萃取剂组成和结构对煤直接液化油渣萃取行为的影响

煤直接液化过程会产生约占投煤量30%的煤液化油渣,利用萃取手段可将其中的多环芳烃类物质提取出来,制备高价值的炭材料。本文总结了萃取剂的组成结构对煤液化油渣萃取率及萃取产物性质的影响。含有芳环结构或氮氧杂环的萃取剂萃取率可达50%以上。烷烃类有机萃取剂的萃取物主要包含2–4环缩合芳香结构,拥有较低的分子量和杂原子含量。含杂原子有机萃取剂的萃取物主要包含4–7环缩合芳香结构,其分子量大且富含氮、氧、硫等杂原子,C/H原子比较高。吡啶基离子液体萃取物的C/H原子比和芳香度较高;有机酸根基离子液体萃取物的灰分含量较低。使用煤液化油或煤焦油馏分油为萃取剂时,萃取率可达60%,具有工业化应用的前景。     

云南褐煤CO／H2O超临界萃取产物结构分析

对云南先锋褐煤ＣＯ／Ｈ２Ｏ超临界萃取产物进行了元素分析、平均分子量测定和Ｈ－ＮＭＲ、ＦＴＩＲ分析。结果表明，萃取物具有较小的结构单元和较高的杂原子含量，主要由芳环数为２－５，并具有烷基和酚羟基取代度２８－４６％的取代芳香结构组成。对正已烷可溶物柱色谱烷烃馏分和芳烃馏分进行了ＧＣ／ＭＳ分析，在烷烃馏分中检测出一系列烯烃存在，表明在萃取过程中有裂解反就 发生；芳烃馏分以基萘和烷基四氢萘为主要成分，取代     

四川省德阳地区泥炭资源的表征及质量评估

本文报导了对四川省德阳地区八种不同来源的泥炭进行全面分析的结果,并与黑龙江省腐值土及山西褐煤进行比较。结果表明,四川省德阳地区泥炭的腐植酸含量大都在20—30%之间,属于中腐酸泥炭,有机质含量在40—50%之间,属于中有机质炭。对从上述八种泥炭中提取的腐植酸进行表征,平均分子量为327.78,其结构是由C、N、H、O、S等元素组成,含有-COOH、-NH、-OH基的结构比较复杂的芳香有机化合物。     

山西高阳焦煤碳结构研究与谱学表征

煤是由多种官能团、多种化学键组成的复杂有机结构大分子物质,有机质碳是煤结构的骨架,是构成煤中有机质及形成焦炭的主要元素。研究炼焦煤中的碳结构,对构建炼焦煤大分子结构模型,认知炼焦煤结构及反应性具有重要意义。分别利用Peakfit V4和XPS Peak4.1软件对~(13)C CP/MAS-NMR、FTIR和XPS谱图进行拟合解析,对比研究不同测试方法的解析结果,探索炼焦煤中碳结构的主要特征,获取芳碳率、芳氢率、芳核平均结构尺寸等煤结构单元基本参数。山西高阳焦煤芳碳率的~(13)C CP/MAS-NMR、FTIR和XPS分析结果基本一致,分别是0.81、0.83和0.81。FTIR分析结果表明,芳香结构主要包括苯环二取代、苯环四取代和苯环五取代,占比分别是39.63%、32.24%和28.13%。脂肪结构主要以亚甲基形式存在,含量达到77.43%,甲基、次甲基含量依次减少,脂肪烃碳链长度较短为0.11。因此,山西高阳焦煤中存在较多的烷基侧链。根据~(13)C CP/MAS-NMR拟合结果,获知甲基碳f_(al)~*_、亚甲基碳/次甲基碳f_(al)~H_、氧接脂碳f_(al)~O、羰基碳/羧基碳f_a~C、芳烃碳f_a′、烷基取代芳碳f_a~S、芳香桥碳f_a~B、氧接芳碳f_a~P分别为0.06、0.06、0.04、0.05、0.76、0.10、0.28、0.03,计算得到芳碳率f_a、脂碳率f_(al)、质子化芳碳f_a~H、非质子化芳碳f_a~N和芳核平均结构尺寸X_b分别为0.81、0.19、0.35、0.41和0.37。XPS和~(13)C CP/MAS-NMR分析结果表明,山西高阳焦煤中羰基、醚氧键和酚羟基等碳氧官能团含量约占碳结构的5%。     

~1H－NMR对气煤吡啶抽提残煤热解加氢产物的结构分析

用￣１Ｈ－ＮＭＲ结合元素分析和分子量测定等方法，对抚顺老虎台气煤吡啶抽提残煤的热解加氢产物进行了表征。结果表明：各组分具有氢化芳环和杂环化合物的开链结构。求得了各组分的平均分子结构中含有的芳香环数和平均取代度。这些结果对于推断原始煤的大分子结构具有参考价值。     

^H—NMR对气煤吡啶抽提残煤热解加氢产物的结构分析

用＾１Ｈ－ＮＭＲ结合元素分析和分子量测定等方法，对抚顺考虑台气煤吡啶抽提残煤的热解加氢产物进行了表征。结果表明：各组分具有氢化芳环和杂环化合物的开链结构。求得了各组分的平均分子结构中含有的芳香环数和平均取代度。这些结果对于推断原始煤的大分子结构具有参考价值。     

酸洗脱灰及离子交换对低阶煤热溶剂提质分离的影响

采用酸洗脱灰、酸洗和Na/Co离子交换对两种低阶煤(MM和LY)进行预处理,然后以1-甲基萘为溶剂对预处理煤进行热溶剂提质萃取,把煤分成提质煤(UC)、高分子量萃取物(deposit)和低分子量萃取物(soluble)3种主要固体组分,以及少量水和气体产物。结果表明,通过脱灰和离子交换均提高了两种萃取物的收率及碳含量,并明显促进了煤中含氧官能团的脱除。脱灰后MM煤的高分子量萃取物收率从3.5%增加到9.5%,Na离子交换LY的低分子量萃取物的碳含量高达85.3%、氧含量低于6.4%。离子交换对两种萃取物的物理化学性质有明显的影响,Na+的影响尤为显著。酸洗脱灰和离子交换对低阶煤热溶剂提质萃取有明显促进作用。     

神府大柳塔煤结构浅析

用^1H-、^13C-NMR和 FTIR对神府大柳塔2 煤（简称DL2)在420℃和到的甲苯萃取物（产率为25.6W?f)和甲苯＋20％ 四氢萘萃取物（产率为66.6W?f）进行了分析，并据此按Brown-Ladner修正式求取了它们的结构参数。根据萃取物的结构参数和萃 取过程分析 推断了D L2煤 的结构 。认为DL2煤的结构 特点为：结构中含有较大量氢化芳环和 长直链取代基，羟基仅占氧含量的三分之一左右，有少量羰基存在于小分子或支链中。     

基于FTIR和XRD法分析阜新长焰煤结构特征

为了研究阜新长焰煤的大分子结构,通过测定12个煤样品的工业分析和元素分析,选取最接近平均值的煤样CYM-9作为实验样品,采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和单轴压缩实验对煤样进行研究,通过与抚顺长焰煤结构特征进行对比,进一步分析煤的微晶结构参数及其力学特性。研究结果表明:CYM-9煤样的基本结构特征参数芳氢率(farH)为0.47,氢碳原子比(H/C)为0.858,芳碳率(farC)为0.747,脂肪烃支链长度(CH3/CH2)为0.617。与抚顺长焰煤结构相比,其芳碳率较大,芳香核缩合程度较大,芳香结构单元排列秩序较规则;煤样XRD图谱具有002峰和100峰两条明显的峰,层间距(d002)为0.3816nm,层片堆砌高度(Lc)为1.2462nm,层片直径(La)为1.0136nm,芳香堆砌层数(N)为4.26;煤样的平均峰值强度为9.24MPa,达到峰值强度时平均应变值为23.58×10-3,平均弹性模量为405MPa。     

13C-NMR分析混合酸处理脱灰对永兴褐煤结构的影响

运用煤的结构化学理论和固态 ¹³C-NMR的研究方法,对比分析了永兴褐煤在混合酸处理脱灰前后碳组成的变化。研究表明,混合酸处理脱灰对永兴褐煤中脂肪碳和芳香碳两者比例分配的影响并不大,但对季碳、环内氧接脂碳、芳香桥碳和羧基碳的破坏作用比较明显;在芳香桥碳锐减的同时,芳甲基的比例非但没有减少反而略有增加,表明永兴褐煤中的双环及多环结构被破坏为单环结构,芳香簇的尺寸变小了,这是混合酸处理脱灰对永兴褐煤结构最重要的影响。     

平朔气煤DF5的组成特性及煤液体统计平均结构参数的相似性

Two kinds of coal liquid, the distilled fraction (270～340℃) (DF5) of low temperature carbonization tar and the extracts by heptane (PM1) and THF/MET (PM7) from Chinese Pingshuo bituminous coal were studied using GC-MS and　13C-NMR, and were compared with each other. The results show that the compounds in DF5 can be classified as paraffinic compounds and non-paraffinic compounds. The average molecular weight of the paraffinic compounds (MPC=303.03) is as same as that of the extract PM1 (MPM1=298.16), as well as their molecular weight distributions. The statistical average molecular structural parameters of the non-paraffinic compounds, such as aromatic carbon fa and the structure unit number MSP, were similar to that of the extract PM7.     

Study of operational variables in the submerged growth ofPleurotus ostreatus mushroom mycelium

Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom mycelium was cultivated in submerged culture in shake-flask experiments with acid extract from peat and yeast extract as nutrient sources. Different concentrations of water-diluted peat extract were tested in an attempt to overcome the effect of growth inhibitors apparently present in nondiluted peat extracts. The best results were obtained with a ratio of one part of peat extract diluted with one part of water. Several operating variables were studied to optimize the growth of mycelial biomass ofP. ostreatus. The best results produced approximately 5 g/L dry biomass with a yield of 60% and an efficiency of 33%. These results were obtained in 8 d at 5% (v/v) inoculum ratio, 28°C, pH of 5.0, and 150 rpm.     

大港减压渣油的多层次分离与组成结构研究

采用超临界戊烷萃取分馏技术,分离了大港减压渣油,得到16个窄馏分和1个萃余残渣,对其组成和结构进行了表征;对超临界萃取分离窄馏分进行了四组分分离,研究了饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质等亚组分的元素组成、相对分子质量分布和平均分子结构。结果表明,由窄馏分得到的四组分（SARA）性质结构差别很大,饱和分的平均分子结构最简单,芳香分的平均相对分子质量最小,胶质中的硫、氮含量最多,从萃余残渣中得到的沥青质相对分子质量分布范围最宽（200~40000）。     

云南泥炭和褐煤中的多环芳烃

本文研究云南宝秀盆地一个钻孔不同深度的泥炭和褐煤抽出物芳烃馏分中多环芳烃的组成。用GC和GC/MS鉴别了它们的组份,结果表明,从双环和三环单芳构化、双芳构化、三芳构化到四环双芳构化、三芳构化及四芳构化和五环单、双芳构化、三芳构化、四芳构化以及C环开裂的萜类化合物均有不同含量的存在,这说明在煤化过程早期芳构化就进行到相当的深度,也说明云南陆源高等植物,尤其是喜温树类的造煤物种为宝秀盆地提供了特殊的芳构化有机组成系列。     

Measurement of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils by particle beam high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) comprise a class of potentially hazardous com- pounds of concern to the U.S. EPA. The application of particle-beam (PB) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to the measurement of high-molecular-weight PAHs was investigated. Instrument performance was evaluated for 16 PAHs in the molecular weight range 300–450 u. The PAHs were separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography via a polymeric octadecylsilica (C-18) packing and gradient elution with methanol-tetrahydrofuran. On-column instrument detection limits, as measured by selected ion monitoring on the singly charged molecular ion of each PAH, were found to be 0.15–0.60 ng for PAHs with molecular weights up to 352 u and 2–4 ng for PAHs with molecular weights greater than 352 u. Instrument response was generally linear for PAHs with molecular weights 300–352 u and generally nonlinear for PAHs with molecular weights greater than 352 u. The PB electron impact mass spectra of the PAHs were found to vary with the ion distribution ratio of the singly charged molecular ion to the doubly charged molecular ion, dependent on molecular weight, ion source temperature, and concentration. Analysis by PB LC-MS was applied to extracts of PAH-spiked soil and a PAH-contaminated soil from the Pacific Northwest. Target analyte concentrations in the PAH-contaminated soil ranged from 0.85 to 84 µg/g. Quantitative estimates for nontarget PAHs also were determined. Analysis of a second soil extract from a hazardous waste site in the northeast part of the United States displayed isomeric patterns of high-molecular-weight PAHs similar to those of the Pacific Northwest extract.     

Determination of Organic Compounds,Fulvic Acid,Humic Acid,and Humin in Peat and Sapropel Alkaline Extracts

Black, brown, and light peat and sapropel were analyzed as natural sources of organic and humic substances. These specific substances are applicable in industry, agriculture, the environment, and biomedicine with well-known and novel approaches. Analysis of the organic compounds fulvic acid, humic acid, and humin in different peat and sapropel extracts from Lithuania was performed in this study. The dominant organic compound was bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl) carbonate, which varied from 6.90% to 25.68% in peat extracts. The highest mass fraction of malonic acid amide was in the sapropel extract; it varied from 12.44% to 26.84%. Significant amounts of acetohydroxamic, lactic, and glycolic acid derivatives were identified in peat and sapropel extracts. Comparing the two extraction methods, it was concluded that active maceration was more efficient than ultrasound extraction in yielding higher amounts of organic compounds. The highest amounts of fulvic acid (1%) and humic acid and humin (15.3%) were determined in pure brown peat samples. This research on humic substances is useful to characterize the peat of different origins, to develop possible aspects of standardization, and to describe potential of the chemical constituents.     

神府次烟煤在不同温度下的热溶产物表征

利用FT-IR、热重、GPC以及同步荧光分析等对神府次烟煤在不同温度条件下的1-甲基萘热溶物和热溶残煤进行了表征。结果表明,热溶物中含有较多的脂肪结构,灰分几乎全部转移至残煤中;热溶残煤与神府原煤的热失重特性存在明显差别;在300~360 ℃,随着温度升高,热溶物数均分子量呈增加趋势,进一步提高温度,分子量减小;热溶物缩合芳环数随着温度升高而增加。据此表明,在低于煤初始热解温度下神府次烟煤的热溶主要以溶剂化作用破坏煤中的非共价键为主,其中,酮、酯等轻质组分易于脱除;而高于煤初始热解温度的热溶过程则伴有侧链和桥键等弱共价键断裂的热解反应和自由基缩聚反应,热溶物中三环等稠环芳香结构增加。     

A Simple Extraction Method for Determination of High Molecular Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

A simplified extraction method was developed for extracting high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from river sediments. The samples were extracted 3 times with 5 mL of solvent (toluene:methanol, 9 : 1, v/v) at 100 °C, 10 minutes for each extraction. After clean‐up and concentration, extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer (GC‐MS). The extraction efficiency and accuracy was evaluated by the standard reference material (SRM‐1941b). Comparing to certified values, the average recoveries of high molecular weight PAHs with 3, 4, 5 and 6 fused benzene rings were 72.9∼113.2 % (R.S.D. 2.3∼6.3 %) except those of dibenz[a,h]anthracene (206.2±4.6 %). The average recoveries for PAHs spiked sediment samples were comparable with accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and Soxhlet methods. The simple extraction method consumes less solvent, fewer amount of sample than those of conventional methods. The lowest quantitation limit of PAHs is 1.1 μg/kg.     

Sequential ultrasonic extraction of a Chinese coal and characterization of nitrogen‐containing compounds in the extracts using high‐performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry

Dongming lignite was sequentially extracted with petroleum ether, carbon disulfide, methanol, acetone, and isometric carbon disulfide/acetone mixed solvent at room temperature to afford extracts 1–5, respectively. High‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was used to separate and characterize heteroatomic species in the extracts at molecular level. Molecular mass of compounds in the extracts is mainly distributed from 300 to 800 u, and the relative abundance of compounds with molecular mass over 800 u in the carbon disulfide extract is 135 times of that in the petroleum ether extract. The acetone extract has the highest relative abundance for organonitrogen compounds. Double bond equivalence numbers of detected species indicate that most of the organonitrogen compounds contain N‐heterocyclic aromatic rings, including pyridine, quinoline and pyrrole. Some organonitrogen isomers in Dongming lignite were separated and identified by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, and the corresponding structural information was proposed.