Expanding the Scope of the Cleavable N-(Methoxy)oxazolidine Linker for the Synthesis of Oligonucleotide Conjugates

Oligonucleotides modified by a 2′-deoxy-2′-(N-methoxyamino) ribonucleotide react readily with aldehydes in slightly acidic conditions to yield the corresponding N-(methoxy)oxazolidine-linked oligonucleotide-conjugates. The reaction is reversible and dynamic in slightly acidic conditions, while the products are virtually stable above pH 7, where the reaction is in a ‘‘switched off-state’’. Small molecular examinations have demonstrated that aldehyde constituents affect the cleavage rate of the N-(methoxy)oxazolidine-linkage. This can be utilized to adjust the stability of this pH-responsive cleavable linker for drug delivery applications. In the present study, Fmoc-β-Ala-H was immobilized to a serine-modified ChemMatrix resin and used for the automated assembly of two peptidealdehydes and one aldehyde-modified peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In addition, a triantennary N-acetyl-d-galactosamine-cluster with a β-Ala-H unit has been synthesized. These aldehydes were conjugated via N-(methoxy)oxazolidine-linkage to therapeutically relevant oligonucleotide phosphorothioates and one DNA-aptamer in 19–47% isolated yields. The cleavage rates of the conjugates were studied in slightly acidic conditions. In addition to the diverse set of conjugates synthesized, these experiments and a comparison to published data demonstrate that the simple conversion of Gly-H to β-Ala-H residue resulted in a faster cleavage of the N-(methoxy)oxazolidine-linker at pH 5, being comparable (T_0.5 ca 7 h) to hydrazone-based structures.     

新型多肽固相合成链接子{4-[叔丁氧羰基氨基-(2’,4’-二甲氧基苄基)]苯氧基乙酸}的合成

以4-羟基苯甲酸和间苯二甲醚为原料,经傅-克酰基化反应、苄基保护、还原氨化、Boc保护氨基、脱苄基、亲核取代反应、酯水解等7步反应合成了一个新型的多肽固相合成的链接子4-[叔丁氧羰基氨基-(2’,4’-二甲氧基苯基)]苯氧基乙酸,总收率47.2%,纯度>98%,其结构经1H NMR,13C NMR和HR-MS确证。     

四色荧光标记二硫键可逆终端的合成及在DNA合成测序中的应用

分别以5-碘-2'-脱氧尿苷、 5-碘-2'-脱氧胞苷、 7-去氮-7-碘-2'-脱氧腺苷及7-去氮-7-碘-2'-脱氧鸟苷为原料, 以二硫键为可裂解连接单元, 通过多步反应合成了四色荧光标记不同碱基的脱氧核糖核苷酸; 研究了该类荧光标记核苷酸作为可逆终端在DNA合成测序中的应用. 所得产物结构经¹H NMR, ³¹P NMR及HRMS表征, 并对其进行了DNA高通量测序的测试. 结果表明, 该类荧光标记核苷酸作为DNA合成测序的可逆终端能够满足高通量测序的生化反应要求, 具有较好的应用前景.     

A One‐Pot Chemically Cleavable Bis‐Linker Tether Strategy for the Synthesis of Heterodimeric Peptides

Heterodimeric peptides linked by disulfide bonds are attractive drug targets. However, their chemical assembly can be tedious, time‐consuming, and low yielding. Inspired by the cellular synthesis of pro‐insulin in which the two constituent peptide chains are expressed as a single‐chain precursor separated by a connecting C‐peptide, we have developed a novel chemically cleavable bis‐linker tether which allows the convenient assembly of two peptide chains as a single “pro”‐peptide on the same solid support. Following the peptide cleavage and post‐synthetic modifications, this bis‐linker tether can be removed in one‐step by chemical means. This method was used to synthesize a drug delivery‐cargo conjugate, TAT‐PKCi peptide, and a two‐disulfide bridged heterodimeric peptide, thionin (7‐19)‐(24‐32R), a thionin analogue. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a one‐pot chemically cleavable bis‐linker strategy for the facile synthesis of cross‐bridged two‐chain peptides.     

系列二肽链键联的卟啉-蒽醌及其金属配合物的微波合成及电子转移性质

本文报道了系列二肽链键联的卟啉-蒽醌及其金属配合物的微波合成,化合物的结构分别经UV-Vis,IR,1H NMR及元素分析确证。探讨了化合物分子内电子转移性质（IETP）,并讨论了结构对IETP的影响。     

Application of a water-soluble pyridyl disulfide amine linker for use in Cu-free click bioconjugation

Described herein is the design and synthesis of a discrete heterobifunctional PEG-based pyridyl disulfide/amine-containing linker that can be used in the Cu-free click preparation of bioconjugates. The title PEG-based pyridyl disulfide amine linker is a potentially useful reagent for preparing water-soluble disulfide-linked cargos, and that it may be particularly valuable in expanding the field of Cu-free click-based bioconjugations to include reductively labile antibody, polymer, or nanoparticle-based drug conjugates.     

A Simple and Efficient Procedure for the Synthesis of an Alendronate-Oligonucleotide Conjugate Via a Carbamate Linker

Abstract

Alendronate. an munobisphosphonate used clinically for thc treatment of osteoporosis and others bones deseases is a synthetic analog of pyrophosphate in which the labiie phosphoanhydride bond (HO)₂P(O)-O-P(O)(OH)₂ is replaced by a stable hydroxymethylene group (HO), P(O)-C(OH)R-P(O)(OH). The most important action of this bisphosphonate is the inhibition of the bone resorption. The mechanism of action is not completely elucided. One hypothesis is hat thc bisphosphonate act by suppressing osteoclast activity.[1] are used for the enzyme inhibition or for the antisens strategy parriculary in oncology The pharmacological interest of these two moieties encouraged us to bind a bisphosphonate at the 5′ OH of an oligonucleotide via a carbarnate bond. In the first time he synthesis conditions have been studied on model alcohol.     

Traceless Sulfone Linker for the Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis of 1-(E)-Styryl-4-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles

A novel, facile, solid-phase, organic synthesis of 1-(E)-styryl-4-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles in good yields and purities via traceless sulfone linker has been developed. Key steps involved in this synthetic procedure include (i) sulfone alkylation of sulfinate resin with (2-azido-1-iodoethyl)benzene, (ii) [3 + 2] cycloaddition with terminal alkynes in the presence of CuI, and (iii) traceless product release by base-mediated elimination process.     

Development of Phosphoramidite Reagents for the Synthesis of Base-Labile Oligonucleotides Modified with a Linear Aminoalkyl and Amino-PEG Linker at the 3′-End

Oligonucleotides with an amino linker at the 3′-end are useful for the preparation of conjugated oligonucleotides. However, chemically modified nucleosides, which are unstable under basic conditions, cannot be incorporated into oligonucleotides using the conventional method entailing the preparation of oligonucleotides bearing a 3′-amino linker. Therefore, we designed Fmoc-protected phosphoramidites for the synthesis of base-labile oligonucleotides modified with a 3′-amino linker. The resultant phosphoramidites were then successfully incorporated into oligonucleotides bearing a 3′-amino linker. Various basic solutions were investigated for protecting group removal. All the protecting groups were removed by treating the oligonucleotides with 40% aqueous methylamine at room temperature for 2 h. Thus, the deprotection time and temperature were significantly reduced compared to the conventional conditions (28% NH₃ aq., 55 °C, 17 h). In addition, the oligonucleotide protecting groups could be removed using a mild base (e.g., 50 mM potassium carbonate methanol solution). Furthermore, base-labile oligonucleotides bearing an amino linker at the 3′-end were successfully synthesized using the developed phosphoramidite reagents, highlighting the utility of our strategy.     

细胞粘附位点RGD前体二肽的化学合成与酯化

摘要利用一种新颖的化学法合成了细胞粘附位点RGD前体二肽GD(Gly-Asp). 并利用ROH-HCl法进一步完成了GD二肽乙酯化和甲酯化. 考察了GD二肽对乙醇/甲醇的摩尔比,  反应温度和反应时间对酯化收率的影响, 使GD二肽酯化的条件得到了优化, GD二肽对乙醇/甲醇的摩尔比为1∶40,  反应温度30℃,  反应时间1~2.5 h,   最大收率为80%~85%. 利用质谱分析法确证了两种GD二肽酯为Gly-Asp-(OEt)2 和Gly-Asp-(OMe)2.     

盐酸考尼伐坦关键中间体N-甲苯磺酰基苯并氮杂卓-5-酮合成工艺的改进

以对甲苯磺酰氯和邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯为原料,通过酰胺化、酰亚胺和卤代烃的缩合、克曼环化及水解脱羧等反应,合成盐酸考尼伐坦关键中间体N-甲苯磺酰基苯并氮杂卓-5-酮。 在合成过程中,分别减少了有毒溶剂吡啶的用量,用叔丁醇钾代替怕水易爆的氢化钠,用容易购买回收的2-甲基四氢呋喃代替丁酮为溶剂,目标化合物的总收率由55%提高至63%,纯度达到99%以上。 所得化合物经熔点、核磁共振氢谱等得到确认。 该工艺显著地提高了中间体的产量及质量,因而提高了盐酸考尼伐坦的产率。     

Improving the Mechanical Properties of Glycidyl Azide Polymeric Matrix Used in Composite Solid Rocket Propellant by Adding Advanced Cross‐Linker

Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) based binders have poor mechanical characteristics in comparison with hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) binders. In this study, advanced cross‐linker was used to improve the mechanical properties of GAP binder. GAP was prepared and characterized in comparison with HTPB prepolymer. Density, characteristics groups, nitrogen content, humidity, viscosity, and milligram equivalent of (OH) per binders were determined. A cross‐linker consists of trimethylol propane (TMP) and curing catalyst, dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), was used as an additive to GAP polymeric matrix to enhance its functionality. Polymeric matrices based on GAP and HTPB were prepared with different curing ratio (NCO/OH) ranging from 0.7 to 1.5. Different weight percentages of cross‐linker were added to study its effect on the mechanical properties of GAP matrix. Five samples based on HTPB polymer and twenty samples based on GAP polymer were prepared. A LLOYD testing machine was used to determine the stress‐strain curves of all the studied samples. It was concluded that the cross‐linker used has significant influence on the characteristics of GAP polymeric matrix. Also the addition of 5 wt % of cross‐linker to GAP matrix at curing ratio = 1 produced optimum mechanical characteristics very close to that of HTPB matrix used in composite solid rocket propellants (CSRP). The optimum GAP polymeric matrix is candidate to replace the traditional HTPB binder in advanced CSRP.     

Improved Procedure for the Synthesis of DAMGO

A short and straightforward synthesis of DAMGO is described.     

Improved Methods for the Synthesis of Irbesartan,an Antihypertensive Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient

New methods for the preparation of irbesartan 1 have been described. The dehydration and tetrazole formation in one step from substituted cyclopentane derivative 7 with tributyltin chloride and sodium azide is described. Selective hydrolysis of nitrile 3 with HCl has also been described in the preparation of N‐acylaminocyclopentane‐2‐carboxylic acid 4, which is the key intermediate for the preparation of irbesartan. The impurity profiling of irbesartan has also been discussed.     

Synthesis of f luorescein-labeled oligonucleotides bearing a tag in position 2′ of modified adenosine and arabinoadenosine

Oligonucleotide conjugates containing fluorescein residues in the sugar-phosphate back-bone were synthesized by the standard solid-phase phosphoramidite method using phosphor-amidites of 9-[2-deoxy-5-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-2-methoxalylamino-β-D-ribofuranosyl]-and 9-[2-deoxy-5-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-2-methoxalylamino-β-D-arabinofuranosyl]-N ⁶-benzoyladenine. The relative efficiency of the oligonucleotide synthesis with modified phosphoramidites was estimated. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1618–1624, September, 2006.     

An Improved and Convenient Procedure for the Synthesis of Ozagrel

Ozagrel 1 is a 1-alkylimidazole derivative that acts as a selective inhibitor ofthromboxane A2 (TXA2) with an IC50 of 11mol/L. The beneficial effects of TXA2inhibition by ozagrel include improved motor coordination after experimental stroke, andantihypert…     

Effects of Kathon,a Chemical Used Widely as a Microbicide,on the Survival of Two Species of Mosquitoes

In recent decades, demands for novel insecticides against mosquitoes are soaring, yet candidate chemicals with desirable properties are limited. Kathon is a broad-spectrum isothiazolinone microbicide, but other applications remain uncharacterized. First, we treated larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus, two major mosquito vectors of human viral diseases, with Kathon at 15 mg/L (a concentration considered safe in cosmetic and body care products), and at lower concentrations, and found that Kathon treatment resulted in high mortality of larvae. Second, sublethal concentration of Kathon can cause significantly prolonged larval development of C. quinquefasciatus. Third, we explored the effects of two constituents of Kathon, chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT), on the survival of larvae, and found that CMIT was the major toxic component. Further, we explored the mechanisms of action of Kathon against insect cells and found that Kathon reduces cell viability and adenosine triphosphate production but promotes the release of lactate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Our results indicate that Kathon is highly toxic to mosquito larvae, and we highlight its potential in the development of new larvicides for mosquito control.     

Synthesis of SMND-309, a derivate of salvianolic acid B

(E)-2-(6-((E)-2-carboxyvinyl)-2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acrylic acid, designated SMND-309, was synthesized starting from 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde in 12 steps and with an overall yield of 44%. The synthetic key features were the conversion of aryl aldehyde into aryl acetic acid for one-carbon extended, the Perkin condensation, and the Heck coupling for construction of α,β-unsaturated ester.     

Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Brevetoxin A: Unified Strategy for the B,E, G,and J Subunits

Brevetoxin A is a decacyclic ladder toxin that possesses 5‐, 6‐, 7‐, 8‐, and 9‐membered oxacycles, as well as 22 tetrahedral stereocenters. Herein, we describe a unified approach to the B, E, G, and J rings based upon a ring‐closing metathesis strategy from the corresponding dienes. The enolate technologies developed in our laboratory allowed access to the precursor acyclic dienes for the B, E, and G medium‐ring ethers. The strategies developed for the syntheses of these four monocycles ultimately provided multigram quantities of each of the rings, supporting our efforts toward the completion of a convergent synthesis of brevetoxin A.