The use of linear superconducting electron accelerator for subcritical reactor driving

At the National Science Centre, Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (NSC KIPT) the possibility of creating an installation with a subcritical reactor driven by an electron accelerator is examined. To obtain the maximal stream of neutrons from a neutron-producing target at a minimal density of energy emission, the electron energy should be in the range of 100–200 MeV and the size of the target should be as large as possible. Other important requirements are beam continuity with time and long-term stability of the accelerator parameters. The variants of using the superconducting linear accelerator on the basis of a TESLA accelerating structure as of subcritical reactor driver are considered. The basic design parameters and characteristics of this installation are presented. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

与散裂中子靶物理相关的理论计算程序探讨 II厚靶计算

散裂中子靶是加速器驱动洁净核能系统的一个重要环节.相关的理论计算程序和蒙特 卡罗方法是研究该系统的散裂靶物理的一个重要手段.对相关程序进行了比对和介绍,并对SHIELD程序系统在中国的发展和在散裂靶物理上的应用作了介绍.     

对先进核能系统中U-Pu循环的研究

利用新开发的数据库和程序对加速器驱动的次临界反应堆中的Ｕ－Ｐｕ循环进行了详细的理论研究．通过对反应堆功率、临界系数、γ和中子通量以及裂变核的演化等计算,得到了令人满意的中子学结果.The U-Pu cycle in accelerator driven subcritical reactor is studied by means of new data library and code. The satisfactory neutronics results are obtained by calculating the reactor power, critical value, gamma and neutron flux and evolution of fissioning nuclear density. The detailed analysis is also presented.     

The R/D of high power proton accelerator technology in China

In China, a multipurpose verification system as a first phase of our ADS program consists of a low energy accelerator (150 MeV/3 mA proton LINAC) and a swimming pool light water subcritical reactor. In this paper the activities of HPPA technology related to ADS in China, which includes the intense proton ECR source, the RFQ accelerator and some other technology of HPPA, are described.     

Prospects for transmutation of nuclear waste and associated proton-accelerator technology

While a considerable and world-wide growth of the nuclear share in the global energy mix is desirable for many reasons, a major concern or objection is the long-term burden that is constituted by the radiotoxic waste from the spent fuel. The concept of Partitioning & Transmutation, a scientific and technological answer, is therefore of high interest. Its deployment may use dedicated “Transmuter” or “Burner” reactors, using a fast neutron spectrum. For the transmutation of waste with a large content (up to 50%) of (very long-lived) Minor Actinides, a sub-critical reactor, using an external neutron source is a solution of high interest. It is constituted by coupling a proton accelerator, a spallation target and a subcritical core. This promising new technology is named ADS, for accelerator-driven system. The present paper aims at an introduction into the field in order to focus, in its later part, on the development of the required accelerator technology.     

40J激光装置研制

 报道了一台输出能量在40J量级的激光装置。该装置从星光Ⅱ激光装置分光作为光源,由放大器链、能源系统和支撑桁架等三大部分构成。对整个激光装置的模拟计算结果表明：装置的增益能力足够输出40J,B积分满足ΔB小于1.8的要求。研制了一种全腔水冷新型放大器,对其小信号增益系数和增益均匀性进行了测量,实验得出增益系数β为0.034cm ^-1,增益均匀性为91.84%。结果表明这种放大器完全能满足此激光装置的设计要求。     

次临界能源包层严重事故缓解系统

针对中国工程物理研究院混合堆次临界能源包层,提出了一种新型的严重事故缓解系统——工程通道注水系统,采用通道注水的方法直接导出燃料区衰变热,同时与非能动安全壳冷却系统结合,实现燃料区非能动长期冷却的建立,阻止燃料区熔化进程发展,保证次临界能源包层的完整性。在保守假设条件下,当燃料区温度达到1220℃时,工程通道注水系统投入运行即可完成严重事故缓解功能。     

铀基聚变-裂变混合堆次临界能源包层有限元力学分析

次临界能源包层是聚变-裂变混合堆的重要部件,对其进行力学特性分析研究是确保整个反应堆正常运行的关键。本文利用有限元分析软件对次临界能源包层的第一壁结构、支撑固定结构的相关零部件开展了初步的力学分析,得到了各零部件相关结构的最大应力值、应力分布云图和变形分布云图,其中支撑结构的最大应力位于加强筋板与圆柱定位销的连接处,应力值为310.2 MPa;第一壁的最大应力位于“U”形流道拐角处,应力值为240.7 MPa;按相应的评价准则进行结构的强度和刚度校核,计算结果表明次临界能源包层各零部件能够满足计算工况下的强度和刚度要求。     

X波段长脉冲多注相对论速调管放大器杂模振荡抑制北大核心CSCD

为进一步提高相对论速调管放大器(RKA)的工作频率和输出功率,开展了X波段GW级长脉冲多注RKA实验研究,对实验中出现的杂模振荡现象进行了模拟和实验分析。结果表明,电子回流是导致实验中出现杂模振荡的主要因素,采取了相应措施减少电子回流从而抑制杂模振荡,实现多注RKA输出微波功率约为0.98GW,脉宽为95ns,频率为9.405GHz。     

源强对Rossi-α噪声分析的影响

通过数值模拟手段研究了源强对Rossi-测量的影响。为了定量研究中子源强对Rossi-测量的影响,基于MCNP软件;开发了用于计算Rossi-分布的数值模拟工具。反应堆模型和加速器驱动次临界系统的示意模型的数值模拟结果被用于展示瞬发中子衰减常数与源强之间的关联。数值模拟结果表明,入射源强源中子强度对Rossi-测量结果有显著影响。对于处于次临界状态的反应堆和加速器驱动次临界系统模型,在入射源强较小时,Rossi-方法可以正确给出反应堆中子衰减常数,但当入射源强较大时,测量不能给出正确的中子衰减常数。通过研究源强和测量结果的关系,可以找到能够给出正确测量结果的最大可用源强。通过选择一个可用源强范围内的较强中子源,可以减少测量所需时间。     

基于激光等离子体加速的自由电子激光研究新进展

激光等离子体加速器能够在cm尺度内产生GeV量级的高品质电子束,为研制台式化自由电子激光提供驱动源。但是受限于激光等离子体加速中的难点和现有技术发展,电子束的品质难以达到自由电子激光的需求,尤其在稳定性、发散角和能散等方面,阻碍了台式化自由电子激光的研制。介绍了基于激光等离子体加速器的自由电子激光的最新进展,整理了目前高增益自由电子激光实验过程中存在的主要挑战和对应的解决方案与实验进展,并展望未来的发展方向。最近的研究结果证明,通过控制和优化激光等离子体加速器的注入和加速过程产生的高品质电子束可以在指数增益区域实现自发辐射放大,产生高增益的辐射,这也推动基于激光等离子体加速器的自由电子激光研究进入了一个新的阶段。     

加速器驱动的核电站──干净现实的核能源

由一台１６００ＭｅＶ的强流质子加速器来辅助驱动一座熔盐核反应堆,从而组建一座新型的核电站．这座电站中裂变核燃料“燃烧”完全,没有长寿命的重锕系与裂片的核废料输出;并可以直接用天然存在的大量钍和贫铀元素作为核燃料来使用．核电站将２０％电能供给加速器运转,８０％电能并入电网．同时电站还可输出十分稀有的稳定同位素和短寿命医用同位素,作为副产品供应市场．这一干净的核能源就是加速器驱动式核反应堆．简称驱动堆;它没有核废料,比自持式核反应堆安全． A new type of nuclear power station can be built by a moltensalt reactor auxiliary driven by a strong neutron source produced by a intensive proton beam with the energy of 1600 MeV from a powerful accelerator. In the power station the nuclear fuels are completely burnt without some long-lived radioactive wastes both of heaVy actinide and fission products. Furthermore the thorium and sub-critical uranium which are massive existence in nature can be used as an available nuclear fuel in...     

先进核能系统结构材料辐照性能研究

首先简要介绍第一代到先进的第四代核能系统的发展、与核能系统发展密切的抗辐照结构材料研发进展、第四代核能系统结构材料辐照性能研究新方法。第四代核能系统发展中,辐照引起材料性能退化是一个需要研究和解决的瓶颈问题。现有中子源都不能满足第四代核能系统结构材料高剂量中子辐照性能研究的要求。为此,发展了用于核能系统结构材料高剂量辐照性能快速检测加速器重离子辐照方法和第四代核能系统实际辐照工况模拟的重离子与氢和氦三束同时辐照新方法,文中进行了详细的介绍。最后介绍了中国原子能科学研究院核能系统结构材料辐照性能研究现状和近期发展计划。该院在HI-13串列加速器器上建立了多种不同用途的重离子辐照装置、三个独立加速器构成的重离子与氢和氦三束同时辐照实验平台,开展了一系列核能结构材料,例如国产改进型奥氏体钢、CLAM钢、1515钢、钽、钨等的辐照性能的系统测试和研究。为了更好地开展核能结构材料性能研究,从国外引进了一台超导直线加速器和一台可变能量重离子回旋加速器。结合现有2×13 MeV,2×1.7 MV串列加速器、30 MeV和100 MeV质子回旋加速器、高压倍加器,中国实验快堆、中国先进研究堆、微堆等,CIAE将建成一个比较完整和先进的核能系统结构材料辐照实验平台系统供国内外用户使用。This paper introduces briefly the development of nuclear energy systems from the GEN I to the advanced GEN IV, the progress of manufacturing radiation resistant materials associated with the development of nuclear energy systems and the new methods of investigating radiation properties of the structural materials for the GEN IV nuclear energy systems at first. Irradiation induced deterioration of materials properties is a bottle neck problem, which must be investigated and solved for the development of the GEN IV nuclear energy systems. Unfortunately, all the currently available neutron sources cannot meet the requirements of investigating radiation properties of structural materials irradiated by high dose neutron irradiation in the GEN IV nuclear energy systems. Therefore, two new methods of the accelerator heavy ion irradiation that simulates the high-dose neutron irradiation and the triple beam irradiation that mimics the real neutron irradiation environment in the GEN IV nuclear energy systems have been developed. These two methods are introduced in this paper. The present status of the study on radiation properties of structural materials for nuclear energy systems of the new generation and the near future development plan at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) are described also. The accelerator heavy ion irradiation facilities for different applications and the simultaneous triple beam irradiation platform with three separate accelerators or implanters have been established at the HI-13 tandem accelerator of CIAE. A series of structural materials for nuclear energy systems, such as the home-made modified austenic steel, CLAM steel, 1515 steel, Tantalum, Tungsten, etc. have been tested and investigated systematically. A superconducting linear accelerator and a variable energy heavy ion cyclotron have been imported from abroad for a better performance of the study. Combined with the currently existing facilities of 2×13 MeV and 2×1.7 MV tandem accelerators, 30 and 100 MeV proton cyclotrons, China experimental fast reactor, China advance research reactor, Miniature neutron source reactor, etc. a comprehensive and advanced system of experimental irradiation platform for structural materials of nuclear energy systems will be established in the near future for both domestic and foreign users.     

A numerical study of the target system of an ADSS with different flow guides

The mechanical design of the target module of an accelerator driven subcritical nuclear reactor system (ADSS) calls for an analysis of the related thermal-hydraulic issues because of large amount of heat deposition in the spallation region during the course of nuclear interactions with the molten lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) target. The LBE also should carry the entire heat generated as a consequence of the spallation reaction. The problem of heat removal by the LBE is a challenging thermal-hydraulic issue. For this, one has to examine the flows of low Prandtl number fluids (LBE) in a complex ADSS geometry. In this study, the equations governing the laminar flow and thermal energy are solved numerically using the streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) finite element (FE) method. The target systems with a straight and a nozzle guide have been considered. The principal purpose of the analysis is to trace the flow and temperature distribution and thereby to check the suitability of the flow guide in avoiding the recirculation or stagnation zones in the flow space that may lead to hot spots.      

Watt-level Er-doped and Er-Pr-codoped ZBLAN fiber amplifiers at the 2.7-2.8 microm wavelength range

Characteristics of diode-pumped Er-doped and Er-Pr-codoped ZBLAN fiber amplifiers were investigated at the 2.7-2.8 microm wavelength range. An amplified signal of 4.6 W was obtained from the singly Er-doped amplifier for an input signal of 110 mW, corresponding to a net gain of 16.2 dB. An amplified signal of 2.65 W was obtained from the Er-Pr-codoped amplifier for an input signal of 70 mW, corresponding to a net gain of 15.8 dB. It is found that the gain bandwidth of the singly Er-doped amplifier is much narrower than that of the Er-Pr-codoped amplifier. Small gain, no gain, or even a loss for shorter-wavelength signals propagating through the singly Er-doped amplifier should attribute for the large number residual populations in the lower laser level caused by the inefficient depopulation of the energy transfer upconversion processes.     

D-3He先进燃料靶惯性约束聚变的燃耗和增益

计算了球形均匀D-3He先进燃料靶惯性约束聚变(ICF)的燃耗和增益。讨论了这种堆系统的能量平 衡。设计了一种新型的由毛细管阵列组成具有抗辐射损伤、可自动更新的液态金属锂自由表面多孔湿壁,用它取 出聚变能。同时与D-T热核燃料靶系统的燃耗和增益及它们不同的堆工程特性作了比较。     

长脉冲X波段多注相对论速调管放大器的初步实验研究

设计了工作在长脉冲的X波段同轴强流多注相对论速调管放大器, 对长脉冲强流多注电子束在多注器件结构中的传输、电子束经过输入腔和中间腔后的束流调制以及经过输出腔的微波提取等过程进行了实验研究, 采用了相应的设计措施以减轻实验中出现的脉冲缩短现象, 得到了初步的长脉冲实验结果. 在输入微波功率60 kW、频率9.378 GHz、电子束电压700 kV、束流4.2 kA、轴向引导磁感应强度1 T的条件下, 重频5Hz输出微波功率为670 MW, 脉宽89 ns, 效率为23%, 增益为40 dB, 输出微波频率与输入微波一致. 从实验上验证了几十千瓦级输入微波驱动X波段同轴多注RKA输出几百兆瓦长脉冲高功率微波的可行性, 为后续更高功率研究打下了基础.     

Slotted third-harmonic gyro-TWT amplifier experiment

The first operation of a slotted third-harmonic gyrotron traveling-wave amplifier is reported. The low-magnetic-field moderate-voltage gyrotron amplifier's 62-keV 2.5-A υ_⊥ /υ_∥=1.2 axis-encircling electron beam was supplied by a gyroresonant RF accelerator. The 10-GHz 1.3-kG single-section slotted third-harmonic amplifier is stable and yielded 12.5 dB of small signal gain with a bandwidth of 2.5%. The experiment was performed as a scaled proof-of-principle test of the 95-GHz multisection slotted amplifier under development at CPI (formerly Varian)     

Gigatron

The gigatron is a new RF amplifier tube designed for linac (linear accelerator) collider applications. It employs the lasertron concept in which a bunched electron beam is extracted from a modulated cathode and accelerated through a DC diode structure. The resulting beam is fully modulated at high energy without the requirements of a modulator or drift region that characterize all conventional amplifier tubes. RF energy is then extracted from the beam in an output coupler. Because there is excellent bunching of the beam current, very high efficiency can, in principle, be achieved. Three design features permit extension of the lasertron concept to very high frequencies. First, a ribbon-beam geometry mitigates space-charge depression and facilitates efficient output coupling. Second, a traveling-wave output coupler is used to obtain optimum coupling to the ribbon beam. Third, a gated field-emitter array is employed for the modulated cathode. A prototype device that is currently being developed is discussed     

激光加速器中电子能量增益的广义协变推导

本文通过广义协变的坐标变换导出了激光电子加速器中能量增益的表达式,指出即使不存在外加的引力场,电子也会因背景介质的影响产生一个附加的引力加速,在真空情况,所得结果与用洛仑兹变换得到的结果一致。 关键词：