新型DNA电化学传感器的研制及其用于DNA氧化性损伤检测的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法在玻碳电极上制备了纳米多孔羟基磷灰石(HAp)-聚乙烯醇(PVA)涂层膜固定双链DNA,得到了一种新型DNA电化学传感器,检测了由Fenton反应引起的DNA氧化性损伤.结果表明,一定量浓度的抗坏血酸(AA)能加速Fenton反应的进行,使DNA损伤很快达到极限;损伤试剂中Fe²⁺的浓度越大,产生的羟基自由基(OH.)越多,对DNA的损伤就越严重;损伤试剂中EDTA的浓度越小,溶液中游离的Fe²⁺以及与DNA键合的Fe²⁺的浓度则相对越大,对DNA的损伤也就越严重.     

硫代硫酸钠标准溶液配制中标定基准物质的优化选择

对硫代硫酸钠标准溶液配制实验中不同基准物质的标定效果进行了对比研究,结合试剂用量、反应时间、显著性检验等分析说明不同基准物质所产生的结果:重铬酸钾、碘酸钾、溴酸钾均可实现对硫代硫酸钠溶液的标定。其中溴酸钾作为标定的基准物质时,试剂用量少,反应时间短,实验费用低且终点易于观察。双侧t检验符合统计学要求,更适用于硫代硫酸钠溶液标定,有望引入学生实验。     

基准邻苯二甲酸氢钾标定NaOH标准溶液的不确定度评定

对实验室自配的1 mol/L NaOH标准滴定溶液的浓度进行不确定度评定,建立不确定度评定程序和方法,并依据GB/T601-2002建立数学模型.确定了影响NaOH标准滴定溶液浓度的主要因素,归纳了不确定度的主要来源,建立了用基准试剂标定标准滴定溶液浓度的不确定度评定程序和方法.当NaOH标准滴定溶液浓度为1.0201 mol/L时,扩展不确定度为0.0040 mol/L.该程序和方法适用于同类型实验的不确定度评定.     

溶解有机质对光照自然水体生物膜体系中H2O2生成的影响

通过模拟实验研究了生物膜胞外聚合物(EPS)和乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA) 2种典型溶解有机质(DOM)成分对自然水体生物膜体系中过氧化氢(H₂O₂)生成特征的影响, 并研究了体系初始pH值、 DOM浓度、 溶解氧(DO)等因素的影响. 结果表明, DOM的存在对自然水体生物膜体系中H₂O₂的生成有明显影响. 光照能促使EPS产生H₂O₂, 而EPS的存在对生物膜产生H₂O₂的直接影响不显著, EPS与生物膜共存体系中的H₂O₂由二者共同产生; EDTA本身不产生H₂O₂, 且对H₂O₂分解影响很小, 但会显著抑制生物膜产生H₂O₂, 且浓度越高抑制作用越明显. 体系pH值、 DOM浓度和DO均能不同程度影响EPS产生H₂O₂及EDTA抑制生物膜产生H₂O₂的作用.     

含锰铜合金中锌的络合滴定

丙酮氰醇对铜(Ⅱ)、锌(Ⅱ)、镍(Ⅱ)、镉(Ⅱ)、铁(Ⅱ)等离子的掩蔽作用与氰化钾相似,而毒性远比氰化钾小。为此,笔者通过实验拟订了以抗坏血酸、酒石酸、三乙醇胺、丙酮氰醇及EDTA联合掩蔽干扰离子,用甲醛解蔽,5-Br-PADAP-OP作指示剂以EDTA标准溶液滴定含锰铜合金中锌的方法。方法终点敏锐,重现性好。主要试剂EDTA标准溶液:0.01M和0.02M,用含锌量已知的铜合金标样依照本法标定;丙酮氰醇(上海试剂总厂生产);2-(5-溴-吡啶偶氮)-5-二乙氨基苯酚:0.1%乙醇溶液;聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(乳化剂OP):2.5%(V/V)。分析步骤称取0.1000克试样于250毫升锥形瓶中,加入2毫升浓盐酸及1毫升过氧化氢(30%),待试样溶解后加热使过氧化氢分解,加25毫升水。依次加入0.1克抗坏血酸、5毫升10%酒石酸钾钠溶液及10毫升三乙醇胺(1+2),摇匀,加氨水(1+1)中和至深蓝色,加入20毫升氨-氯化铵缓冲溶液及2     

光敏氧化还原反应——四苯基卟啉类化合物光敏还原甲基紫精

在DMSO-H₂O混合溶剂中,用TPP和它的四种金属络合物作为敏化剂,EDTA作为电子给体,经可见光照射,成功地还原了甲基紫精。反应活性顺序为ZnTPP>TPP>MgTPP》CoTPP>CuTPP。对以ZnTPP为敏化剂的反应,我们测得其量子产率为φ_418nm=0.08。我们考察了ZnTPP、MV²⁺和EDTA的浓度以及氧气对反应的影响。在一定浓度范围内,我们发现,反应速度与MV²⁺和EDTA浓度之间的关系符合于从推测的反应机理导出的动力学方程。     

离子色谱法标定硝酸银标准溶液浓度

建立了离子色谱法标定硝酸银标准溶液浓度的方法。按国家标准方法制备硝酸银标准溶液,混匀后稀释1000倍,注入Dionex Ionpac AS23离子色谱柱,以0.8mmol/L NaHCO3+4.5mmol/L Na2CO3淋洗液等度淋洗,流速为1.0mL/min,抑制电导检测NO3-浓度,外标法峰面积定量,NO3-在1.0~50.0mg/L的范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系(R2=0.9994),加标回收率为98.22%~99.11%(RSD0.50%)。方法简便、快速、无干扰,标定准确度高,可替代容量法标定硝酸银标准溶液。     

分光光度法研究硫氰酸钼(Ⅴ)络合物的萃取行为

引 言作者用光度法研究了在不同浓度的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)-水(H_2O)溶液中,用石油亚砜(PSO)-四氯化碳(CCl_4)为萃取剂时对硫氰酸钼(V)络合物的萃取行为,研究了DMSO在该混合溶液中的量对该络合物萃取的影响,并对实验结果进行了解释.发现在DMSO-H_2O体积比为2%且NH_4 SCN溶液浓度达0.1mol/L时,硫氰酸钼的萃取率可达90%以上,表明MoO(SCN)_3这一萃取体系似具有应用价值.2 实验部分2.1 试剂与仪器 除硫氰酸铵溶液用银量法标定外,其余均由试剂直接称量配制成实验所需浓度的溶液,所用试剂均为分析纯.用721-100型光度计(上海第三分析仪器厂)测定.     

用Cu—PAR间接指示剂测定工业用水总硬度

自50年代以来,测定水的总硬度通常采用络黑T(EBT)指示剂,在氨性缓冲溶液中用EDTA标准溶液滴定水中的钙镁总量.标定EDTA溶液则使用基准物质碳酸钙.由于Ca~(2+)对EBT显色的灵敏度低,故标定时通常采用K-B指示剂.试验证明,测定时用EBT作指示剂,标定时用K-B指示剂,两者变色点不同,会产生方法误差.为此,有人提出在EDTA溶液中加入少量镁盐(或标定时加入适量Mg-EDTA),这样在标定时也可使用EBT作指示剂,从而提高了测定的准确度.但EBT溶液不稳定,容易失效,配成固体试剂虽然稳定,但指示剂的用量不便掌握.K-B指示剂也不够稳定.为此,本法探索用Cu-PAR间接指示剂法测定水的总硬度.4-(2-吡啶偶氮)-间苯二酚(PAR)溶液稳定,此测定方法变色敏锐,测定结果也较满意.     

浅析GB/T601–2002氧化锌摩尔质量的溯源性

分析GB/T 601–2002中EDTA标准滴定溶液标定中工作基准试剂氧化锌摩尔质量取值的有效数字和计算所采用的相对原子质量,结合IUPAC对锌相对原子质量的修订情况,强调在标准中应标明所引用相对原子质量的来源,以增强其溯源性。     

信息技术与“教学评”一体化深度融合的教学实践*——以“有机合成”为例

以建构有机合成中的顺推法和逆合成分析法思维模型为载体,通过设置驱动任务,将信息技术和“教学评”一体化深度融合,促进学生结构观、发展观和转化观的形成,理解有机化学的社会价值,培养学生的宏微结合、变化观念、科学态度和社会责任等化学学科核心素养。     

基于现代信息技术的结构化学一维势箱理论和HMO法“翻转课堂”教学设计

In the article, we presented an instructional design of "Particle in One-Dimensional Box Theory" and "HMO Theory" application based on flipped classroom teaching. The students are instructed to use both "Particle in One-Dimensional Box Theory" and "HMO Theory" to solve the electronic structure of olefins and enhance their understanding of quantum mechanics theory via comparison of "Particle in One-Dimensional Box Theory" and "HMO Theory".     

“灰色”分析体系的定性定量分析

已知组成范围的“灰色”分析体系的校正,其首要步骤是鉴定出体系中实际存在的物种.本文对由所有可能存在组分的标准光谱与样品光谱构成的矩阵进行了奇异值分解,根据对应奇异向量的元素判断样品的组成,继而做定量分析.计算机模拟与实际分析表明方法令人满意.     

Metrologically based procedures for the temperature, heat and heat flow rate calibration of DSC

Metrologically based measuring procedures and evaluation methods are recommended as guidance for practical temperature, heat and heat flow rate calibration of DSC instruments which are largely independent of instrumental, test and sample parameters. The relevant terms are defined, the measuring procedures and evaluation methods described, calibration materials and their characteristic data stated and guidance for the sample handling provided. Reference is made to three extended papers on calibration. The recommendations were developed by the working group Calibration of Scanning Calorimeters of the German Society of Thermal Analysis (GEFTA).Recommendation of the working group Calibration of scanning calorimeters of the Gesellschaft für Thermische Analyse e.V. (GEFTA)     

以“偏光显微镜观察高聚物的球晶”为例的高分子物理实验项目改革

本文对高分子物理实验教学改革进行了思考,提出实验项目的建设应当成为实验教学改革的核心,而实验项目的改革不应当局限在将最新的科研成果引入到实验教学中。以"偏光显微镜观察聚合物的球晶"这一传统实验为例,更为有效的办法可以是通过系统化的设计扩展实验项目内容,注重实验项目实施过程中多知识点的串联以及实验结果获取过程的思维过程培养,从而将传统的验证性实验项目转化为综合性实验项目,有力提升实验教学的效果。     

Univariate analytical calibration methods and procedures. A review

An original focus on univariate calibration as an experimental process of quantitative analysis is presented. A novel classification system is introduced against the background of the present situation concerning nomenclature of calibration methods. Namely, it has been revealed that four methods well-known in analytical chemistry: the conventional method, the internal standard method, the indirect method and the dilution method, can be split into those carried out in both the interpolative and the extrapolative mode. It is then shown that the basic procedures of all these methods can be modified including different approaches, such as matrix-matched technique, spiking the sample with a reactant, bracketing calibration, and others. For the first time (as compared to monographies dealing with univariate calibration) it is reviewed how the methods are mixed and integrated with one another thereby creating new calibration strategies of extended capabilities in terms of enhanced resistance to the interference and non-linear effects – as the main sources of systematic calibration errors. As additional novelty, rationally possible combinations of the calibration methods – not met hitherto in the literature – have been predicted. Finally, some general rules relating to calibration are formulated and the main calibration problems that still need to be solved are displayed.     

On-line Calibration and Determination of the Heat of Reaction for Laboratory Scale Heat Transfer Calorimeters

A simple method for the on-line calibration, in which both the heat transfer coefficient and the heat capacity of the reactor contents are determined, is described for laboratory scale heat transfer calorimeters. The calorimeter is operated in the isoperibolic mode for the calibration and a constant power is supplied to a resistor placed inside the reactor. The reactor heat balance differential equation is used to produce a set of linear simultaneous equations with each data acquisition cycle giving one equation. The heat transfer coefficient and the heat capacity are obtained from this set of equations by linear least squares. The application of the calibration procedure is illustrated by experiments in which the heat of reaction is determined on-line fora simulated reaction with first order kinetics and for the hydrolysis of acetic anhydride. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Calorimetric study of the immersion heats of lead(II) and chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions of Colombian coffee husk

Summary This work shows the result of the study of the Pb(II) and Cr(VI) ions adsorption by means of a Calvet type calorimeter of heat conduction that can operate at 150şC. The calorimeter was electrically calibrated to establish its sensitivity and reproducibility, obtaining K=12.95±0.05 W V^-1 and chemically it was examined with tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (THAM)-HCl system, obtaining ΔH= -30.91±0.03 kJ mol^-1. The activated carbon sample obtained from coffee husk and the calorimetric results obtained were related to other techniques used to perform this type of studies.     

直接测汞仪计量校准方法探讨

介绍了直接测汞仪的原理和结构,对其校准方法和主要计量校准项目如线性误差与相关系数、检出限、测量重复性,以及具体技术指标进行了探讨。技术指标如下:线性误差在±10%之内,线性相关系数r≥0.997,检出限不大于0.02 ng,重复性不超过5%(n=7)。提出了直接测汞仪校准过程中应注意的事项。