Visible light photoredox catalysis: aerobic oxidation of perimidines to perimidinones

Aerobic oxidation of a series of 2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidines to the corresponding 4- and 6-perimidinones via visible light photoredox catalysis using Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ as a catalyst was reported. The scope and limitation of this oxidation were investigated and a possible photochemical mechanism was proposed.     

Visible light photoredox catalysis with N-hydroxyphthalimide for [4+2] cyclization between N-methylanilines and maleimides

An efficient [4+2] cyclization of N-methylanilines with maleimides to afford tetrahydroquinolines using N-hydroxyphthalimide as a metal-free and cheap organophotoredox catalyst is reported. The protocol involves C(sp³)H activation of N-methylanilines for the formation of α-amino radical without an oxidant at room temperature. The present method describes an easy preparation of tricyclic heterocycles in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions.     

Aerobic oxidation of aldehydes by visible light photocatalysis

An efficient and environmentally benign method for the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids has been developed. Singlet oxygen, generated by visible light in the presence of a Ru or Ir photocatalyst, reacted with aldehydes to give the corresponding carboxylic acids in excellent yields. The reaction is highly chemo-selective, in which only an aldehyde moiety is reactive even in the presence of other photo-oxidation active sites. This method is an example of an ideal green chemical reaction in the sense that molecular oxygen and visible light are key sources for the transformation.     

可见光参与的氧化偶联反应研究进展

实现资源和能源利用高效化、操作简单化、条件温和化、环境友好化以及产物高效选择性是有机合成的重要研究方向,而探索绿色温和条件下构建化学键的有效方法是有机合成领域的基本挑战之一。伴随着金属有机化学的发展,过渡金属催化的偶联反应已经成为构建碳-碳和碳-杂键的有效手段,而传统的交叉偶联一般是基于亲核试剂与亲电试剂之间的反应,需要进行预官能团化和再官能团化的步骤。近年来,在此基础上发展起来的氧化偶联反应利用合适的氧化剂实现两个亲核试剂直接构建化学键也得到了国内外有机化学家的广泛关注。氧化偶联反应的发展极大地提高了构建碳-碳键及碳-杂键的效率,尤其是利用交叉脱氢偶联实现直接的碳-氢键或杂-氢键的活化直接构建化学键,避免了传统偶联过程中的预官能团化步骤,为直接利用简单的原料实现高效、复杂的有机合成开辟了一条新的道路。越来越多的第一过渡金属催化的氧化偶联反应涉及到单电子转移的过程,这种自由基氧化偶联模式在绿色化学的发展中具有光明的前景。可见光是一种可再生的资源,可见光催化符合绿色合成、环境友好和可持续发展的理念,在有机合成领域中引起了广泛的关注。建立在光诱导的单电子转移过程的基础上,可见光催化为实现温和条件下构建化学键提供了一种新的思路。虽然很多的有机分子不能有效吸收可见光,但是利用可见光催化剂(光敏剂)在电子和能量转移过程中的独特优势,能够有效实现在可见光作用下的一系列光化学反应。光催化是有机合成构建新物质的一种有效的手段,随着光催化在有机合成领域中的发展,一系列新型温和而有效的可见光催化的氧化偶联反应也逐渐被报道。虽然过渡金属催化的氧化偶联反应已经取得了重大的进展,但是利用可见光催化的策略以实现两个亲核试剂之间化学键的构建作为一个新的领域,近年来才刚刚发展起来。尤其是结合可见光催化条件温和、环境友好的特点和氧化偶联反应的原子经济性特点,将可见光诱导的单电子转移过程运用到交叉脱氢偶联反应,引起了广泛的关注。光催化氧化偶联反应不仅解决了传统偶联中的步骤经济性和原子经济性的问题,同时也具备了可见光反应温和环保的特点。近几年来已经发展了多种类型的光催化氧化偶联反应,包括光催化氧化含氮化合物的偶联反应、光催化氧化脱羧偶联反应、以及光催化交叉偶联放氢反应等。但是在光催化氧化偶联领域的相关报道大多局限于含氮化合物和易氧化的底物的活化氧化,因此任然存在着很多的挑战。本文总结了最近几年来的不同反应类型的可见光催化的氧化偶联的研究和进展。而对这些反应的理解和认识,可以为人们发展更多的高效率和高选择性的可见光催化氧化偶联反应提供帮助。     

Heterogeneous photoredox catalysis using fluorescein polymer brush functionalized glass beads

Photocatalysis is a valuable and versatile method to perform a variety of chemical transformations under ambient temperatures and pressures using mild visible light. This work showcases an example of fluorescein-functionalized polymers grafted to micro-scale glass beads as heterogeneous photoredox catalysts. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were used to analyze the resulting functional glass beads. Model reactions that are demonstrated include a cyclic condensation and a radical dehalogenation that can both be performed to high yields. Successful recyclability of the fluorescein polymer brush beads is demonstrated with detailed characterization confirming that photocatalytic polymer brushes remain tethered to the surface. As such, this allows for purification and reuse of the heterogeneous photocatalyst beads after simple filtration.     

Visible light-mediated synthesis of quinazolines from 1,2-dihydroquinazoline 3-oxides

A series of quinazolines were synthesized in good to excellent yields by exposing 1,2-dihydroquinazoline 3-oxides to visible light in acetonitrile without the presence of any external sensitizers. The only exception was the 2-(p-nitrophenyl)-substituted substrate, which is insensitive to visible light. This compound could be first oxidized to quinazoline 3-oxide via ruthenium-catalyzed visible light photoredox catalysis, and followed by treating with PCl₃ to yield the corresponding quinazoline. The mechanisms of these visible light-mediated reactions were proposed.     

Aerobic oxidative esterification of benzyl alcohols with catalytic tetrabromomethane under visible light irradiation

We report a useful method for the facile synthesis of aromatic esters from benzyl alcohols with molecular oxygen and catalytic tetrabromomethane in alcohol under visible light irradiation with a fluorescent lamp. This is the first metal-free reaction using molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant.     

Visible light photoredox catalysed amidation of carboxylic acids with amines

A visible-light promoted photoredox catalysed, green one-pot approach for the amidation of carboxylic acids with amines has been developed for the synthesis of diverse aliphatic and aromatic amides. The proposed strategy is extendable also to biologically active amides and could represent a low-cost alternative to the common synthetic pathways. The developed strategy may hold great potential for a comprehensive display of biologically interesting peptide synthesis and amino acid modification.     

Benign perfluoroalkylation of uracils and uracil nucleosides via visible light-induced photoredox catalysis

In this work, an efficient and facile method for the preparation of 5-perfluoroalkylated uracils and uracil nucleosides through visible-light-mediated reaction has been developed. The reaction processes in high efficiency under mild reaction conditions and show broad substrate scope by employing commercial available perfluoroalkyl sources, thus demonstrates high potent application in life and medicinal science.     

Oxidative photoredox catalysis: mild and selective deprotection of PMB ethers mediated by visible light

Herein we report an advancement in the application of visible light photoredox catalysts in the oxidation of electron-rich arenes resulting in the selective deprotection of para-methoxybenzyl (PMB) ethers. This method is highlighted by excellent functional group tolerance, protecting group orthogonality, mild reaction conditions and avoidance of stoichiometric redox byproducts.     

Defect induced nickel,nitrogen-codoped mesoporous TiO2 microspheres with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity

Nickel, nitrogen-codoped mesoporous TiO₂ microspheres (Ni–N–TiO₂) with high surface area, and an effective direct band gap energy of ∼2.58 eV. Nickel sulfate used as the Ni source and ammonia gas as the N source here. The efficiency of the as-prepared samples was investigated by monitoring the degradation of Rhodamine B under visible light irradiation. The experimental results indicate that Ni-doped mesoporous TiO₂ microspheres show higher photocatalytic activity than mesoporous TiO₂ microspheres under visible light irradiation. It mainly due to that the electron trap level (Ni²⁺/Ni⁺) promoting the separation of charge carriers and the oxygen vacancies inducing the visible light absorption. In addition, Ni–N–TiO₂ shows enhanced activity compared with Ni–TiO₂. Codopants and dopants are found to be uniformly distributed in TiO₂ matrix. Among the all samples the 0.5% molar quantity of Ni dopant and 500 °C 2 h nitriding condition gives the highest photocatalytic activity. The treatment of ammonia gas on Ni–TiO₂ sample induced oxygen vancancies, substitutional and interstitial N. A suitable treatment by ammonia gas also promote separation of charge carriers and the absorption of visible light. The active species generated in the photocatalytic system were also investigated. The strategy presented here gives a promising route towards the development of a metal and non-metal codoped semiconductor materials for applied photocatalysis and related applications.     

可见光促进的偕二氟烯烃制备与应用研究进展

偕二氟烯烃化合物在医药、材料、精细化工等领域具有广泛的应用,同时也是一类非常重要的用于制备各类复杂的有机氟化合物的有机合成中间体.可见光催化反应具有条件温和、绿色清洁等特点,已经成为有机化学中非常重要的合成手段之一.本文综述了近年来可见光促进的偕二氟烯烃化合物的制备及其在有机合成化学中的应用.     

Conjugated polymers as photoredox catalysts: a new catalytic system using visible light to promote aryl aldehyde pinacol couplings

The conjugated polymer poly-(p)-phenylene (PPP) was synthesized and used as a photoredox catalyst to promote pinacol coupling of aryl-aldehydes with visible light. The reaction required the use of a sacrificial electron donor (Et₃N), and was accelerated by the addition of Lewis and Brønsted acids. A distinct advantage of this photocatalytic system is the robust nature of the system, which is not overly sensitive to impurities, oxygen, or temperature, and proceeds cleanly with few side reactions. As a comparison with the PPP system, the reactivity of Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂, a popular photoredox catalyst was compared. The PPP system was superior to the Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂ for the pinacol couplings in both rate and yield.     

铋掺杂二氧化钛纳米颗粒的制备及其可见光催化性能

采用水热法,以纳米管钛酸为前驱物制备了Bi掺杂的TiO₂,并利用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱等手段对样品进行了表征. 以甲基橙的光催化降解为模型反应评价了样品的可见光催化性能. 结果表明,Bi离子并没有进入TiO₂的晶格中,而是以BiOCl的形式存在. 所制得的BiOCl/TiO₂复合物对甲基橙降解表现出较优越的可见光催化活性;当Bi/Ti摩尔比为1%,水热温度为130℃时,所制催化剂的光催化性能最佳,并对光催化活性提高的机理进行了讨论. 同时,该催化剂对4-氯苯酚降解也表现出较高的光催化性能.     

Enhanced visible light photocatalysis of TiO2 by Co-modification with Eu and Au nanoparticles

TiO₂ photocatalysis has been studied widely in environment protection and energy generation applications. But, the intrinsic absence of visible light response and the high recombination rate of photo-generated charge carriers significantly limited the efficiency of photocatalysis with TiO₂ materials. Herein, a facile approach was constructed to develop visible-light-induced TiO₂ photocatalysis by co-modification with Eu and Au nanoparticles. The synthesized Au/Eu-TiO₂ material was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, DRS, XPS, and N₂ adsorption measurements. Visible light catalytic performance of the Au/Eu-TiO₂ catalyst was evaluated by using the photodegradation of RhB as a model reaction. It was shown that this Au/Eu-TiO₂ exhibited a better photocatalytic activity than the single Au modified TiO₂ (Au/TiO₂) or the single Eu modified TiO₂ catalyst (Eu/TiO₂), and also exhibited a good reusability for the targeted reaction. This remarkably improved performance of Au/Eu-TiO₂ could be attributed to the synergetic effect of Eu and Au co-decoration, which not only enhanced visible light absorption but also promoted charge carriers transfers as evidenced by DRS, XPS and transient photocurrent spectra. Moreover, a possible reaction mechanism for the Au/Eu-TiO₂ photocatalysis was proposed.     

Visible-light-mediated cascade difunctionalization/cyclization of alkynoates with acyl chlorides for synthesis of 3-acylcoumarins

A new visible-light-mediated radical cyclization of alkynoates with acyl chlorides is described for the one-pot construction of diverse 3-acylcoumarins with high efficiency and selectivity. This method is successful by sequential difunctionalization of an alkynes CC triple bond with the CCl bonds of acyl chloride and aromatic C(sp²)H bonds. The cyclization is proposed to simultaneously form two new carbon–carbon bonds, and involves radical acylation, 5-exo-trig cyclization, and ester migration.     

Selective visible light reduction of carbon dioxide over iridium(III)-terpyridine photocatalysts

The CO₂ reduction reaction is an imperative piece of technology that closes the carbon cycle in many critical energy conversion and chemical manufacturing processes. Here, we report two new iridium (III) terpyridine-based photocatalysts capable of selective reduction of CO₂ to CO under visible light (λ ≥ 420 nm). The first photocatalyst, [Ir–COOH], was functionalized with the carboxyl group on the phenylpyridine, whereas the second, [Ir-PhCOOH], was attached to a phenyl spacer on the terpyridine. The [Ir-PhCOOH] was characterized by a higher extinction coefficient than [Ir–COOH], thus allowing more absorption of photons. Although both photocatalysts require two-electron activation, the [Ir-PhCOOH] is more readily activated as a result of the more negatively charged Ir center. These photocatalysts show exclusive selectivities in the production of CO. The turnover frequencies for [Ir–COOH] and [Ir-PhCOOH] were 19 and 10 h^?1, respectively, under visible light irradiation. The e-e-H-H pathway was identified as the most favorable, consisting of the rate-limiting step in the conversion of 1COOH to 1CO, and where the barrier is significantly lower for [Ir-PhCOOH] than for [Ir–COOH].