Retention in Reversed-Phase Ion-Pair Chromatography of Amines On Alkyl-Bonded Phases

Abstract

Reversed phase ion-pair chromatography of phenethylamine derivatives (noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, synephrine, tyramine and pholedrine) and lower alkylamines has been performed with octyl sulfate as counter ion in an aqueous eluent with a low content of 1-pentanol. LiChrosorb RP-18 was used as the solid phase. The retention of lithium and potassium in the system has also been studied.

On the basis of adsorption and retention studies a model for the chromatographic behaviour of the amines is proposed that includes interaction with two sites with different binding ability in the stationary phase. The adsorption capacity of the sites has been calculated as well as adsorption constants for the octyl sulfate ion pairs.     

Retention Behavior of New Oral Antidiabetic Drugs in Reversed-Phase Chromatography

JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC - The thin-layer chromatographic behavior of three of the newest oral antidiabetic agents, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, and...     

Retention of Ionized Solutes in Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

The mechanism of retention in reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography is affected by both solute-eluent interactions and the nature of the stationary phase. The hydrophobic expulsion of ionized solutes plays a major role in affecting solute behavior in the water-rich range of hydroorganic eluents. In the water-lean range of eluent composition, there is little hydrophobic expulsion, and specific interactions between the solute and surface can be observed. The nature of the surface affects the retention of a variety of ionized species, both large cations and anions. Octadecylsilane (ODS) bonded phases can exhibit two different binding sites: one exhibiting a weak interaction and the second a strong specific interaction with a solute. Styrenedivinylbenzene polymeric surfaces exhibit the potential for weak dispersion interactions, and in addition pi-bonding interactions with a solute. A variety of solutes have been injected in a water: methanol eluent system in order to assess solute-surface effects on reversed-phase supports.     

表阿霉素及其相关物质在反相离子对色谱中的色谱行为

以表阿霉素及其6种相关物质为研究对象,系统评价了其在反相离子对色谱模式下的色谱行为.分别考察了流动相中有机相种类、有机相比例、水相中离子对试剂浓度、pH值对表阿霉素及其相关物质的影响.结果表明,使用乙腈作为有机相洗脱能力及分离效果优于甲醇,保留时间随乙腈比例增大而减小;随着离子对试剂十二烷基硫酸钠浓度增加,杂质阿霉素酮及柔红霉酮几乎无影响,其他5种物质保留时间增加.同时,表阿霉素及其杂质的保留行为受流动相pH值影响较大,当pH不高于4时可获得较好的分离效果.通过对表阿霉素及其相关物质反相离子对模式下的保留行为进行了系统的评价和定量描述,研究结果将有助于该类化合物液相色谱分离方法的发展.     

Retention and Thermodynamic Studies of Piperazine Diastereomers in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography

The effect of organic modifier concentration on retention and selectivity of two piperazine diastereomers in a typical n-octadecyl-bonded silica (ODS) column was investigated at pH 6.4 and pH 3.0 using phosphate-buffered acetonitrile (MeCN/H₂O) and methanol (MeOH/H₂O) mobile phases. The results show the logarithmic retention factors decrease with increasing organic concentration in a less rectilinear fashion in the MeCN/H₂O system than in the MeOH/H₂O system at high organic concentrations at both pHs. At pH 6.4, the MeOH/H₂O system provided significantly higher diastereomer selectivity than the MeCN/H₂O system, which can be ascribed to the hydrogen bonding interaction of methanol (as a hydrogen donor) with the piperazine amine moiety of the solute (as a hydrogen acceptor). At pH 3.0, both mobile phases provided high selectivity, in which both acetonitrile and methanol acted as hydrogen acceptors, while the protonated amine acted as the hydrogen donor. The effect of temperature on retention and selectivity was also studied in the two mobile phase systems at both pHs. It was found that at pH 6.4 the retention and selectivity were enthalpically driven in the MeOH/H₂O system, while entropically driven in the MeCN/H₂O system. However, the retention was entropically driven and the selectivity enthalpically driven in both systems at pH 3.0. Locally preferential solvating and hydrogen bonding effects are proposed to explain the anomalous retention and selectivity behaviors.     

Retention Behaviour of Higher Fluorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography

The retention behaviour of 18 di-, tri- and tetra-fluorinated phenanthrenes, chrysenes and benzo[g]chrysenes in column liquid chromatography was studied for a monomeric and a polymeric octadecyl-bonded silica phase. The retention times were much longer than those of the parent compounds and strongly dependent on the F-substitution pattern. The influence of geometric factors like calculated length-to-breadth ratios (LB ratios) and planarity, and electronic factors such as dipole moment and London forces was investigated. A linear correlation was found between the dipole moment and/or the degree of fluorination and the retention factor for the monomeric phase, and additionally between the maximum LB ratio and the retention factor for the polymeric phase. These findings are interpreted using the models of partition and the slot-model, respectively. Polyfluorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are not very similar to parent PAHs and are, therefore, less suitable as internal standards in PAH analysis than the monofluorinated analogues especially in cases when the similarity of physico-chemical properties is critical.     

氨基苯磺酸和氨基萘磺酸在反相色谱中的保留行为

本文考察了冲洗剂中强组分浓度、无机盐浓度和酸度对保留值的影响,结果表明在溶质的 lnk 与 C_b 间线性关系中不能包括 C_b=0时的实验点。同时还观察到线性回归的 a 值与C_b=0时实测的 lnk′值存在较好的线性关系,酸度对 k′值的影响较复杂;溶质的保留值随无机盐浓度的增加而增大。     

Retention of Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Polar Groups in Binary Reversed-Phase Thin-Layer Chromatography

JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC - Reversed-phase TLC of aromatic hydrocarbons with different functional groups has been performed on RP18 of high and low coverage...     

Quantitative Retention - Eluent Composition Relationships in Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

Mechanistic molecular models of liquid-liquid and liquid-solid equilibria are discussed for common types of liquid chromatography systems. In spite of the assumed simplifications (e.g., use of concentrations in the definition of equilibrium constants) the approximate formulas for retentioneluent composition relationships are satisfactory for the preliminary optimization of TLC and HPLC systems; the molecular structure of the solute is indirectly expressed by the equilibrium constants and slopes of the plots so that graphical analysis of the relationships may provide information about the chromatographed compounds. It is demonstrated that, depending on the system type, the R_M (log k') values are often a linear function of concentration of the modifier either in linear or in logarithmic scale.     

反相液相色谱中溶质保留参数间的定量关系研究

 比较了Snyder经验公式中的K0w 与S和溶质计量置换保留模型 (SDM R)中溶质保留参数Z(1mol溶剂化溶质被溶剂化固定相吸附时 ,在其接触表面处释放出溶剂或置换剂的总摩尔数 )与lgI(与 1mol溶质对固定相的亲和势有关的常数 )之间的定量关系。SDM R中的两个参数间不仅对同系物溶质可以有很好的线性关系 ,而且对非同系物溶质也有很好的线性关系。其线性关系的好坏主要取决于这两个参数数值范围的大小 ,与文献中报告的线性关系取决于是否单因素影响溶质的保留和完全由统计学规律决定的结论不同。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定酚类化合物的保留指数

以3种ODS柱分别测定了10种酚类化合物的保留值,以烷基甲酮类作为标准参照物计算保留指数及校正保留指数。结果表明,采用校正保留指数系统,可获得比常规保留指数系统更好的精密度和准确性。     

四苯基卟啉金属螯合物的反相高效液相色谱保留行为研究

 研究了四苯基卟啉金属螯合物(TPP)的高效液相色谱保留行为。在C18柱上试验以各种有机溶剂洗脱金属螯合物,最终选择了甲醇-丙酮的非 水体系作流动相。各螯合物的保留顺序为：ZnTPP＜TPP＜NiTPP＜CuTPP。运用Horvath的疏溶剂理论解释了这种保留行为。文中采用电负性与离子半径之比（EN／ri）作为静电场强的量度,提出 EN／ri值作为四苯基卟啉金属螯合物保留值参数。实验发现,在不同的流动相配比条件下,lnk′与 EN／ri均呈良好的线性关系。     

反相高效液相色谱法对八种吡嗪类化合物保留性能的研究

在Ｓｐｈｅｒｉｓｏｒｂ－Ｃ（１８）反相柱上,以甲醇－水为流动相,对八种吡嗪类化合物的保留性能进行了考察。同时用不同浓度下的冲洗剂所得保留值和关系式ｌｎｋ＇＝ａ＋ｃＣｂ中的参数ａ、ｃ作线性关系,得到很好的相关性。流动相中不同的无机盐及微量有机胺类改性剂的加入,可有效地改进分离。当甲醇：０．２ｍｌ／ＬＨＡｃ－ＮａＡｃ缓冲液（ｐＨ４．５）：三乙胺为４０：５９：１（Ｖ／Ｖ）时,除两种同分异构体不能分离外,所有组分在２５ｍｉｎ内可实现较理想的分离。     

Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography with Mixed Eluents: Partition Model of Retention for Ionogenic Solutes

Abstract

Basing on the pure partition model of solute retention new theoretical equations for ionogenic solutes are discussed. These equations define dependence of the capacity ratio on the mobile phase composition, which is characteristic for the reversed-phase liquid chromatography.     

Contribution of Steric Repulsion to Retention on an Octadecylsiloxane-Bonded Silica Stationary Phase in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography

Plots of the retention factor against mobile phase composition were used to organize a varied group of solutes into three categories according to their retention mechanism on an octadecylsilioxane-bonded silica stationary phase, Ascentis ^TM C18, with acetonitrile-water and methanol-water mobile phase compositions containing 10–70% (v/v) organic solvent. The solutes in category 1 could be fit to a general retention model, Eq. (1), and exhibited normal retention behavior for the full composition range. The solutes in category 2 exhibited normal retention behavior at high organic solvent compositions with a discontinuity at low organic solvent mobile phase compositions. The solutes in category 3 exhibited a pronounced step or plateau in the middle region of the retention plots with a retention mechanism similar to category 1 at mobile phase compositions after the discontinuity and a different retention mechanism before the discontinuity. Selecting solutes and appropriate composition ranges from the three categories where a single retention mechanism was operative allowed modeling of the experimental retention factors using the solvation parameter model. These models were then used to predict retention factors for solutes excluded from the models. The overwhelming number of residual values, here defined as the difference between experimental and model predicted retention factors for the excluded solutes, could be explained by contributions from steric repulsion. The latter defined as the inability of solutes to fully insert themselves into the solvated stationary phase because of their size or conformation. Steric repulsion resulted in a systematic reduction in retention compared with predicted values for the fully inserted solute. The bonding density of the stationary phase; the type and composition of the mobile phase; and the size, conformation, type and number of functional groups on the solute are shown to affect the contribution of steric repulsion to the retention mechanism.     

反相高效液相色谱对8种噻唑类衍生物保留性能的研究

在ＯＤＳ反相柱上，考察了不同浓度下的甲醇／水对８种噻唑衍生物保留值的影响。并把不同浓度的冲洗剂所得保留值和关系式ｌｎＫ′＝ａ＋ｃＣｂ中的参数ａ、ｃ作线性关联，得到很好的相关性，同时考察了不同种类的无机盐和有机胺对噻唑类衍生物容量因子ｋ′的影响。     

高分子覆盖型硅胶填料的制备与色谱保留行为

 采用甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)或MMA 亚乙基二甲基丙烯酸酯 (EDMA)在硅胶表面聚合的方法 ,制备生成了新型高分子覆盖型硅胶填料C或D。借助红外光谱、元素分析、尺寸排阻色谱和反相液相色谱分析对反应过程、覆盖程度、交联剂的影响和填料的色谱保留行为进行了评价和讨论。结果显示 ,在合成时可以通过控制聚合单体的量控制生成高分子层的厚度 ,而合成中加入交联剂可以改变填料表面的微孔构造。通过考察这种色谱填料的疏水性和对芳香族化合物的分离性能 ,认为其柱效和分离效果接近C18填料的性能。     

Reversed-Phase Retention of Nucleic Acid Components

Abstract

Hydrogels in solutions can reversibly swell and collapse with small changes in the process conditions. In this paper we focus on using this characteristic as a purification device. The gels prove to be effective and gentle substitutes for ultrafiltration membranes for the purification of sensitive products such as biomaterials.     

Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationship Modeling of the Retention Behavior of Guanidine and Imidazoline Derivatives in Reversed-Phase Thin-Layer Chromatography

JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC - The quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) study has been performed in order to investigate the retention behavior of...     

Insights into the Retention Mechanism for Small Neutral Compounds on Silica-Based Phenyl Phases in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography

The system constants of the solvation parameter model are used to prepare system maps for the retention of small neutral compounds on phenylhexylsiloxane- and pentafluorophenylpropylsiloxane-bonded superficially porous silica stationary phases (Kinetex Phenyl-Hexyl and Kinetex F5) for aqueous mobile phases containing 10–70% (v/v) methanol or acetonitrile. Electrostatic interactions (cation exchange) are important for the retention of weak bases for acetonitrile–water mobile phases, but virtually absent for the same compounds for methanol–water mobile phases. The selectivity of the Kinetex Phenyl-Hexyl stationary phase for small neutral compounds is similar to an octadecylsiloxane-bonded silica stationary phase with similar morphology Kinetex C-18 for both methanol–water and acetonitrile–water mobile phase compositions. The Kinetex Phenyl-Hexyl and XBridge Phenyl stationary phases with the same topology but different morphology are selectivity equivalent, confirming that solvation of the interphase region can be effective at dampening selectivity differences for modern stationary phases. Small selectivity differences observed for XTerra Phenyl (different morphology and topology) confirm previous reports that the length and type of space arm for phenylalkylsiloxane-bonded silica stationary phases can result in small changes in selectivity. The pentafluorophenylpropylsiloxane-bonded silica stationary phase (Kinetex F5) has similar separation properties to the phenylhexylsiloxane-bonded silica stationary phases, but is not selectivity equivalent. However, for method development purposes, the scope to vary separations from an octadecylsiloxane-bonded silica stationary phase (Kinetex C-18) to “phenyl phase” of the types studied here is limited for small neutral compounds. In addition, selectivity differences for the above stationary phases are enhanced by methanol–water and largely suppressed by acetonitrile–water mobile phases. For bases, larger selectivity differences are possible for the above stationary phases if electrostatic interactions are exploited, especially for acetonitrile-containing mobile phases.