was made of 1–2 micron-sized hexagonal shaped crystals, causing diffusion problems. Catalytic activities of all the prepared catalysts were evaluated using 1-hexene epoxidation as a probe reaction, and 2,5-dihydrofuran epoxidation was also examined using TS-1 as an alternative process to make 3,4-epoxytetrahydrofuran.     

Titanium-rich highly ordered mesoporous silica synthesized by using a mixed surfactant system

A new titanium-rich highly ordered 2-D hexagonal mesoporous titanium silicate has been synthesized using a mixture of cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) and non-ionic (Brij-35, C₁₂H₂₅-(OC₂H₄)₂₃-OH, a polyether and aliphatic hydrocarbon chain surfactant) mixed surfactant system as the supramolecular structure directing agent (SDA) in the presence of tartaric acid (TA) as a mineralizer of Ti(IV). XRD, N₂ adsorption and TEM data suggested the presence of mesophase with hexagonal pore arrangements and the UV-visible, FT IR and XPS studies suggested the incorporation of mostly tetrahedral titanium (IV) species in the highly ordered silica network. This mesoporous titanium silicate material showed excellent catalytic activity and selectivity in the epoxidation of styrene using dilute aqueous H₂O₂ as oxidant.     

Preparation, characterization, and catalytic performance of a novel methyl-rich Ti-HMS mesoporous molecular sieve with high hydrophobicity

A novel methyl-rich Ti-containing hexagonal mesoporous silica (Ti-HMS) molecular sieve with high hydrophobicity has been prepared by a two-step method involving co-condensation followed by vapor-phase methyl grafting. The sample was characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption, FTIR, UV-visible and ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopies, TG, ICP-AES, and hydrophilicity measurements, and its catalytic performance was evaluated using the epoxidation of cyclohexene as a probe reaction. The Ti-HMS material retains a typical mesoporous structure and compared with a co-condensed Ti-HMS prepared in a one-step method possesses more methyl groups and higher hydrophobicity, and also exhibits better catalytic activity and selectivity.