Uncertainty principle and uncertainty relations: extension of a result of Uffink and Hilgevoord

A new four-space formulation of Dirac's equation motivates the extension of a result that expresses the uncertainty principle without using standard deviations.     

Derivation of Dirac's Equation from the Evans Wave Equation

The Evans wave equation [1] of general relativity is expressed in spinor form, thus producing the Dirac equation in general relativity. The Dirac equation in special relativity is recovered in the limit of Euclidean or flat spacetime. By deriving the Dirac equation from the Evans equation it is demonstrated that the former originates in a novel metric compatibility condition, a geometrical constraint on the metric vector qused to define the Einstein metric tensor. Contrary to some claims by Ryder, it is shown that the Dirac equation cannot be deduced unequivocally from a Lorentz boost in special relativity. It is shown that the usually accepted method in Clifford algebra and special relativity of equating the outer product of two Pauli spinors to a three-vector in the Pauli basis leads to the paradoxical result X = Y = Z = 0. The method devised in this paper for deriving the Dirac equation from the Evans equation does not use this paradoxical result.     

Quantum Mechanics and the Metrics of General Relativity

A one-to-one correspondence is established between linearized space-time metrics of general relativity and the wave equations of quantum mechanics. Also, the key role of boundary conditions in distinguishing quantum mechanics from classical mechanics, will emerge naturally from the procedure. Finally, we will find that the methodology will enable us to introduce not only test charges but also test masses by means of gauges.     

Nonperturbative effects of the minimal length uncertainty on the relativistic quantum mechanics

We study the nonperturbative effects of the minimal length on the energy spectrum of a relativistic particle in the context of the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP). This form of GUP is consistent with various candidates of quantum gravity such as string theory, loop quantum gravity, and black-hole physics and predicts a minimum measurable length proportional to the Planck length. Using a recently proposed formally self-adjoint representation, we solve the generalized Dirac and Klein–Gordon equations in various situations and find the corresponding exact energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. We show that for the Dirac particle in a box, the number of the solutions renders to be finite as a manifestation of both the minimal length and the theory of relativity. For the case of the Dirac oscillator and the wave equations with scalar and vector linear potentials, we indicate that the solutions can be obtained in a more simpler manner through the self-adjoint representation. It is also shown that, in the ultrahigh frequency regime, the partition function and the thermodynamical variables of the Dirac oscillator can be expressed in a closed analytical form. The Lorentz violating nature of the GUP-corrected relativistic wave equations is discussed finally.     

Einstein's First Steps Toward General Relativity: Gedanken Experiments and Axiomatics

Jahrbuch paper is an extraordinary document because it contains his first steps toward generalizing the 1905 relativity theory to include gravitation. Ignoring the apparent experimental disconfirmation of the 1905 relativity theory and his unsuccessful attempts to generalize the mass-energy equivalence, Einstein boldly raises the mass-energy equivalence to an axiom, invokes equality between gravitational and inertial masses, and then postulates the equivalence between a uniform gravitational field and an oppositely directed constant acceleration, the equivalence principle. How did this come about? What is at issue is scientific creativity. This necessitates broadening historical analysis to include aspects of cognitive science such as the role of visual imagery in Einstein's thinking, and the relation between conscious and unconscious modes of thought in problem solving. This method reveals the catalysts that sparked a Gedanken experiment that occurred to Einstein while working on the Jahrbuch paper. A mental model is presented to further explore Einstein's profound scientific discovery.     

再谈洛伦兹变换的推导

评论了仅仅依据光速不变假设和相对性原理推导洛伦兹变换公式的方法.     

Beltrami-de Sitter时空和de Sitter不变的狭义相对论

分析了在相对论体系中狭义相对性原理和宇宙学原理之间的关系以及Beltrami-de Sitter -陆启铿疑难.指出可以把狭义相对性原理推广到非零常曲率时空,在具有Beltrami度规 的de Sitter/反de Sitter时空中建立狭义相对论的运动学和粒子动力学. 在这类狭义相对 论中,相对于Beltrami坐标同时性,Beltrami坐标系就是惯性坐标系,相应的观测者为惯 性观测者; 对于自由粒子和光讯号, 惯性定律成立;可以定义可观测量,它们不但守恒而且还 满足推广的爱因斯坦关系.除了Beltrami坐标时同时性之外,对于共动观测, 还可以取固 有时同时性;此时,Beltrami度规成为Robertson-Walker型的度规,其3维空间是闭的,对 于平坦的偏离为宇宙学常数的量级.这表明,在这类狭义相对论中,相对性原理与“完美”宇 宙学原理之间存在内在联系,并不存在那些问题.进而,基于最新观测事实,重述了Mach原 理;指出对于Beltrami-de Sitter/反de Sitter时空,宇宙学常数恰恰给出惯性运动的起 源.关键词：狭义相对性原理宇宙学原理de Sitter不变的狭义相对论Beltrami-de Sitter时空同时性Mach原理     

Noncommutative geometry of the quantum clock

We introduce a model of noncommutative geometry that gives rise to the uncertainty relations recently derived from the discussion of a quantum clock. We investigate the dynamics of a free particle in this model from the point of view of doubly special relativity and discuss the geodesic motion in a Schwarzschild background.     

Generalized Uncertainty Principle and Quantum Electrodynamics

In the present work the role that a generalized uncertainty principle could play in the quantization of the electromagnetic field is analyzed. It will be shown that we may speak of a Fock space, a result that implies that the concept of photon is properly defined. Nevertheless, in this new context the creation and annihilation operators become a function of the new term that modifies the Heisenberg algebra, and hence the Hamiltonian is not anymore diagonal in the occupation number representation. Additionally, we show the changes that the energy expectation value suffers as result of the presence of an extra term in the uncertainty principle. The existence of a deformed dispersion relation is also proved.     

正电子的预言与发现

介绍了物理学家狄拉克的科学贡献以及他的科学思想和科学方法,着重介绍了他所创立的相对论性的电子运动方程即狄拉克方程,阐明了正电子的预言过程和安德森发现正电子的过程及深远意义。     

Geometric Origin of Physical Constants in a Kaluza-Klein Tetrad Model

An important feature of Kaluza-Klein theories is their ability to relate fundamental physical constants to the radii of higher dimensions. In previous Kaluza-Klein theory, which unifies the electromagnetic field with gravity as dimensionless components of a Kaluza-Klein metric, i) all fields have the same physical dimensions, ii) the Lagrangian has no explicit dependence on any physical constants except mass, and hence iii) all physical constants in the field equations except for mass originate from geometry. While it seems natural in Kaluza-Klein theory to add fermion fields by defining higher-dimensional bispinor fields on the Kaluza-Klein manifold, these Kaluza-Klein theories do not satisfy conditions (i), (ii), and (iii). In this paper, we show how conditions (i), (ii), and (iii) can be satisfied by including bispinor fields in a tetrad formulation of the Kaluza-Klein model, as well as in an equivalent teleparallel model. This demonstrates an unexpected feature of Dirac's bispinor equation, since conditions (i), (ii), (iii) imply a special relation among the terms in the Kaluza-Klein or teleparallel Lagrangian that would not be satisfied in general.     

On the Principle of Relativity

In a recent article [1] M.A. Oliver argues there is a conflict between Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity (STR) and Cosmology. In ascertaining this conflict (see below), Oliver finds allies in Bergmann [2] and Bondi [3]. To resolve this conflict, he proposes to restore the classical (mechanical) concepts of space and time [1, p.666] and an absolute rest-frame. I shall devote a few words (1) to the Principle of Relativity and (2) to the notion of cosmic time in cosmology; this enables me (3) to argue that the alleged conflict between STR and Cosmology is based on a misunderstanding of the Principle of Relativity. (4) Finally I take a critical look at Oliver's allies.     

相对论动力学方程的一个简单例解

采用在牛顿力学中常用的方法,用一种简洁的数学形式给出了一维运动情形下受恒力作用的粒子的相对论动力学方程的一个例解,详细讨论了相对论粒子的加速度、速度和运动方程与牛顿力学中对应物理量的区别和联系.     

论恒力作用下质点的相对论运动

在相对论情况下,讨论了受恒力作用的质点的运动规律。     

相对性原理对普遍定律和非普遍定律参考系变换性质的不同要求——关于协变性疑难的进一步讨论

提出普遍定律和非普遍定律以及“协变”与“可导出”的明确定义,证明狭义相对性原理（及其伽利略近似）要求在惯性系变换下,自然界普遍定律是协变的,非普遍定律不协变但是“可导出”的,一切定律都服从相对性原理,从而进一步解答了由爱因斯坦,朗道关于狭义相对性原理的一种错误表述所引起的“协变性疑难”,还将有关结论推广到广义相对性原理情况。     

高频条件下运动边界的电磁场边界条件

在狭义相对论的基础上,对运动媒质界面的高频电磁特性进行了分析,给出了广义折射以及频率的特性关系.关键词：运动媒质界面相对性广义折射频率