气相中W~+活化CO_2分解的自旋禁阻反应机理

用密度泛函理论中的UB3LYP方法,对W采用相对论校正赝势基组(SDD),对C、O采用6-311+G(3d)基组,研究了气相中不同自旋态W+活化CO2分解的反应机理.计算结果表明,W+活化CO2分解反应以六重态进入反应通道,经过六重态势能面到四重态势能面的系间窜越(ISC),最后产物WO+和CO以四重态离开反应通道.运用Harvey方法优化出最低能量交叉点(MECP),并计算了MECP处的自旋-轨道耦合(SOC)常数(494.95cm-1),势能面的交叉和在MECP处较强的自旋-轨道耦合作用降低了自旋禁阻反应能垒,为反应提供了一条低能反应路径,反应总放热量为122.33kJ.mol-1.     

气相中W+活化CO2分解的自旋禁阻反应机理

用密度泛函理论中的UB3LYP方法, 对W采用相对论校正赝势基组(SDD), 对C、O采用6-311+G(3d)基组, 研究了气相中不同自旋态W+活化CO2分解的反应机理. 计算结果表明, W+活化CO2分解反应以六重态进入反应通道, 经过六重态势能面到四重态势能面的系间窜越(ISC),最后产物WO+和CO以四重态离开反应通道. 运用Harvey方法优化出最低能量交叉点(MECP), 并计算了MECP处的自旋-轨道耦合(SOC)常数(494.95 cm-1), 势能面的交叉和在MECP处较强的自旋-轨道耦合作用降低了自旋禁阻反应能垒, 为反应提供了一条低能反应路径, 反应总放热量为122.33 kJ·mol-1.     

气相中Ta~+活化分解CO_2的自旋禁阻反应机理

采用密度泛函理论中的UB3LYP方法,对Ta采用相对论校正赝势基组(SDD),C,O采用6-311+G(3d)基组,计算研究了气相中不同自旋态下Ta+活化CO2分解反应的微观机理.计算结果表明,Ta+活化CO2分解反应是典型的自旋禁阻反应,以五重态进入反应通道,经过五重态势能面到三重态势能面的系间窜越(ISC),最终产物TaO+,CO以三重态离开反应通道.运用Harvey方法优化出最低能量交叉点(MECP),并计算了MECP处的自旋-轨道耦合(SOC)常数(204.94cm-1),较大的SOC值说明了在MECP处的自旋-轨道耦合作用较强,势能面的交叉降低了自旋禁阻反应能垒,为反应提供了一条低能反应路径.运用Landau-Zener跃迁几率公式计算了MECP处系间窜越几率,较大的系间窜越几率说明了该自旋禁阻反应速率较快.     

OsO~+氧化活化氢分子气相反应机理的密度泛函理论计算

为了探寻OsO+与H2气相反应的机理,用密度泛函理论方法 UB3LYP,全优化了该反应的加成(氧化加成和[2+2]环加成)-消除、氢抽提-反弹,以及氧端插入等四种可能路径中所有可能的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物在六重态、四重态和二重态等三个自旋态下的几何结构,计算了各种机理反应的势能面.结果表明,标题反应为自旋禁阻反应,反应起始自四重态,最终产物为六重态基态,整个反应放热21.0 kJ mol-1.因反应络合物相对于入口通道有太正Gibbs函数,氧端插入机理是高能的过程.其他三种机理都具有多(或二)态反应性(MSR或TSR).其中,两种加成-消除机理的最低能量路径都可能经由四重态-二重态-四重态-六重态的三次自旋翻转,抽提-反弹机理的最低能量路径可能经历由四重态-六重态的自旋翻转.抽提-反弹机理由势能面一路攀升的吸热氢抽提过程和几乎无能垒的强放热的反弹过程组成,所以按该机理反应在常温常压下难以发生.两种加成-消去机理的决速步(第二个H的迁移步)相同,虽然其位垒稍高,为156.9 kJ mol-1,但与其进程中前面的强放热步骤耦合,常温常压下该反应是可以发生的.其中,协同环加成步的位垒仅28.7 kJ mol-1,比第一个H的还原消去步的位垒低113.7 kJ mol-1,所以竞争的结果是,常温常压下[2+2]环加成-消去机理比氧化加成-消去机理在动力学上更有利.     

Fe/Fe_2和NO反应的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论(Density Functional Theory)中的B3LYP方法在6-311+G(d,p)的计算水平上研究了Fe/Fe_2与NO反应的相关微观机理.全参数优化了Fe+NO和Fe_2+NO反应体系在不同重态反应势能面上各驻点的几何结构,并用频率分析法以及内禀反应坐标(Intrinsic Reaction Coordinate)方法对过渡态进行了验证,得到了相对应的反应的微观反应路径.用"两态反应"分析反应机理,计算结果表明2个体系的优先选择路径均为低自旋态进入和高自旋态离开反应.通过对2个体系反应活化能的比较,Fe_2+NO体系更易进行.     

CH_3SCH_3在Fe~+作用下的脱烷基化反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法,在6-311++G(d,p)和DGDZVP基组水平上研究了CH3SCH3在Fe+作用下的脱烷基化的四重态和六重态微观反应机理,全参数优化了反应势能面上各驻点的几何构型,振动分析和内禀反应坐标(IRC)分析结果证实了中间体和过渡态的真实性.找到了三条可能的反应通道,对结果的分析表明:对于六重态的反应体系,二甲硫醚的脱甲烷化反应主要经历了四个基本步骤,即先驱复合物、C—S活化、(-H转移和非反应性的分裂.对于四重态的Fe+/CH3SCH3反应体系,含有C—S和C—H插入反应的两个路径都可以导致脱甲烷反应的发生,其中C—S插入反应路径的能垒较低,是主要反应通道.     

FeO催化N_2与H_2反应生成NH_3的理论研究

本文采用密度泛函理论(DFT)UB3LYP方法对Fe O在基态五重态及第一激发态三重态势能面上催化N2与H2反应生成NH3的两态反应机理进行了研究,运用非共价作用预测反应位点,并运用分子中的原子(AIM)、电子定域化函数(ELF)及前线分子轨道理论对部分最低能量路径及最低能量交叉点(MECP)的机理进行了分析.计算了MECP处的自旋轨道耦合值(Hsoc)及系间窜越几率(PISC),通过应用能量跨度模型(energetic span model)确定了反应决速态,并从理论层面计算得到了反应中Fe O的催化转化频率(TOF).     

基态N原子与CS2反应机理的理论研究

用密度泛函理论B3LYP/6 311+G 和高级电子相关偶合簇CCSD(T)/6 311+G 方法,计算研究了四重态氮原子与二硫化碳的反应,找到了分别形成CS+NS、NCS+S和CN+S2三个反应通道,优化搜索了各反应的过渡态,并用频率分析和内禀坐标法(IRC)验证了各鞍点构型和反应路径.在三个反应通道中,反应N+CS2→CS+NS由于具有较低的活化能而容易发生,其它两个通道活化能高很难发生,计算结果与实验结果一致.同时,对反应机理进行了详细的讨论.     

La+活化NH3的自旋禁阻反应机理

采用密度泛函理论的UB3LYP方法,计算研究了气相中La+活化NH3的两态反应机理。为了理解由La+活化NH3过程中自旋翻转行为,对自旋态分别为单重态和三重态两个反应势能面进行了计算研究,其结果表明,La+活化NH3的过程是通过自旋态势能面交叉产生的自旋禁阻反应,单、三重态势能面最低能量交叉点(MECP)附近的系间窜越导致H向La+转移和脱H2反应能垒的降低。此外,运用自然键轨道(NBO)布居分析,研究了反应中各个物种的成键特性。所确定的最低能量反应路径为:3La++NH3→3IM1→MECP→1TS12→1IM2→1TS23→1IM3→1LaNH++H2。     

钒硼双原子阳离子活化甲烷研究（英文）

3d过渡金属物种活化甲烷的研究已有较多报道,但人们对3d前过渡金属物种与甲烷反应体系的报道非常少,与之相关的甲烷活化机理的认识仍然非常有限。在本工作中,我们通过气相质谱实验和密度泛函理论计算证实了VB~+离子可以在热碰撞条件下活化甲烷产生氢气和碳硼化合物,由于强的静电相互作用,甲烷活化优先发生在VB~+离子的V原子位点。甲烷的活化转化涉及二态反应性,在反应的入口处需要经历从高自旋六重态到低自旋四重态的自旋反转。由于V―CH_3以及B―H化学键较强,H3C―H键断裂以V―B单元协同插入而非单个V或B原子插入C―H键的方式进行。对VB~+活化甲烷的机理认识可以为新型3d过渡金属催化剂活化甲烷的研究提供理论基础。     

Theoretical study of low-spin, high-spin, and intermediate-spin states of [Fe(III)(pap)2](+) (pap = N-2-pyridylmethylidene-2-hydroxyphenylaminato). Mechanism of light-induced excited spin state trapping

The mechanism of light-induced excited spin state trapping (LIESST) of [FeIII(pap)2]+ (pap = N-2-pyridylmethylidene-2-hydroxyphenylaminato) was discussed on the basis of potential energy surfaces (PESs) of several important spin states, where the PESs were evaluated with the DFT(B3LYP) method. The PES of the quartet spin state crosses those of the doublet and sextet spin states around its minimum. This means that the spin transition occurs from the quartet spin state to either the doublet spin state or the sextet spin state around the PES minimum of the quartet spin state. The PES minimum of the sextet spin state is slightly less stable than that of the doublet spin state by 0.18 eV (4.2 kcal/mol). This small energy difference is favorable for the LIESST. The doublet-sextet spin crossover point is 0.41 eV (9.6 kcal/mol) above the PES minimum of the sextet spin state. Because of this considerably large activation barrier, the thermal spin transition and the tunneling process do not occur easily. In the doublet spin state, the ligand to ligand charge transfer (LLCT) transition is calculated to be 2.16 eV with the TD-DFT(B3LYP) method, in which the pi orbital of the phenoxy moiety and the pi* orbital of the imine moiety in the pap ligand participate. This transition energy is moderately smaller than the visible light of 550 nm used experimentally. In the sextet spin state, the ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) transition is calculated to be at 2.36 eV, which is moderately higher than the visible light (550 nm). These results indicate that the irradiation of the visible light induces the LIESST to generate the sextet spin state but the reverse-LIESST is also somewhat induced by the visible light, indicating that the complete spin conversion from the doublet spin state to the sextet one does not occur, as reported experimentally.     

MRD CI study of the photodissociation of HO2 into OH(X2II) + O(3P, 1D)

A MRD CI procedure has been used to calculate several electronic states of the hydroperoxyl radical. The basis set is of double-zeta plus polarization quality augmented with s- and p-type bond and Rydberg functions. The vertical excitation energies of the lowest eight doublet and six quartet states are reported. Oscillator strengths for transitions form the ground to upper doublet states were calculated. A cut of the potential energy surfaces along the OOH fragmentation pathway is used to discuss the mechanisms of HO₂ photodissociation below 6.4 eV. Arguments are presented which indicate O(¹D) rather than O(³P) is the primary dissociation product, and so support the experimental findings rather than theory in the conflict raised earlier on this matter. Ostensibly the dissociation proceeds diabatically on the surface of the initially populated ²A″(1a″ → 2a″) state yielding OH(X²II) + O(¹D).     

Theoretical study of the mechanism of valence tautomerism in cobalt complexes

Valence tautomerism is studied in the [Co(II-HS)(sq)(2)(bpy)]/[Co(III-LS)(sq)(cat)(bpy)] mononuclear cobalt complex by using DFT methods (HS, high spin; LS, low spin; cat, catecholate; sq, semiquinone; bpy, 2,2'-bipyridine). Calculations at the B3LYP* level of theory reproduce well the energy gap between the Co(II-HS) and Co(III-LS) forms giving an energy gap of 4.4 kcal/mol, which is comparable to the experimental value of 8.9 kcal/mol. Potential energy surfaces and crossing seams of the electronic states of the doublet, quartet, and sextet spin states are calculated along minimum energy paths connecting the energy minima corresponding to the different spin states. The calculated minimum energy crossing points (MECPs) are located at 8.8 kcal/mol in the doublet/sextet surfaces, at 10.2 kcal/mol in the doublet/quartet surfaces, and at 8.4 kcal/mol in the quartet/sextet surfaces relative to the doublet ground state. Considering the energy of the three spin states and the crossing points, the one-step relaxation mechanism between the Co(II-HS) and Co(III-LS) forms is the most probable. This research shows that mapping MECPs can be a useful strategy to analyze the potential energy surfaces of systems with complex deformation modes.     

The Kinetic Isotope Effect as a Probe of Spin Crossover in the CH Activation of Methane by the FeO+ Cation

Two‐state reactivity (TSR) is often used to explain the reaction of transition‐metal–oxo reagents in the bare form or in the complex form. The evidence of the TSR model typically comes from quantum‐mechanical calculations for energy profiles with a spin crossover in the rate‐limiting step. To prove the TSR concept, kinetic profiles for C? H activation by the FeO⁺ cation were explored. A direct dynamics approach was used to generate potential energy surfaces of the sextet and quartet H‐transfers and rate constants and kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) were calculated using variational transition‐state theory including multidimensional tunneling. The minimum energy crossing point with very large spin–orbit coupling matrix element was very close to the intrinsic reaction paths of both sextet and quartet H‐transfers. Excellent agreement with experiments were obtained when the sextet reactant and quartet transition state were used with a spin crossover, which strongly support the TSR model.     

Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical investigation of the mechanism of C-H hydroxylation of camphor by cytochrome P450cam: theory supports a two-state rebound mechanism

The stereospecific cytochrome P450-catalyzed hydroxylation of the C(5)-H((5-exo)) bond in camphor has been studied theoretically by a combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) approach. Density functional theory is employed to treat the electronic structure of the active site (40-100 atoms), while the protein and solvent environment (ca. 24,000 atoms) is described by the CHARMM force field. The calculated energy profile of the hydrogen-abstraction oxygen-rebound mechanism indicates that the reaction takes place in two spin states (doublet and quartet), as has been suggested earlier on the basis of calculations on simpler models ("two-state reactivity"). While the reaction on the doublet potential energy surface is nonsynchronous, yet effectively concerted, the quartet pathway is truly stepwise, including formation of a distinct intermediate substrate radical and a hydroxo-iron complex. Comparative calculations in the gas phase demonstrate the effect of the protein environment on the geometry and relative stability of intermediates (in terms of spin states and redox electromers) through steric constraints and electronic polarization.     

The Kinetic Isotope Effect as a Probe of Spin Crossover in the C?H Activation of Methane by the FeO+ Cation

Two‐state reactivity (TSR) is often used to explain the reaction of transition‐metal–oxo reagents in the bare form or in the complex form. The evidence of the TSR model typically comes from quantum‐mechanical calculations for energy profiles with a spin crossover in the rate‐limiting step. To prove the TSR concept, kinetic profiles for C H activation by the FeO⁺ cation were explored. A direct dynamics approach was used to generate potential energy surfaces of the sextet and quartet H‐transfers and rate constants and kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) were calculated using variational transition‐state theory including multidimensional tunneling. The minimum energy crossing point with very large spin–orbit coupling matrix element was very close to the intrinsic reaction paths of both sextet and quartet H‐transfers. Excellent agreement with experiments were obtained when the sextet reactant and quartet transition state were used with a spin crossover, which strongly support the TSR model.     

气相中CrO2+活化甲烷C—H键的理论研究

用密度泛函UB3LYP/6-311＋＋G**方法计算研究了气相中CrO₂⁺ (²A₁/⁴A")活化甲烷C—H键的微观机理, 找到了四条反应通道. 对其中涉及的两态反应(TSR)进行了分析, 并对影响反应机理和反应速率的势能面交叉现象(potential energy surfaces crossing)进行了详细讨论, 进而运用Hammond假设和Yoshizawa等的内禀坐标单点垂直激发计算的方法找出了一系列势能面交叉点[crossing points (CPs)], 并作了相应的讨论. 进一步用碎片分子轨道理论[fragment molecular orbital (FMO)]对TS1中的轨道相互作用进行了分析, 解释了CrO₂⁺活化甲烷C—H键的机理.     

A CAS study on S‐loss and O‐loss dissociation mechanisms of the SO2+ ion in the C,D, and E states

In the present work, we mainly study dissociation of the C ²B₁, D²A₁, and E²B₂ states of the SO₂⁺ ion using the complete active‐space self‐consistent field (CASSCF) and multiconfiguration second‐order perturbation theory (CASPT2) methods. We first performed CASPT2 potential energy curve (PEC) calculations for S‐ and O‐loss dissociation from the X, A, B, C, D, and E primarily ionization states and many quartet states. For studying S‐loss predissociation of the C, D, and E states by the quartet states to the first, second, and third S‐loss dissociation limits, the CASSCF minimum energy crossing point (MECP) calculations for the doublet/quartet state pairs were performed, and then the CASPT2 energies and CASSCF spin‐orbit couplings were calculated at the MECPs. Our calculations predict eight S‐loss predissociation processes (via MECPs and transition states) for the C, D, and E states and the energetics for these processes are reported. This study indicates that the C and D states can adiabatically dissociate to the first O‐loss dissociation limit. Our calculations (PEC and MECP) predict a predissociation process for the E state to the first O‐loss limit. Our calculations also predict that the E²B₂ state could dissociate to the first S‐ and O‐loss limits via the A²B₂ ← E²B₂ transition. On the basis of the 13 predicted processes, we discussed the S‐ and O‐loss dissociation mechanisms of the C, D, and E states proposed in the previous experimental studies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010     

Theoretical study of the mechanism for C-H bond activation in spin-forbidden reaction between Ti<Superscript>+</Superscript> and C<Subscript>2</Subscript>H<Subscript>4</Subscript>

The mechanism of the spin-forbidden reaction Ti⁺(⁴F, 3d²4s¹) + C₂H₄→TiC₂H₂ ⁺ (²A₂) + H₂ on both doublet and quartet potential energy surfaces has been investigated at the B3LYP level of theory. Crossing points between the potential energy surfaces and the possible spin inversion process are discussed by means of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) calculations. The strength of the SOC between the low-lying quartet state and the doublet state is 59.3 cm⁻¹ in the intermediate complex IM1-⁴B₂. Thus, the changes of its spin multiplicity may occur from the quartet to the doublet surface to form IM1-²A₁, leading to a sig-nificant decrease in the barrier height on the quartet PES. After the insertion intermediate IM2, two distinct reaction paths on the doublet PES have been found, i.e., a stepwise path and a concerted path. The latter is found to be the lowest energy path on the doublet PES to exothermic TiC₂H₂ ⁺(²A₂) + H₂ products, with the active barrier of 4.52 kcal/mol. In other words, this reaction proceeds in the following way: Ti⁺+C₂H₄→⁴IC→IM1-⁴B₂→^4,2ISC→IM1-²A₁→[²TS_ins]→IM2→[²TS_MCTS]→IM5→TiC₂H₂ ⁺(²A₂)+H₂. Supported by ‘Qinglan’ Talent Engineering Funds by Tianshui Normal University.     

First principles investigations of Fe,Co, Ni in model honeycomb carbon networks

The behaviors of ferromagnetic transition metals of the first period: Fe, Co and Ni are examined within density functional theory calculations in two dimensional carbon extended networks using model structure LiC₆. Around geometry optimized structures, the energy-volume equations of states considering non magnetic and spin polarized configurations established ferromagnetic ground states with magnetizations –reduced with respect to the metals’– of 2 μ_B for FeC₆ and 1 μ_B for CoC₆ while no magnetic solution could be identified for NiC₆. In the D_6h point group of the P6/mmm space group l_m decomposition of the d states results with increasing energy into doublet state E_1g with d(x²-y²) and d(xy); singlet state A_1g d(z²) and doublet state E_2g d(xz) and d(yz) lying on E_F and responsible of the onset of magnetic moments. This was mirrored via molecular orbital approach with a construct of Fe embedded between two extended carbon networks thus validating the model structure proposed for TC₆ compounds. The 100% polarization in one spin channel allows proposing potential uses in spintronics applications.