An experimental analysis of displacement field of mixed mode crack

In this paper, the characteristic properties ofv (y-direction displacement) field surrounding the tip of a mixed mode crack are studied. These properties can be used to evaluate the rigid body rotation of the crack tip, theK _I SIF and the ratio ofK _II SIF toK _I.The authors employ a film to record the displacement information based on the technique of moire interferometry with sticking films. By using the data taken from the moire pattern and treating them with the damping least square method, all of the parameters of the crack can be obtained accurately.     

Numerical study of the linear stability of immiscible displacement in porous media

In this paper the linear stability of immiscible displacement in porous media is examined by numerical methods. The method of matched initial value problems is used to solve the eigenvalue problem for displacement processes pertaining to initially mobile phases. Both non capillary and capillary displacement in rectilinear flow geometries is studied. The results obtained are in agreement with recent asymptotic studies. A sensitivity analysis with respect to process parameters is carried out. Similarities and differences with the stability of Hele-Shaw flows are delineated.This is a revised version of paper SPE 13163, presented at the 59th Annual Technical Conference of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, Houston, Texas, 16–19 Sept. 1984.     

Dynamic Bayesian estimation of displacement parameters of continuous curve box based on Novozhilov theory

The finite strip controlling equation of pinned curve box was deduced on basis of Novozhilov theory and with flexibility method, and the problem of continuous curve box was resolved. Dynamic Bayesian error function of displacement parameters of continuous curve box was found. The corresponding formulas of dynamic Bayesian expectation and variance were derived. After the method of solving the automatic search of step length was put forward, the optimization estimation computing formulas were also obtained by adapting conjugate gradient method. Then the steps of dynamic Bayesian estimation were given in detail. Through analysis of a classic example, the criterion of judging the precision of the known information is gained as well as some other important conclusions about dynamic Bayesian stochastic estimation of displacement parameters of continuous curve box.     

求解预定位移水平的改进弧长法

为了在使用弧长法进行结构非线性分析时能够收敛到指定的位移,基于广义弧长的概念,对传统弧长法进行改进。改进后的方法不仅能够自动跟踪结构非线性平衡路径,同时能求得位于结构平衡路径的任意区段的任意预定位移时的受力状态。数值算例表明本文计算方法的精确度、效率以及可靠性较好。     

全息干涉法在条形药包离面位移场研究中的应用

以新型红宝石激光照相装置为基础,进行动态全息实验系统研究及设计,实现了一次爆破加载获取四个动态过程爆破模型的位移场条纹图,用此研究了线型载荷爆破时质点离面位移振动的变化规律。研究表明：端部延长线方向离面位移值在全场所有剖面始终最小,发现在线型载荷离面位移场和应力场一样,同样存在端部效应现象;中垂线上的最大位移值在不同时间都高于其它计算剖面位移极值;瑞利波产生的位移衰减很慢。     

An experimental study of miscible displacement with gravity-override and viscosity-contrast in a Hele Shaw cell

An experimental investigation of miscible displacements at constant volume flow-rate under the coupled effects of mobility contrast and gravitational segregation has been performed in a Hele Shaw cell having an aspect ratio, width to length, of 1:2. While the viscosity ratio was large (M > 180), the experiments covered both the neutrally buoyant case through to gravity-override-dominated unstable displacements. Dependence of the global displacement properties on the Gravity number (G) and the Peclet number (Pe) were quantified using a flow visualization technique. Within the experiment’s parameter range, no matter how complex the finger patterns became, and independent of G, the area grew linearly in time. As a result, the thickness of the injected less dense and less viscous fluid was almost constant at a value of 0.5–0.58 of the cell thickness with a weak dependence on Peclet number. Based on transversely averaged concentration profiles, the dependence of the average finger length was investigated and it also grew linearly in time. The displacement efficiency and breakthrough time decreased with increase of G, while the longitudinal finger growth rate increased with G. The averaged finger width followed the opposite trend and decreased as G increased. Velocity of the leading fingertip grew linearly with G at fixed Pe. The larger the value of Pe, the faster fingertips spread. As was to be expected, the larger the gravity number, the larger the global tilting of the whole finger pattern. The fractal dimension of the distorted interface at breakthrough was investigated, and it varied from 1.54 for the neutrally buoyant case to 1.08 for the gravity override dominated case.     

Effect of small parameters on the structure of the front formed by unstable viscous-fluid displacement from a Hele-Shaw cell

The process of displacement of a viscous fluid from a Hele-Shaw cell consisting of two plates separated by a small gap is investigated. The front formed when the fluid is displaced from the cell by another, lower-viscosity fluid is unstable. The lower-viscosity fluid breaks through the layer of displaced fluid and forms channels called viscous fingers. As a result, a mixing zone occupied by both displaced and displacing fluids is formed. The structure of the unstable displacement front is investigated when the surface tension forces have no effect on the shape of the fingers. This situation is realized when a water-glycerin mixture is rapidly displaced from the cell by water. Equations taking the inertial and viscous forces acting in the plane of the plates into account are obtained by averaging the Navier-Stokes equations over the cell gap. Using the equations obtained the stability of a plane displacement front traveling in the direction of its normal and the stability of the lateral surfaces of the viscous fingers is investigated when the fluid velocities are parallel to the interface. From the solution for stability of the transverse displacement front it follows that the viscous forces acting in the plane of the plates determine the finger width (when there is no surface tension). Instability also develops in the flow on the longitudinal fluid interface. In this case the destabilizing factor is the inertial forces. Under the action of this instability the fingers, in their turn, lose stability and disintegrate into viscous bubbles.     

光纤位移干涉仪在爆轰加载飞片速度测量中的应用

利用光学多普勒效应和外差方法搭建了一台光纤位移干涉仪。装置采用光通信行业中已经发展成熟的器件,主要由带尾纤的半导体激光器、三端口环形器、光纤探头、宽带探测器以及宽带高采样率示波器等构成。整个装置结构简单,价格便宜,采用了信号光和参考光同轴结构,实现了任意反射面的速度测量,克服了偏振模式色散的影响,能够实现长量程测量,量程达到20 mm。利用该装置进行了爆轰加载下飞片速度测量,测量最高速度达到1 300 m/s,工作距离达到20 mm,同时利用VISAR对飞片速度进行了对比测量,结果表明用两种不同方法所测得的速度曲线吻合很好。     

The displacement discontinuity method in the analysis of open cracks

The application of the displacement discontinuity numerical technique to the solution of some problems of fracture mechanics is demonstrated in the hypothesis of homogeneous and elastic material. The fracture is supposed to be free from traction and is represented by a set of constant displacement discontinuity elements, except for two parabolic elements, located at each crack tip, in order to simulate the singularity of the solution near the crack tips. On the basis of the stress and displacement field determined by the displacement discontinuity method, the stress intensity factors for mode I and II are computed according to the method of the displacements. Three examples are provided to verify the validity of the formulation.

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Sommario Lo scopo del presente lavore è di illustrare l'applicazione del metodo numerico della Displacement Discontinuity alla soluzione di alcuni problemi di meccanica della frattura, nell'ipotesi di materiale omogeneo ed elastico. La frattura è supposta aperta ed è rappresentata da una linea di elementi a discontinuità di spostamento costante, con l'eccezione di due speciali elementi parabolici, ubicati agli apici, al fine di simulare la singolarita' del campo tensionale. Sulla base del campo degli sforzi e degli spostamenti cosi determinati, vengono ricavati i fattori di concentrazione degli sforzi in modo I e II mediante il metodo degli spostamenti. Vengono inoltre riportati tre esempi di calcolo, effettuati al fine di verificare la validità del procedimento proposto.

     

基于位移响应协方差参数的数值仿真和实测损伤识别研究

本文使用结构位移响应协方差参数进行结构损伤识别,首先推导和建立位移响应协方差参数的解析公式,它是结构频率、振型和阻尼等模态参数的函数,结构物理参数的改变会导致该协方差参数的改变;对一个七层框架结构进行数值模拟分析来演示该方法的有效性,通过比较结构不同状态下各单元位移响应协方差参数CoD的分布曲线,研究各单元CoD与损伤程度的关系曲线,发现损伤位置处的CoD改变最大,其次是对称和附近单元,通过单损伤和多损伤工况研究分析,表明基于结构损伤前后CoD的改变,能成功判定损伤发生和识别出损伤位置,最后把该方法应用于一个实验室简支钢梁的损伤识别,通过对锤击振动下的加速度响应进行二次积分得到位移响应,并比较钢梁损伤前后的CoD,得到损伤概率向量,成功识别出损伤位置。该方法具有较好的噪声鲁棒性,无需结构分析模型,计算简便,具有较好的工程应用性。     

The mechanical method of constructing the displacement functions in elasticity

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裂缝气液重力置换的流动实验及仿真

通过可视化模拟实验对真实裂缝下气液重力置换现象进行了模拟,得到了其气液界面现象与常规平板裂缝的差异;通过对压力、置换量等数据的处理证实了气液重力置换的机理;根据实验的液体漏失流量数据提出了钻井过程中漏失、置换、溢流区间;最后根据k-ε双方程模型进行了气液重力置换流动的仿真计算,得到三维裂缝流道中都是钻井液下部侵入,呈现一个近似的直角三角形形状。本文对现场钻井工程方案设计及安全钻井具有指导意义。     

电流比较仪电桥在静电陀螺转子位移测量中的应用

用耦合电感原理研究了电流比较仪电桥非平衡测量的原理及特性,导出了在不同激励信号(电压或电流)和不同输出信号(电压或电流)情况下电桥测量输出的表达式,并据此提出了现有静电陀螺转子位移测量电路的改进措施.研究表明,采用电流输出模式时,变压器的电感大小对检测结果没有影响,且能消除后续电路输入端寄生电容的影响;电流激励、电流输出模式具有最好的综合性能,但高精度交流恒流源的实现较为困难;电压激励、电流输出模式兼具两者的优点,是比较仪电桥较为理想的工作模式.     

基于改进位移模式的一维有限元超收敛算法

将多尺度方法的思想与超收敛计算的解析公式结合起来,提出了改进有限元位移模式的算法。利用超收敛计算的解析公式,将高阶有限元解的位移模式用常规有限元解的位移模式表示。用常规有限元解的位移模式与高阶有限元解的位移模式之和构造新的位移模式,采用积分形式推导了单元刚度矩阵。该算法在前处理和后处理两个阶段都使用超收敛计算公式,在常规试函数的基础上,增加了高阶试函数,使得单元内平衡方程的残差减少,从而达到提高精度的目标。对于线性单元,本文结点和单元的位移、导数都达到了h4阶的超收敛精度。     

无约束反对称静不定刚架截面相对位移的解法

从虚功原理出发,重点讨论了在求解无约束反对称静不定刚架截面相对位移时,单位载荷状态的构造方法与原则,可以启发教师和学生在进行该部分内容的讲授与练习时,从本质上理解并灵活运用单位载荷法.     

Improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm （NSGA）-II in multi-objective optimization studies of wind turbine blades

The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) is improved with the controlled elitism and dynamic crowding distance. A novel multi-objective optimization algorithm is obtained for wind turbine blades. As an example, a 5 MW wind turbine blade design is presented by taking the maximum power coefficient and the minimum blade mass as the optimization objectives. The optimal results show that this algorithm has good performance in handling the multi-objective optimization of wind turbines, and it gives a Pareto-optimal solution set rather than the optimum solutions to the conventional multiobjective optimization problems. The wind turbine blade optimization method presented in this paper provides a new and general algorithm for the multi-objective optimization of wind turbines.     

Stochastic Response of Laminated Composite Shell Panel in Hygrothermal Environment

In this article, the effect of random system properties is accounted to estimate the free vibration of multilayered composite shell panel in hygrothermal environment. The majority of previous investigations assumed that the material properties are independent of temperature and moisture. Establishing margin on material properties for design, analysis, and conceptualizing the material is highly difficult and uncertain. To perturb that, a first-order perturbation technique is adopted to obtain the response statistics of the structure by obtaining the mean and variance of random natural frequencies. The higher-order shear deformation theory with 9 degrees of freedom per node with the von-Karman sense of nonlinear kinematics is employed for generating basic formulation. The analysis is carried out by using quadratic C⁰ eight-noded isoparametric element. The governing equation for free vibration of laminated composite panel is derived using variational principle, which is a generalization of the principle of virtual displacement. The solution methodology is validated with published results. Mean and variance are obtained for different cross-ply of spherical and cylindrical laminates with different stacking sequence and boundary conditions.     

Reduction of applied electric potential controlling thermoelastic displacement in a piezoelectric actuator

Summary The present paper discusses how to reduce the applied electric potential which controls a distribution of the elastic displacement, when temperature change induces elastic deformation in a piezoelectric-based solid state actuator. The actuator consists of an isotropic structural plate, onto which multiple piezoelectric ceramic plates of crystal class 6mm are perfectly bonded. The analysis of this thermoelastic problem leads to electric potential applied to piezoelectric ceramic plates. Numerical calculations are carried out for an isotropic steel plate, onto which multiple cadmium-selenide plates are perfectly bonded. Finally, it is shown that the maximum applied electric potential in the case of ten cadmium selenide plates can be reduced to 11% of that derived from the previous study of a similar problem of one cadmium selenide plate bonded onto an isotropic steel plate. Received 10 September 1998; accepted for publication 23 March 1999