Two dimensional stress intensity factor computations by multi-domain boundary element method for crack closure with friction

A multi-domain boundary element method is used to compute the stress intensity factor of plane stress/plane strain crack problems with friction. The analysis is performed by using traction-singular quarter-point boundary elements on each side of the crack tips. The increment iteration is given. The technique is applied to some specific examples in order to show that the results will be with good accuracy.The Project 13 supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

直接增强自然单元法计算应力强度因子

自然单元法是一种新兴的无网格数值计算方法,但应用于裂纹问题计算时,其近似函数并不能准确反映裂纹尖端渐进应力场的奇异性,为获得足够的计算精度,需要在缝尖附近增大结点的布置密度。针对裂纹问题提出一种增强的自然单元法,将缝尖渐近位移场函数嵌入到自然单元法近似函数中,给出了增强试函数的构造方法,推导了总体刚度矩阵和荷载列阵的相关列式。应力强度因子可以作为附加未知量直接算得,也可用J积分或相互作用能量积分方法进行计算,对增强区域的选择和影响进行了分析。算例结果表明,基于增强自然单元法采用围线积分方法计算应力强度因子具有很高的精度,但直接以附加结点自由度形式计算则精度有所降低。     

A singular element for calculating the stress intensity factor

This paper proposes a new type of special element (sectorial singular element) for calculating the linear elastic stress intensity factor. The shape of element not only accords with the demands of finite element analysis, but also coincides with the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics. The accuracy and economy of the result in this paper are satisfactory.     

应力强度因子分析的三角形Williams单元

弹性断裂分析的Williams广义参数单元计算模型中忽略了紧邻裂尖的微区域,为了进一步完善该计算模型,本文提出并建立了三角形Williams单元。首先围绕裂尖将奇异区均匀分割为有限个三角形单元,利用改进的Williams级数建立该单元的整体位移场计算模型;其次沿径向将该三角形单元进一步离散为多个相似四边形微单元和裂尖三角形微单元,并利用经典有限元理论建立微单元的局部位移场计算模型;然后利用整体位移场控制各微单元结点位移,并在此基础上研究建立裂尖奇异区三角形Williams单元及其控制方程。该单元模型中含有与裂尖应力强度因子相关的参数,能够直接计算裂尖处的应力强度因子。最后结合算例详细分析了三角形Williams单元计算模型中径向离散因子、离散数、Williams级数项对计算结果的影响。算例分析表明,三角形Williams单元所得的应力强度因子具有对奇异区尺寸不敏感的优点,且收敛快,计算精度高。     

Determination of stress intensity factors by the finite element discretized symplectic method

When rewriting the governing equations in Hamiltonian form, analytical solutions in the form of symplectic series can be obtained by the method of separation of variable satisfying the crack face conditions. In theory, there exists sufficient number of coefficients of the symplectic series to satisfy any outer boundary conditions. In practice, the matrix relating the coefficients to the outer boundary conditions is ill-conditioned unless the boundary is very simple, e.g., circular. In this paper, a new two-level finite element method using the symplectic series as global functions while using the conventional finite element shape functions as local functions is developed. With the available classical finite elements and symplectic series, the main unknowns are no longer the nodal displacements but are the coefficients of the symplectic series. Since the first few coefficients are the stress intensity factors, post-processing is not required. A number of numerical examples as well as convergence studies are given.     

Die design by a boundary element method

A simple technique to design extrusion dies for three dimensional profiles based on Boundary Element Methods is reported. The technique is applied to design a few dies for triangular and square Newtonian extrudates. The results obtained compare well with the available data on common design practice.     

完备型二次边界轮廓法的研究及J积分和应力强度因子的计算

选择二次完全多项多作为位移形函数,对边界轮廓法作了进一步的发展,证明二维弹性断裂问题的Ｊ积分方程的被积分函数的散度等于零,将Ｊ积分化为边界点的势函数数值的计算,无需计算数值积分,算例表明,该方法较传统边界元法求得的结果精度更好。     

Using moiré interferometry and boundary integral hybrid method to determine mixed-mode stress intensity factor

The paper describes a hybrid experimental and numerical method of Moiré Interferometry and the boundary-integral-element method. The interference patterns used for the evaluation of the displacement vector are obtained by Moiré Interferometry. The boundary displacements obtained experimentally are conveniently used for the calculation of the stress intensity factor in the body by the boundary-integral-method. Some examples bear witness to the effectiveness and accuracy of the hybrid technique. Project is supported by the Science Fundation of the State Education Commission of China.     

边界元法计算切口多重应力奇性指数

提出采用边界元法直接计算V形切口的多重应力奇性指数。首先在切口尖端挖出一微小扇形域,在该域边界列常规边界积分方程,后将扇形域内的位移场和应力场表示成关于切口尖端距离ρ的渐近级数展开式,回代入切口边界积分方程,离散后得到关于切口奇性指数的代数特征方程,从而求解获得V形切口的应力奇性指数。该法避免了常规边界元法和有限元法在切口尖端附近布置细密单元的缺陷,并可同时求得多阶应力奇性指数。     

Determination of stress intensity factor with direct stress approach using finite element analysis

In this article,a direct stress approach based on finite element analysis to determine the stress intensity fac-tor is improved.Firstly,by comparing the rigorous solution against the asymptotic solution for a problem of an infinite plate embedded a central crack,we found that the stresses in a restrictive interval near the crack tip given by the rigorous solution can be used to determine the stress intensity fac-tor,which is nearly equal to the stress intensity factor given by the asymptotic solution.Secondly,the crack problem is solved numerically by the finite element method.Depending on the modeling capability of the software,we designed an adaptive mesh model to simulate the stress singularity.Thus, the stress result in an appropriate interval near the crack tip is fairly approximated to the rigorous solution of the corre-sponding crack problem.Therefore,the stress intensity factor may be calculated from the stress distribution in the appro-priate interval,with a high accuracy.     

A simplified two-dimensional boundary element method with arbitrary uniform mean flow

To reduce computational costs, an improved form of the frequency domain boundary element method(BEM) is proposed for two-dimensional radiation and propagation acoustic problems in a subsonic uniform flow with arbitrary orientation. The boundary integral equation(BIE) representation solves the two-dimensional convected Helmholtz equation(CHE) and its fundamental solution, which must satisfy a new Sommerfeld radiation condition(SRC) in the physical space. In order to facilitate conventional formulations, the variables of the advanced form are expressed only in terms of the acoustic pressure as well as its normal and tangential derivatives, and their multiplication operators are based on the convected Green's kernel and its modified derivative. The proposed approach significantly reduces the CPU times of classical computational codes for modeling acoustic domains with arbitrary mean flow. It is validated by a comparison with the analytical solutions for the sound radiation problems of monopole,dipole and quadrupole sources in the presence of a subsonic uniform flow with arbitrary orientation.     

Damage analysis by boundary element method

The response of cracked bodies subjected to loading was investigated by the boundary element method in this paper. The two-law elastic-cohesive-softening model was used for crack propagation analysis. The interface conditions for uncracked, craze, open crack, adhesive crack and slid crack parts were discussed and the corresponding incremental iteration algorithm was given. A simplified damage propagation model was presented. The technique has been applied to some specific examples which give the evidence that the method is satisfactory and efficient.     

Kinked crack analysis by a hybridized boundary element/boundary collocation method

In this research a two dimensional displacement discontinuity method (which is a kind of indirect boundary element method) using higher order elements (i.e. a source element with a cubic variation of displacement discontinuities having four sub-elements) is used to obtain the displacement discontinuities along each boundary element. In this paper, three kinds of the higher order boundary elements are used: the ordinary elements, the kink elements and the special crack tip elements.The boundary collocation technique is used for the calculation of the displacement discontinuities at the center of each sub-elements. Again a special boundary collocation technique is used to treat the kinked source elements occur in the crack analysis. Considering the two source elements (each having four sub-elements) joined at a corner (kink point). The collocation points in the cubic element model which are outside of the kink point are moved to the crack kink then the displacement discontinuities on the left and right sides of the kink are calculated. The displacement discontinuities of the kink point are obtained by averaging the corresponding values of its left and right sides. The special crack tip elements are also treated by the boundary displacement collocation technique considering the singularity variation of the displacements and stresses near the crack tip. Some simple example problems are solved numerically by the proposed method. The numerical results are compared with the corresponding results obtained by the previous methods cited in the literature. This comparison shows a very good agreement between the results and verify the accuracy and validity of the proposed method.     

Axisymmetric viscoplastic deformation by the boundary element method

This paper presents a boundary element formulation and numerical implementation of the problem of small axisymmetric deformation of viscoplastic bodies. While the extension from planar to axisymmetric problems can be carried out fairly simply for the finite element method (FEM), this is far from true for the boundary element method (BEM). The primary reason for this fact is that the axisymmetric kernels in the integral equations of the BEM contain elliptic functions which cannot be integrated analytically even over boundary elements and internal cells of simple shape. Thus, special methods have to be developed for the efficient and accurate numerical integration of these singular and sensitive kernels over discrete elements. The accurate determination of stress rates by differentiation of the displacement rates presents another formidable challenge.A successful numerical implementation of the boundary element method with elementwise (called the Mixed approach) or pointwise (called the pure BEM or BEM approach) determination of stress rates has been carried out. A computer program has been developed for the solution of general axisymmetric viscoplasticity problems. Comparisons of numerical results from the BEM and FEM, for several illustrative problems, are presented and discussed in the paper. It is possible to get direct solutions for the simpler class of problems for cylinders of uniform cross-section, and these solutions are also compared with the BEM and FEM results for such cases.     

Mixed-mode thermal stress intensity factors from the finite element discretized symplectic method

A finite element discretized symplectic method is introduced to find the thermal stress intensity factors (TSIFs) under steady-state thermal loading by symplectic expansion. The cracked body is modeled by the conventional finite elements and divided into two regions: near and far fields. In the near field, Hamiltonian systems are established for the heat conduction and thermoelasticity problems respectively. Closed form temperature and displacement functions are expressed by symplectic eigen-solutions in polar coordinates. Combined with the analytic symplectic series and the classical finite elements for arbitrary boundary conditions, the main unknowns are no longer the nodal temperature and displacements but are the coefficients of the symplectic series after matrix transformation. The TSIFs, temperatures, displacements and stresses at the singular region are obtained simultaneously without any post-processing. A number of numerical examples as well as convergence studies are given and are found to be in good agreement with the existing solutions.     

Application of the holographic interferometry method to determine the stress intensity factor

Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 1, pp. 155–158, January–February, 1990.     

An improved formulation for domain stress evaluation by boundary element method in elastoplastic problems

An integral expression for domain stresses in the elastoplastic boundary element method is presented. Thus it is not necessary to evaluate the Cauchy. principal value in domain integral. This method shows some improvement in the accuracy and efficiency for the numerical process. A numerical result of axisymmetric elastoplastic problem has been worked out and a comparison with analytical result is given.This work had been supported by National Science Foundation of China.     

Numerical solution of a free surface problem by a boundary element method

This paper describes a method for the numerical solution of a Riabouchinsky cavity flow. Application of a boundary element method leads to a system of non-linear equations. The mild singularity appearing at the separation point is treated with the introduction of a curved boundary element, which satisfies the exact behaviour of the free boundary in that neighbourhood.     

三维势流场的比例边界有限元求解方法

比例边界有限元法(SBFEM)是线性偏微分方程的一种新的数值求解方法。该方法只对计算域边界利用Galerkin方法进行数值离散,相对于有限元方法(FEM)减少了一个空间坐标的维数,而在减少的空间坐标方向利用解析方法进行求解;相对于边界元法(BEM),比例边界有限元方法不需要基本解,避免了奇异积分的计算,所以它结合了有限元和边界元方法的优点。本文建立了利用比例边界有限元法求解三维Laplace方程的数值模型并用于计算三维物体周围的水流场,将计算结果与解析解和边界元方法进行了对比,结果表明此方法可以很好地模拟水流场,且具有较高的计算精度。