Conversion of Waste Tyres into Carbon Black and their Utilization as Adsorbent

Pyrolysis has the potential of transforming used tyres into useful recyclable products. Pyrolytic carbon black is one of the most important products of tyre pyrolysis. Waste tyres were pyrolysed at 450 °C in a batch reactor under atmospheric pressure. The recovered pyrolytic carbon black residues were studied to investigate their characteristics for use as a possible adsorbent. EDX elemental analysis and surface area determinations were used to investigate the distinctive features of pyrolytic carbon black. Due to various inorganic additives of the original tyre that contaminated the carbon black obtained, it was treated with acid for demineralization. The demineralized carbon black was activated at 900 °C in a furnace. It was observed that acid treatment and activation increased the surface areas and decreased the concentration of contaminants. Furthermore, adsorption characteristics of methylene blue on acid‐treated and activated carbon black (prepared via acid treatment) were compared with those of commercial activated carbon in liquid phase adsorption. It was found that adsorption capacity of methylene blue on acid‐treated activated carbon black was greater.     

The Effect of Electrochemical and Gas Phase Activation of High Surface Area Carbon Black Ketjen Black EC 600 DJ on Its Surface Composition,Electrochemical Capacitance,and Stability

The effect of electrochemical and gas-phase activation of high-surface-area carbon black Ketjen Black EC 600 DJ on its stability and electrochemical capacitance is studied. The electrochemical activation is carried out according to the “start–stop” protocol (1–1.5 V, 0.5 V/s). The stability of samples is assessed based on variation of their effective resistance (based on the results of cyclic voltammetry (CVA)) and electrochemical capacitance (based on CVA and galvanostatic data) with the cycle number. The changes in the texture and surface properties of activated samples are studied by the methods of nitrogen low-temperature adsorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The gas-phase activation of high-surface-area carbon black Ketjen Black EС 600 DJ is shown to impair its stability, while the electrochemical oxidation of carbonblack samples leads to a considerable (two-fold) increase in their electrochemical capacitance.     

Fe/炭黑、Ni/炭黑催化剂对渣油加氢反应的影响

使用模型化合物在微型反应釜中研究了载体炭黑对渣油内部氢转移反应的影响。结果表明,炭黑可以明显地促进四氢萘到蒽的氢转移反应。使用等体积浸渍法制备了Fe/炭黑、Ni/炭黑催化剂并对Fe/炭黑催化剂进行了XRD、SEM表征,结果表明,金属硫化物附着在炭黑颗粒的表面,直径为1μm左右。在高压反应釜中研究了载体炭黑和以炭黑为载体的催化剂对克拉玛依常压渣油430℃加氢反应的影响,并于传统的水溶性分散型催化剂的抑焦性能进行了对比。 结果表明,Fe/炭黑、Ni/炭黑催化剂可以明显地抑制渣油加氢反应的生焦,水洗后的催化剂效果比未经水洗的催化剂抑制生焦的效果好;Ni/炭黑催化剂抑焦效果比Fe/炭黑催化剂好;Fe/炭黑催化剂比同等浓度的水溶性Fe催化剂抑焦效果好。对反应产物馏分的分析表明,Fe/炭黑催化剂可以有效地抑制渣油缩合生焦,同时在一定程度上抑制裂化反应。     

碳糊电极在硫化矿发电浸出过程中的应用研究

应用线性电势扫描法研究硫化矿的纯矿电极与碳糊电极体系在氯化钠电解液中的电化学行为.结果表明,乙炔黑在硫化矿浸出过程中起到电催化作用,加入乙炔黑的碳糊电极较之纯矿电极,其发电浸出输出电流和电压均有一定程度的增加,同时活化能较传统浸出的低.     

Cationic ring-opening transfer polymerization of spiro ortho esters initiated by carbon black

The ring-opening transfer polymerization of spiro ortho esters (SOE) initiated by carbon black was investigated. In the absence of carbon black, no polymerization occurred at all. In the presence of channel black containing carboxyl group, the ring-opening transfer polymerization of SOE was initiated at 50-70°C. to give polyether ester, namely alternating copolymer of epoxide and lactone. The rate of polymerization of 1,4,6-trioxaspiro[4.4]nonane and 1,4,6-trioxaspiro[4.5]decane was considerably small compared with that of 1,4,6-trioxaspiro[4.6]undecane. The activation energy of the polymerization of 2-chloromethyl-1,4,6-trioxaspiro[4.6]undecane was estimated to be 6.0 kcal/mol. The initiating activity of carbon black increased with an increase in carboxyl group content of carbon black. Furnace black that contained no carboxyl group was unable to initiate the polymerization. Furthermore, the carbon black lost the initiating ability of the polymerization upon the blocking of carboxyl group on the surface by the treatment with potassium hydroxide or diazomethane. Based on these results, it was concluded that carboxyl group on carbon black plays an important role in the initiation. During the polymerization, a part of the polymer formed was grafted onto carbon black: the grafting ratio was 10–30%. The mechanisms of initiation and grafting were discussed.     

Adsorption of n-alkanes on a graphitized carbon black and its activation products in dry air

Summary Adsorption of n-alkanes (n-heptane to n-decane) on a graphitized carbon black and its activation products in dry air was carried out by a gas chromatographic technique. Adsorption runs were performed at finite surface coverage, to obtain the surface area and the London component of the surface free energy of the solids from the adsorption isotherms. On the other hand, the adsorption of n-alkanes carried out at zero surface coverage gave the differential heats of adsorption. The results show that, after the activation in dry air of the graphitized carbon black used, the surface area has a linear relationship with the degree of activation, whereas the surface heterogeneity changes in a parabolic fashion.     

Effect of different carbons on ignition temperature and activation energy of black powder

By means of TG, DTG, and DTA, it was shown that the source of carbon can affect the decomposition and reaction characteristics of black powder compositions. Carbons with high volatile content lower the activation energy and reduce the ignition temperature of black powder. The removal of these volatiles causes an increase in ignition temperature and activation energy. It also showed that although sulfur has no effect on the ignition temperature, it does affect the preignition reaction. Sulfurless black powder also has larger activation energies than regular black powder. Compositions of black powder containing channel black have lower activation energies than those with charcoal.     

Changes in the Morphology and Size of Carbon Black Agglomerates upon Mechanical Activation

The effect that mechanical activation performed for 5–30 min in an AGO-2 planetary mill with the centripetal acceleration of the milling bodies of 300 m s^–2 exerts on the size and morphology of agglomerates of P399 carbon black and on the physicomechanical and conducting properties of rubber stocks prepared by blending SKMS-10 ARK rubber and P399 carbon black was studied.     

Transport of benzene and methyl‐substituted benzenes through carbon black‐filled epoxidized natural rubber

Sorption and diffusion of benzene and methyl‐substituted benzenes were investigated through epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) reinforced with four types of carbon black: superabrasion furnace (SAF), intermediate superabrasion furnace (ISAF), high‐abrasion furnace (HAF), and semireinforcing furnace (SRF). Kraus equation has been used to investigate the extent of reinforcement for the different types of carbon black used in the experiments. Effect of the type and concentration of the carbon black on solvent uptake and mechanism of diffusion were studied in detail. The rate constant for diffusion of the solvents in epoxidized natural rubber vulcanizate based on different carbon black type, and loading was investigated. Diffusion constant was found to decrease with increase in the degree of reinforcement. The interaction constant values were experimentally determined. The sorption data were used to determine the activation energy for the diffusion process and the enthalpy and entropy of the sorption process. The experimental results were compared with theoretical predictions. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 415–427, 1999     

Study of carbon black oxidation behavior under different heating rates

The thermodynamic methods of the Arrhenius and Achar-Brindley-Sharp-Wendworth are employed to investigate the influence of the heating rate on oxidation characteristics of three carbon samples. High resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and specific surface area measurements using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller theory are applied to evaluate the influence of the graphitization degree, the microcrystalline length, and the microstructure on the oxidation of carbon black. The results show that with the increase in heating rate, the reaction rate of carbon black increases and the oxidation activation energy gradually decreases; the fitted values of the activation energy range from 136.4 to 221.3 kJ mol^?1 with the heating rate is <100 K min^?1. Besides, the evaporation and oxidation of simulating soluble organic fractions absorbed on carbon samples can change its internal microstructure, which could influence carbon oxidation. All experimental results indicate that carbon black would sequentially take those steps during oxidation: volatile substance evaporation or oxidation, amorphous carbon oxidation, graphitization, and combustion finally.     

Cationic grafting from carbon black. VII. Grafting of polyacetals by cationic ring-opening polymerization of trioxane and 1,3-dioxolane initiated by CO+ClO4− groups on carbon black

The cationic ring-opening polymerization of trioxane and 1,3-dioxolane was found to be initiated by CO⁺CIO₄^? groups on a carbon black surface, which were introduced by the reaction of COCI groups with AgCIO₄. The activation energy of the ring-opening polymerization of trioxane was estimated to be 15.5 kcal/mol. In the polymerization system, poly(oxymethylene) and poly(1,3-dioxolane) formed were effectively grafted onto carbon black depending upon the propagation of these polymers from the carbon black surface; for instance, the grafting ratio of poly(oxymethylene) onto carbon black increased with an increase in conversion and went up to about 180%. Although the grafted chain of poly(oxymethylene) was subject to stepwise thermal depolymerization from the chain ends, the thermal stability of poly(oxymethylene)-grafted carbon black was improved by acetylation of hemiformal end groups. The molecular weight of ungrafted poly(oxymethylene) formed in the polymerization was determined to be 1.8–2.0 × 10⁴. Furthermore, the copolymerization of trioxane with 1,3-dioxolane, styrene, and other comonomers initiated by CO⁺CIO₄^? groups and the thermal stability of these acetal copolymer-grafted carbon black were investigated.     

Characterization of atmospheric aerosol in Buenos Aires, Argentina

PM10 and PM2.5 samples were taken using a Gent sampler to characterize the atmospheric aerosol of Buenos Aires metropolitan area. A total of 114 samples were collected from October 2005 to October 2006 at one urban site, every third day, for 24 h. Samples were analyzed by neutron activation, and black carbon and mass concentration were determined. In both fractions, elemental and gravimetric mass concentrations were compared with historical data. Enrichment factors, backward trajectories and factor analysis were calculated. The attribution of pollution sources is discussed.     

废轮胎中试回转窑热解炭理化特性及应用前景

采用中试回转窑热解装置对废轮胎进行了热解研究。在450 ℃～650 ℃温度范围内，热解炭的产率约为39%～44%，并具有高灰分（12%以上）和高硫含量特性。热解炭孔容积随热解温度升高而增大，并在550 ℃时达到最大值。在孔径约为50 nm处，热解炭的比孔容积具有最大值。热解炭在CO2和水蒸气气氛下，经活化可得到中等比表面积的活性炭（253 m2/g～306 m2/g），并具有较发达的中、大孔结构。热解炭及其活性炭对亚甲基兰和Pb2+具有良好的吸附性。热解炭作为炭黑使用时，其炭黑特性（结构性等）和硫化胶特性低于高补强N330炭黑。热解炭黑可用作中、低补强性炭黑。     

Fullerene-Like Structures as Interaction Sites between Carbon Black and Rubber

Ball-milling of N660 carbon black and graphite causes a deep activation of its surface activity which can be measured by a significant increase in the bound rubber level and in the amount of grafted rubber in comparison to the pristine untreated samples. The bound rubber measurement has been done also on a natural rubber masterbatch filled with extracted fullerene carbon black (EFCB). Also in this case extremely high levels of rubber grafting have been achieved in comparison to pure untreated graphite. It is discussed and demonstrated that the fullerene-like nanostructures in carbon blacks play a key role in the formation of bound rubber phenomenon and in grafting natural rubber on carbon black surface.     

Electrical Conductivity,Oil Absorption and Electric Heating of Carbon Black-modified Carbon Nanofibers

Carbon-black-modified carbon nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning, and the effects of the carbon black content and processing temperature on the physical and chemical properties of the resulting composites were investigated. The results showed that the conductivity of carbon-black-modified nanofibers increased with the carbon black content. The addition of carbon black in a 20% mass ratio increased the conductivity of the composite(0.75 S/cm) by 230% compared with the undoped nanofiber(2.47 S/cm), while the adulteration with 5% CB allowed the preservation of the mechanical properties of the composites. The fabricated carbon-black/carbon-nanocomposite fibers exhibited excellent oil absorption and electrothermal conversion performance. Furthermore, the conductivity and oil absorption capacity increased with increasing carbonization temperature. With a carbonization temperature of 1000℃(5% carbon black), the voltage was 31 V, the current was 0.66 A, and the surface temperature of the composite reached 234.1℃. The overall enhancement in physical properties upon the addition of even low amounts of carbon black makes these composites advantageous for future industrial applications.     

Air pollution monitoring of an urban dust in Daejeon city,Korea by using instrumental neutron activation analysis

For air pollution monitoring, about 1300 airborne particulate matter samples were collected by using a low volume air sampler and a polycarbonate filter at two sampling sites in an urban region, Daejeon, the middle of Korea from 2003 to 2006. Mass concentrations of the black carbon were measured using a smoke stain reflectometer. The concentrations of 24 elements in the collected samples were analyzed by using instrumental neutron activation analysis, and its temporal trends and enrichment factors were investigated under different environmental conditions. Analytical control was carried out by using certified reference materials.     

原煤和黑液水煤浆燃烧特性的热分析对比研究

在热天平上进行黑液水煤浆和原煤的燃烧、热解实验,得到不同升温速率下的燃烧、热解特性曲线和碳转化率特征曲线。试验结果表明,黑液水煤浆中的钠及其化合物在燃烧过程中催化作用明显,并且黑液中有机物成分对燃烧起到一定促进作用。在20 ℃/min升温速率下黑液水煤浆和原煤的燃烧活化能分别为12.98 kJ/mol和106.59 kJ/mol,反映出黑液水煤浆比原煤有更好的着火特性。     

Stress relaxation in carbon-black-filled styrene–butadiene rubber

The tensile stress relaxation of carbon-black-filled SBR was studied in the linear viscoelasticity region as a function of temperature and volume fraction of fillers. Time—temperature superposition was valid, and master relaxation curves were obtained. Carbon black increases the modulus of the compound, especially in the rubbery region, and the time range over which the glass-rubber transition occurred. The shift factor is divided into three regions; an Arrhenius dependence in rubbery and glassy states, and Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) dependence in the transition region. The apparent activation energy in the rubbery state increases with the volume fraction of carbon black (or silica) and is unaffected by the structure of the filler. The increase in activation energy is caused by the attachment of rubber chains to the carbon surface. At 30% elongation, the activation energy for carbon-black-filled rubber has a value of 32 kcal/mole, independent of structure and concentration of the filler.     

Difference in bound rubber formation of silica and carbon black with styrene‐butadiene rubber

Formation of bound rubber is affected by the physical structure and surface chemistry of filler and the property of rubber. Variation of the bound rubber formation in styrene‐butadiene rubber compounds filled with silica and/or carbon black was studied. Influence of temperature on extraction of loosely bound rubber was also investigated. For the both silica and carbon black‐filled compounds, the bound rubber content increases with increase in the silica content ratio. The bound rubber content decreases with increasing the extracting temperature. The loosely bound rubber content of the silica‐filled compound is higher than that of the carbon black‐filled one. Activation energy for the extraction of the unbound and loosely bound rubbers becomes higher as the total filler content increases. The activation energy of the silica‐filled compound is higher (almost double the value) than for the carbon black‐filled one. Copyright­© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of the chemical characteristics and sources of airborne particulate matter in Santiago, Chile

Neutron activation analysis (NAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and ion chromatography (IC) were used for the chemical characterization of airborne particulate matter in Santiago, Chile. The PM10 mass and elemental concentration were higher in the winter than in the summer collection period. Analytical quality assessment for NAA, XRF, PIXE, AAS and IC was performed on some samples. Correlations were found between the elements Pb–Br, Si–Ca–Fe, As–Cu–S and also between the fine mass and black carbon concentrations, which could be associated with some relevant sources.