高斯表面的多尺度方法模拟接触热阻

通过结合微观的格子Boltzmann方法和宏观的有限差分法,建立了一种计算两个固体表面间接触热阻的多尺度分析方法。计算分析了表面粗糙度、压力、材料硬度、导热系数等对接触热阻的影响,结果表明拥有相同粗糙度的表面,在低压条件下,导热系数是主要影响因素,而在高压情况下,压力是主导影响因素。计算结果与实验数据的对比分析显示,该多尺度模型与实验数据有较好的一致性。     

接触热阻理论模型的简化

本文分析了机械加工表面的粗糙度曲线形貌参数的统计特征.基于单点接触热导理论模型和弹性形变理论模型,建立了总的接触热阻与总的压力之间的一般关系,简化了接触热导的计算模型,并与现有的计算方法进行了对比.研究结果表明,简化模型具有很好的精度.     

基于CMY模型改进的界面热阻模型及其应用

导热膏填充的接触界面热阻由接触热阻和间隙热阻两部分组成。本文采用截锥体接触的单热流通道模型代替CMY模型中的圆盘接触的单热流通道模型,推导出了改进的接触热阻计算公式。本文还结合间隙热阻的计算公式,得到了一种改进的导热膏填充的接触界面热阻模型。通过分析得出了如下结论:对于使用导热膏填充的接触界面的热阻而言,其主要影响因素为接触表面的粗糙度和导热膏的导热系数,而接触界面间压力对其的影响则相对较小。     

接触热阻的蒙特卡罗法模拟

 用蒙特卡罗随机模拟法计算了固体接触界面间的接触热阻。取服从高斯分布的随机数作为粗糙峰高度，分别对每个粗糙峰计算出单点接触热阻，再并联所有单点接触热阻得到总的接触热阻。修正了“积分法”的理论结果且与发表的文献数据相符。     

基于机器视觉的表面粗糙度测量与三维评定

表面粗糙度的测量与评定一直是机械行业的重要课题。提出了一种基于机器视觉检测工件表面粗糙度的方法。首先利用显微镜获取端铣、刨、车不同等级下工件表面的序列图像,采用方差聚焦测度算子对序列图像中的每一个点进行高度计算;然后再利用高斯插值法计算出微观物体表面的准确高度,重构其表面微观形貌;最后计算出各个工件表面的三维粗糙度。通过对实验数据的分析和讨论,可以确定出表面均方根偏差Sq、表面偏斜度Ssk和表面峰密度Sds这三个参数,它们是常用地对工件表面粗糙度进行评价的可靠参数,可为以后三维粗糙度体系的科学建立提供依据。     

基于多块格子Boltzmann方法模拟接触热阻

本文基于OpenMP并行语言,采用拼接式的多块格子Boltzmann方法研究了接触压力、粗糙度、间隙介质导热系数对接触热阻的影响规律。结果表明:铝之间的接触热阻随着接触压力的增加而降低,随着粗糙度的增加而增加;当块体气凝胶之间的间隙填充空气时,气凝胶之间的接触热阻随压力的增加变化不大;而当气凝胶间隙趋于真空时,接触热阻随压力的增大而降低;间隙介质的气体导热对于接触热阻起着关键的作用,在低接触压力时。气凝胶间隙趋于真空时的接触热阻是填充空气的大约50倍。     

空间相机接触热阻的计算

为了解决空间相机接触热阻难以确定的问题,从接触面传导和辐射换热的角度考虑,给出了其接触热阻的计算方法。根据空间相机的材料、加工、装配及其特殊运行环境,得到一个合理的接触系数范围。以空间相机的正视相机为例,对其结构进行合理的简化,利用I-DEAS/TMG热分析模块建立有限元模型,仿真计算了低温稳态平衡工况,考查了热阻波动对温度分布的影响。正视相机热分析计算结果和热环境模拟试验数据较为吻合,最大偏差为0.45℃。研究结果表明,该接触热阻计算方法合理,可以预测太空环境中干接触的精密加工表面间的接触热阻。     

表面粗糙度数字全息检测

鉴于数字全息表面粗糙度测量是对被记录的数字全息图进行数值重建获得相应的相位值,将其映射为表面轮廓值后来计算表面粗糙度参数的,分别以标准分辨率板和高度标定板为检测样本,对构建的数字全息测量系统进行了重建误差及重复性测试,包括横向尺寸误差及高度误差,横向尺寸重建误差及重复误差分别为1.11%和0.61%,高度重建误差及重复误差分别为11%和1.8%。以宽带介质膜平面反射镜为样本,测得其3段评定长度（包含15个取样长度）的表面粗糙度平均值分别为0.010 37 m、0.010 33 m和0.009 67 m。     

纳米尺度点接触的实验研究

由交叉微米线构成了T形结构,并测量了Pt-Pt和Pt-Au节点的接触热阻和接触电阻。分析表明,增大接触点长度与宽度的比值,线接触模型和椭圆接触模型计算得到的接触热阻的差别逐渐减小,当比值超过20时,椭圆接触模型不再适用。测量得到的接触热阻随温度变化不明显,而接触电阻随温度升高而增大。由于存在表面绝缘层,接触热阻将远大于Wiedemann-Franz定律的预测值。考虑Kundsen数的影响以后,由接触电阻计算得到的金属接触点尺寸近似与温度无关。     

纳米结构影响沸腾换热特性的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟液体在纳米结构表面的快速沸腾过程.主要研究了纳米结构表面粗糙度以及栏栅形和棋盘形两种排列方式对液体快速沸腾过程以及换热特性的影响.研究结果表明,随着纳米结构表面粗糙度的增加,栏栅形和棋盘形纳米结构表面液体沸腾起始时间均提前.当栏栅形和棋盘形纳米结构表面粗糙度相同时,棋盘形纳米结构表面会进一步缩短液体沸腾起始时间.形成这种现象的原因是纳米结构表面粗糙度的增加,增加了固液接触面积,提高了初始时刻热通量,减小了固液界面热阻,导致表面附近液体动能增大,增大了液体高度方向的温度梯度,有利于液体发生沸腾.当纳米结构表面粗糙度相同时,棋盘形纳米结构表面具有较小的界面热阻,从而缩短了沸腾所需要的时间.     

Nanodroplets on rough hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces

We present results of Molecular Dynamics (MD) calculations on the behavior of liquid nanodroplets on rough hydrophobic and hydrophilic solid surfaces. On hydrophobic surfaces, the contact angle for nanodroplets depends strongly on the root-mean-square roughness amplitude, but it is nearly independent of the fractal dimension of the surface. Since increasing the fractal dimension increases the short-wavelength roughness, while the long-wavelength roughness is almost unchanged, we conclude that for hydrophobic interactions the short-wavelength (atomistic) roughness is not very important. We show that the nanodroplet is in a Cassie-like state. For rough hydrophobic surfaces, there is no contact angle hysteresis due to strong thermal fluctuations, which occur at the liquid-solid interface on the nanoscale. On hydrophilic surfaces, however, there is strong contact angle hysteresis due to higher energy barrier. These findings may be very important for the development of artificially biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces.     

A review on the effects of different parameters on contact heat transfer

In this paper, a complete literature review for thermal contact between fixed and periodic contacting surfaces and also thermal contact between exhaust valve and its seat in internal combustion engines is presented. Furthermore, the effects of some parameters such as contact pressure, contact frequency, the contacting surfaces topography and roughness, curvature radius of surfaces, loading–unloading cycles, gas gap conductance and properties, interface interstitial material properties, surfaces coatings and surfaces temperature on thermal contact conductance are investigated according to the papers presented in this field. The reviewed papers and studies included theoretical/ analytical/experimental and numerical studies on thermal contact conductance. In studying the thermal contact between exhaust valve and its seat, most of the experimental studies include two axial rods as the exhaust valve, and seat and the one ends of both rods are considered at constant and different temperatures. In the experimental methods, the temperatures of multi-points on rods are measured in different conditions, and thermal contact conductance is estimated using them.     

On the Sensitivity of Adhesion between Rough Surfaces to Asperity Height Distribution

There has been a long debate about the validity of asperity models in the contact between rough surfaces, much of it concentrated on relatively minor aspects of the solution for the special case of Gaussian random processes for roughness, like the exact value of the area-load slope or the extent of the linear regime. It is shown here that in the case of adhesion, the behavior is extremely sensitive to the shape of the height distribution. We show for example results for Weibull distributions, which has been suggested in a number of practical cases from macroscopic to nanoscopic roughness. Pull-off force is found to vary by several orders of magnitude both lower and higher than in the Gaussian case, whereas the "stickiness" criterion on the adhesion parameter changes by an order of magnitude. Additionally, in some operations like chemical-mechanical polishing, tails are almost completely removed and a sharp peak develops instead of a tail: modeling this with contact on the bounded side of the Weibull distribution, stickiness seems to occur for any level of roughness. Pome qualitative comparison with recent numerical experiments is attempted.     

Measurement and Prediction of Thermal Contact Resistance Across Coated Joints

An integrated experimental and numerical investigation of the thermal contact resistance across two nominally flat, coated metallic engineering surfaces in contact is presented. The model consists of a surface deformation computation, which determines the actual contact area and number of contacting asperities at a joint, and a constriction resistance analysis, which determines the constriction resistance through each individual contacting asperity. Predictions from the model are validated against experiments conducted for the purpose. The experiments are performed according to a “design of experiments” approach and evaluated using statistical regression. Three substrates (copper, brass, and aluminum) and three coatings (silver, nickel, and tin) are considered with a variety of coating thicknesses and substrate roughnesses. The contact load is also varied. The experimental measurements show that the best choice of a coating for contact resistance mitigation depends on the substrate material and roughness, and it cannot be prescribed in general. A regression equation developed for the experimental results offers a useful tool for the design of coated contacts. The measured results agree well with predicted values from the numerical model, especially in cases of a rough substrate or hard coating.     

基于灰度相关的红外隐身效果评价方法研究

提出了一种基于图像灰度相关算法的红外隐身效果评价方法.通过对采用红外隐身措施前后目标图像的相关处理,提取相关峰的峰显著系数、峰.相关能量比和峰-背景比这三个特征参量来定义红外隐身概率作为衡量红外隐身效果的客观评价指标.采用人眼对红外热图进行判识的统计结果来确定红外隐身概率中各参量的统计权重,从而使计算机图像处理方法所得结果与实际人眼的主观判识结果一致.实验结果表明:此方法适用于对地面典型军事目标的红外隐身效果进行客观评价.     

Method of calculating the thermal resistance of a contact between metal surfaces

The physical nature of the thermal resistance at a contact between rough metal surfaces is considered. By analogy with the thermal resistance of a plate having a variable cross section and also by analogy with the identical form of Ohm's and Fourier's laws, an expression is derived for the thermal resistance of such a contact. Experiments are carried out to determine the thermal resistance of a contact in vacuo and in air. These investigations show that the calculated values of thermal contact resistance are in satisfactory agreement with experiment.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 1, pp. 27–32, January, 1976.     

Experimental Study of Thermal Contact Resistance in Hardened Bearing Surfaces

The significance of thermal contact resistance on a bearing steel surface and its application in the analysis of heat flow through layers has been discussed. In the present study, it is considered that the surface roughness and the interface temperature vary to estimate effective thermal conductivity of the bearing model under steady-state and insulated conditions. Surface roughness was considered in the range of 2.37–7.16 μm, and thermal contact properties of the hardened steels were studied under dry and lubricated conditions. These results help to predict temperature distributions of the bearing using SolidWorks2011 (Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Concord, MA, USA).