Researches on the Removal of Pb（Ⅱ） by Hydrothermally Modified Oyster Shells

A novel wastewater purification material was prepared by a hydrothermal method. It was mainly made from oyster shells with the merits of long service time, large surface area, high lead removal efficiency and excellent recyclable properties. The technological conditions were decided respectively based on the lead removal efficiencies. At pH = 5 and 30 ℃, for the wastewater with the initial concentration of Pb2+ to be 5 mg/L, adsorption time 24 h, and 1 mg to 40 mL of mass ratio between adsorbent and Pb2+, the maximum adsorption capacity can reach 0.19 mg/g. The lead removal material prepared by hydrothermal method has excellent recycle performance. The equilibrium adsorption capacity can get to 9.71 mg/g and the average Pb2+ removal rate is as high as 66.39%. After reusing for 60 times, the SEM observation shows that the hydrates of reticular formation is formed after hydrothermal modification, which provides a good attachment position for Pb2+, indicating the physical adsorption is dominant.     

Effects of Experimental Conditions and Kinetics of Photodegradation of Methylene Blue over TiO2

The authors investigated the catalytic activity of TiO2 for methylene blue（MB） degradation under solar light.The reaction parameters such as reaction time,TiO2 content,temperature,pH,MB concentration and light irradiation were in attention.Then,the experimental data was analyzed to investigate the adsorption order and adsorption model.The results indicate that the optimum conditions for the removal of MB are a TiO2 content of 0.5 g/L,0.50 mg/L MB solution,a temperature of 30 ℃ and reaction time of 60 min.It was found that the amount of MB removal was decreased when the pH and temperature increased.This suggests that the removal process is exothermic.However,the solar light irradiation plays a vital role in enhancing the removal amount of MB.In the dark reaction,the ability of TiO2 to remove MB was increased when the pH increased.The kinetics studies confirm that the adsorption of MB is the Pseudo-second-order.And the adsorption model was fitted with the Freundlich isotherm.     

Sorption Removal of Pb（Ⅱ） from Solution by Uncalcined and Calcined MgAl-Layered Double Hydroxides

Layered double hydroxide （LDH） with a Mg/Al molar ratio of 1 ： 1 was synthesized by using a co-precipitation method and its calcined product （CLDH） was obtained by calcination of the MgAl-LDH at 500 ℃. The sorption removal of Pb^2＋ from solution was investigated, finding that both LDH and CLDH show good sorption ability and they could be used as a new type of environmental sorbent for the removal of Pb^2＋ from water. The sorption kinetics and the sorption isotherms of Pb^2＋ on both LDH and CLDH can be described by the pseudo-second order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm, respectively, under the studied conditions. The sorption amounts of Pb^2＋ on LDH and CLDH are independent of pH in a pH range of about 3-10. The presence of NaNO3 may inhibit the sorption of Pb^2＋ on LDH while hardly affect that on CLDH. The sorption mechanism of Pb^2＋ on LDH and CLDH may be attributed to the surface precipitation and the surface complex adsorption. The surface complex adsorption may be further distinguished to the chemical binding adsorption forming the inner-sphere surface complexes and the electrostatic binding adsorption forming the outer-sphere surface complexes. The sorption mechanism of Pb^2＋ on LDH may be attributed to the surface precipitation and the electrostatic binding adsorption, while that on CLDH may be attributed to the surface precipitation and the chemical binding adsorption.     

TG-FTIR Study on Corn Straw Pyrolysis-influence of Minerals

In order to study the effect of minerals on biomass pyrolysis, experiments on pyrolysis of corn straw with different pretreatment methods were performed by using a thermogravimetric analyzer（TGA） coupled with a Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectrometer. The pretreatment methods included water washing and acid washing. The experimental results show that acid washing can remove almost all K^＋ and 78% of Ca^2＋ , while water washing only removes most of K ^＋. The existence of K^＋ and Ca^2＋ obviously favors the formation of compounds containing carbonyl groups and CO2 , but it will decrease the yields of compounds containing C-O-C groups. However, the formation of H2O, CO and CH4 are slightly affected by the removal of inorganic ions. With regard to the structure of the metal ions-adsorbed cellulose characterized by IR analysis, it can be considered that there is an ＂ion force＂ between metal ions and cellulosic biomass. The results of thermal kinetic analysis show that this force can make the reaction activation energy of the biomass pyrolysis decrease. A new mechanism is proposed for explaining the effect of inorganic ions on cellulose pyrolysis.     

Effect of agitation on removal of acetic acid from pretreated hydrolysate by activated carbon

The effect of agitation on the adsorption of acetic acid by activated carbon was tested utilizing an external mass transfer-diffusion model. Simulated pretreated biomass was contacted with activated carbon under prescribed conditions of temperature and agitation. Adsorption isotherm studies are presented as well as batch kinetic rate studies. Use of these data enabled the determination of isotherm constants, an external mass transfer coefficient, and an effective diffusivity for each agitation rate studied. The external film coefficient results ranged from 33.62 μm/s to a complete absence of external mass transfer resistance, and the diffusivity results ranged from 0.8625 to 10.70 μm²/s. The optimum combination of no external film resistance, and highest diffusivity, 10.70 μm²/s, occurred at 250 rpm and 25°C. The results of these models and the experimental parameters suggested an efficacious method and conditions for the removal of this undesirable chemical.     

Removal of carbonyl sulfide from CO2 stream using AgNO3-modified NaZSM-5

Removal of carbonyl sulfide(COS) from CO2 stream is significant for the production and utilization of food grade CO2. This study investigates the adsorption performance of Ag/NaZSM-5 as adsorbent prepared by incipient wetness impregnation for the removal of COS from a CO2 stream in a fixed-bed adsorption apparatus. Effects of various conditions on the preparation of adsorbent, adsorption and desorption were intensively examined. The results revealed that COS can be removed to below 1×10-9from a CO2stream(1000 ppm COS/CO2) using Ag/NaZSM-5(10 wt% AgNO3) with an adsorption capacity of 12.86 mg·g-1. The adsorbent can be fully regenerated using hot air at 450 C. The adsorption ability remained stable even after eight cycles of regeneration.     

Preparation, Properties and Mechanism of Inhomogeneous Calcium Alginate Ion Cross-linking Gel Microspheres

Inhomogeneous calcium alginate ion cross-linking gel microspheres,a novel ion absorbent,were prepared by dropping a sodium alginate solution to a calcium chloride solutioin via an electronic droplet generator.Calcium alginate microspheres have uniform particle sizes.a smooth surface and a microporous structure.The electrode probe reveals the inhomogeneous distribution of calcium ions with the highest concentration on the surface,and the lowest concentration in the cores of the spheres.As a novel ion adsorbent,calcium alginate gel microspheres have a lower limiting adsorption mass concentration,a higher enrichment capacity and a higher adsorption capacity for Pb^2 than usual ion exchange resins.The highest percentage of the adsorption is 99.79%.The limiting adsorption mass concentration is 0.0426mg/L.The adsorption capacity for Pb^2 is 644mg/g,Calcium alginate gel microspheres have a much faster ion exchange velocity than D418 chelating resin and D113 polyacrylate resin.The moving boundary model was employed to interpret the ion exchange kinetics process,which indicates that the ion exchange process is controlled by intraparticle diffusion of adsorbable ions.So the formation of inhomogeneous gel microspheres reduces the diffusion distance of adsorbable ions within the spheres and enhances the ion exchange velocity.Alginate has a higher selectivity for pb^2 than for Ca^2 and the selectivity coefficient KCa^Pb is 316. As an ion cross-linking gel,calcium alginate inhomogeneous microspheres can effectively adsorb heavy metal Pb^2 at a higher selectivity and a higher adsorption velocity.It is a novel and good ion adsorbent.     

Kinetics and Thermodynamics of the Adsorption of Copper(Ⅱ) onto a New Fe-Si Adsorbent

A new kind of Fe-Si adsorbent was synthesized by iron oxide and diatomite after calcining and hydrothermal process. The influences of the initial Cu2+ concentration, p H and adsorption time on the Cu2+ removal efficiency were discussed. Three adsorption empirical kinetics equations and two thermodynamics equations were used to simulate the adsorption process. The microstructures of newly developed copper removal materials and properties of copper removal are characterized in details by SEM and EDS. Adsorption mechanism of the adsorbent was discussed. The suitable p H value for Cu2+ removal is 5.0 to 6.0 and the adsorption capacity increases with increasing the initial Cu2+ concentration. The adsorption kinetics of the adsorbent could be better described by pseudo second order kinetic model, whereas the adsorption isotherms highly conform to the Freundlich equation. The main crystalline phase of the adsorbent is Fe(Si O3) which can build porous structures conducive to the Cu2+ adsorption.     

Studies on the Adsorption of Asymmetrical Triblock Copolymers by Scheutjens-Fleer Theory and Monte Carlo Simulation

The adsorption of asymmetrical triblock copolymers from a non-selective solvent on solid surface has been studied by using Scheutjens-Fleer mean-field theory and Monte Carlo simulation method on lattice model. The main aim of this paper is to provide detailed computer simulation data, taking A8-kB20Ak as a key example, to study the influence of the structure of copolymer on adsorption behavior and make a comparison between MC and SF results. The simulated results show that the size distribution of various configurations and density-profile are dependent on molecular structure and adsorption energy. The molecular structure will lead to diversity of adsorption behavior. This discrepancy between different structures would be enlarged for the surface coverage and adsorption amount with increasing of the adsorption energy. The surface coverage and the adsorption amount as well as the bound fraction will become larger as symmetry of the molecular structure becomes gradually worse. The adsorption layer becomes thicker with increasing of symmetry of the molecule when adsorption energy is smaller but it becomes thinner when adsorption energy is higher. It is shown that SF theory can reproduce the adsorption behavior of asymmetrical triblock copolymers. However, systematic discrepancy between the theory and simulation still exists.The approximations inherited in the mean-filed theory such as random mixing and the allowance of direct back folding may be responsible for those deviations.     

Photocatalytic Synthesis of Hydrocarbon Oxygenates from C2H6 and CO2 over Pd-MoO3/SiO2 Catalyst

Pd-MoO3/SiO2 catalyst has been prepared using the method of incipient wetness impregnation. The photo absorbing behaviors and chemisorbing properties of the catalyst have been characterized by UV-vis spectra and TPD-MS experiments. The results indicated that metal Pd loaded on MoOe/SiO2 has a significant effect on the photo absorbing performance of MoO3/SiO2, and an obvious blue shift of the absorption edge is produced. Under UV irradiation, the chemisorption state of CO2 undergoes decomposing process to form CO at 481 K, and a two-site adsorption state of ethane can be formed at around 496 K. Photo-oxidation of ethane using carbon dioxide can mainly produce propanal, ethanol and acetaldehyde in the temperature range of 353-423 K. The presence of metal Pd improves the catalytic activity remarkably.     

Biosorption of Cadmium by Phanerochaete Chrysosporium

The biosorption properties of cadmium(Ⅱ) by pre-treated biomass of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the form of pellet were investigated. It was found that formaldehyde cross-linking and subsequent alkaline treatment could significantly improve the adsorption capacity of the biomass compared to other sorts of treatments, such as calcium chloride treatment, HCl treatment and,acetone treatment. Biosorption capacity of cadmium was examined as a function of physical and chemical factors including the pH of the metal solution pellet size, temperature and biomass concentration. The cadmium removal efficiency was strongly affected by pH. The maximal adsorption occurred around pH4.5. The pellet size also had a marked influence on the cadmium removal efficiency and the optimum size was the diameter range of 1.5-2.0 mm. The effect of biosorption temperature on cadmium uptake was inconspicuous between 25℃ and 35℃, but there was a notable decrease in cadmium uptake when the temperature reached 40℃. The cadmium removal efficiency increased as the biomass concentration when the initial cadmium ion concentration was 10 mg/L. When the biomass concentration was 2 g/L,the removal efficiency was 99.56%. However, the augment of the. removal efficiency was not obvious when the biomass concentration was more than 2 g/L. On the optimum conditions mentioned above,cadmium concentration could be reduced from 10 ppm down to 0.04 ppm that was below the Chinese National Waste Water Integrated Discharge Standard. In the biosotption process, most of the metal uptake happened during a short period immediately after the adsorption process started. It was observed that the biomass pellets had already adsorbed 83.36% of the total amount of cadmium finally adsorbed within the initial 10 minutes. The cadmium uptake rate decreased gradually afterwards. Sorption equilibrium could almost be established in 12 hours. This indicated that biosorption might consist of two processes:a fast surface binding process opcurring first and a slow membrane diffusion process taking place subsequently.     

啤酒酵母废菌体吸附Pd2+的物理化学特性

以啤酒酿造厂的啤酒酵母废菌体为生物吸附剂,研究死的啤酒酵母菌体从PdCl₂溶液中吸附Pd²⁺的物理化学特性.结果表明,该菌体吸附Pd²⁺受吸附时间、溶液pH值、菌体浓度和Pd²⁺起始浓度等因素的影响.菌体吸附Pd²⁺是个快速的过程,吸附45min时吸附量达最大,但在最初的3min内,吸附量可达到最大吸附量的92%.在5～60℃范围内,吸附作用不受温度影响.吸附作用的最适pH值为3.5.在Pd²⁺起始质量浓度为30～300mg/L范围内和菌体质量浓度为2g/L的条件下,菌体对Pd²⁺的吸附作用符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型.在pH=3.5,Pd²⁺与菌体质量比为0.2和30℃条件下吸附60min,吸附量达94.5mg/g.从废钯催化剂处理液回收钯,吸附量为32.2mg/g.XPS分析表明,该菌体能吸附水溶液中的Pd²⁺.TEM结果表明,在无外加电子供体时,死的啤酒酵母废菌体能够吸附和还原溶液中的Pd²⁺成Pd⁰微粒,Pd⁰微粒可进一步形成有一定形状的钯晶粒;该菌体还能使吸附在γ-Al₂O₃上的Pd²⁺还原成Pd⁰.     

Adsorption of cadmium ions from aqueous solutions using nano-montmorillonite: kinetics,isotherm and mechanism evaluations

With increasing industrial development, heavy metal pollution, e.g., cadmium (Cd) pollution, is increasingly serious in soil and water environments. This study investigated the sorption performance of nano-montmorillonite (NMMT) for Cd ions. Adsorption experiments were carried out to examine the effects of the initial metal ion concentration (22.4–224 mg/L), pH (2.5–7.5), contact time (2–180 min) and temperature (15–40 °C). A simulated acid rain solution was prepared to study the desorption of Cd adsorbed on NMMT. After the adsorption or desorption process, the supernatant was analyzed using a flame atomic absorption spectrometry method. The Cd removal rate increased as the pH and contact time increased but decreased as the initial metal ion concentration increased. The maximum adsorption capacity was estimated to be 17.61 mg/g at a Cd²⁺ concentration of 22.4 mg/L. The sorption process can be described by both the Langmuir and Freundlich models, and the kinetic studies revealed that the pseudo-second-order model fit the experimental data. The Cd desorption rate when exposed to simulated acid rain was less than 1%. NMMT possesses a good adsorption capacity for Cd ions. Additionally, ion exchange was the main adsorption mechanism, but some precipitation or surface adsorption also occurred.     

钙蒙脱土吸附镧的影响因素及其应用

以钙基蒙脱土(Ca-MMT)为载体,研究其对镧(La)的吸附。 采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和元素mapping分析、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、BET、X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)对其晶型结构、表面形态、比表面积、化学结构进行表征,考察了La的初始浓度、pH值、温度对Ca-MMT吸附镧性能的影响,考察了载镧钙基蒙脱土(Ca-MMT@La)的除磷效果。 结果表明:Ca-MMT投入量为10 g/L时,Ca-MMT的平衡吸附量随镧的初始浓度增加而增大,最大吸附量为49.62 mg/g;随着pH值增大,吸附能力增强,pH=6时为最佳pH吸附镧条件,吸附量为38.36 mg/g;随温度的升高,其吸附量先下降再上升,20 ℃吸附能力最大,吸附量为41.23 mg/g。 Langmuir等温吸附方程推断其吸附属于单分子层吸附。 Ca-MMT不具有吸附磷效果,而Ca-MMT@La对磷酸根有很强的吸附能力,吸附量为7.24 mg/g,除磷率为72.41%,其除磷率随含镧量增大而增大。     

Magnetic Fe3O4/ZIF-8 optimization by Box-Behnken design and its Cd(II)-adsorption properties and mechanism

In this study, the preparation of magnetic Fe₃O₄/ZIF-8 (MFZ) and its adsorption properties for Cd(II) from water were investigated. Various characterizations demonstrate that the as-prepared MFZ has well magnetic-separation performance and thermal stability. In batch adsorption tests, the effects of pH, initial concentration, and adsorbent dosage were evaluated. According to the findings, when the pH is 7 and the dosage is 150 mg/L, the adsorption capacity for a 40 mg/L Cd(II) solution reaches 102.3 mg/g in 180 min. The Cd(II) adsorption processes was found to correspond to pseudo-first-order kinetics and Langmuir model according to the adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The Langmuir model predicted a maximal saturation adsorption capacity of 160.26 mg/g at 298 K. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the Cd(II) adsorption is an endothermic, spontaneous process. Ion exchange, coordination reaction, and electrostatic interaction are all involved in Cd(II) adsorption by MFZ. The optimum conditions for Cd(II) adsorption were proposed and confirmed in accordance with the results of the response surface optimization experiments. Furthermore, regeneration tests demonstrate the great repeated regeneration ability of MFZ. According to the anticipated production cost, treating wastewater with a Cd(II) concentration of 40 mg/L would cost roughly US$ 8.35/m³. MFZ showed good potential for Cd(II) removal from water.     

Application of factorial design to study of heavy metals biosorption by waste biomass from beverage distillery

A full factorial design leading to 20 sets of sorption runs was conducted to study the influence of four variables (bleaching earth and biomass concentrations, pH, and sorption time) on the iron, nickel, and chromium removal from stainless steel effluent using waste biomass from a beverage industry. Similar factor effects and interactions were found for each metalinvolved in this biosorption study, and the main factors were pH (positive effect) and biomass concentration (negative effect). Response surface methodology was adopted and an empirical linear polynomial model constructed on the basis of the specific uptake (mg of metal/g of biomass as dry weight) for each metal species. Under optimized process conditions (pH 4.0, biomass concentration of 2.0 g/L, absence of Celite), uptake values of 155 mg of Fe/g, 38 mg of Cr/g, and 0.4 mg of Ni/g were achieved after 3 h. This corresponded to a reduction in heavy metals concentration of approx 94% for Cr, 57% for Fe, and 25% for Ni.     

Biosorption of lead(II) from aqueous solutions by non-living algal biomass Oedogonium sp. and Nostoc sp.--a comparative study

Industrial wastewaters containing heavy metals pose a major environmental problem that needs to be remedied. The present study reports the ability of two non-living (dried) fresh water algae, Oedogonium sp. and Nostoc sp. to remove lead(II) from aqueous solutions in batch system under varying range of pH (2.99-7.04), contact time (5-300 min), biosorbent dose (0.1-0.8 g/L), and initial metal ion concentrations (100 and 200mg/L). The optimum conditions for lead biosorption are almost same for the two algal biomass Oedogonium sp. and Nostoc sp. (pH 5.0, contact time 90 and 70 min, biosorbent dose 0.5 g/L and initial Pb(II) concentration 200mg/L) however, the biomass of Oedogonium sp. was found to be more suitable than Nostoc sp. for the development of an efficient biosorbent for the removal of lead(II) from aqueous solutions, as it showed higher values of q(e) adsorption capacity (145.0mg/g for Oedogonium sp. and 93.5mg/g for Nostoc sp.). The equilibrium data fitted well in the Langmuir isotherms than the Freundlich isotherm, thus proving monolayer adsorption of lead on both the algal biomass. Analysis of data shows that the process involves second-order kinetics and thermodynamic treatment of equilibrium data shows endothermic nature of the adsorption process. The spectrum of FTIR confirms that the amino and carboxyl groups on the surface of algal biomass were the main adsorption sites for lead removal. Both the biosorbents could be regenerated using 0.1 mol/L HCl solution, with upto 90% recovery. The biosorbents were reused in five biosorption-desorption cycles without a significant loss in biosorption capacity. Thus, this study demonstrated that both the algal biomass could be used as an efficient biosorbents for the treatment of lead(II) bearing wastewater streams.     

嗜铅菌对水中重金属Pb~(2+)的吸附研究

研究了实验室提供的嗜铅菌对水中铅离子吸附的条件和机理.讨论了吸附时间、pH、铅离子的质量浓度和菌的质量浓度对吸附的影响.结果表明,在pH=7.0、铅离子初始质量浓度为25mg/L、离心湿菌的质量浓度为1.06g/L、吸附时间为60min时,铅离子的吸附率达96.88%;实验条件下超标25倍的含Pb~(2+)废水,可迭排放标准;Pb~(2+)的最大吸附量为150mg/g.数学模型Langmuir和Freundlich方程均能很好地描述嗜铅菌对Pb~(2+)的吸附过程.对Pb~(2+)吸附前后的红外光谱表征表明,嗜铅菌表面多糖、蛋白质的羟基峰和羰基峰均有不同程度的紫移,羟基峰、糖苷峰等峰宽略增,说明菌体吸附,主要是表面基团的作用所致.用原子力显微镜对吸附前后的嗜铅菌检测可见,吸附后菌体的弹性变小、粘性变大、部分茵体有一定的收缩,说明以表面吸附为主的吸附过程,对菌细胞的聚合度有影响,菌体内部对铅也有一定的生物积累.     

原子吸收光谱法测定改性梨渣吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的研究

通过原子吸收光谱法研究了在不同pH、吸附剂量、Pb2+浓度和吸附时间条件下磷酸酯化改性梨渣吸附Pb2+的行为。结果表明:溶液初始pH 4.2时,Pb2+的吸附达到最大值;酯化梨渣≥10 g/L能除去Pb2+为30 mg/L溶液中的91%的Pb2+。酯化梨渣对Pb2+的吸附符合Langmuir等温模型,其最大吸附能力为43.99 mg/g。Pb2+达到吸附平衡的时间为40 min,准一级反应动力学方程可描述酯化梨渣对Pb2+的吸附过程。