非晶塑性变形机理研究新进展

非晶合金的塑性变形机理一直是材料科学和凝聚态物理研究的热点问题之一.文章简单介绍了近来中国科学院物理研究所在非晶合金塑性机理研究方面的最新进展,介绍了玻璃转变和塑性变形机制之间的关联性及最新的实验证据,以及从非平衡态统计力学角度对非晶塑性变形机制的理解,指出非晶合金的塑性和剪切带的动力学状态密切相关,发现韧性非晶合金在变形过程中可以演化到自组织临界状态.这对认识非晶合金的形成本质,探索具有实际应用价值的非晶合金具有重要意义.     

压痕塑性变形诱导非晶合金的晶化

利用透射电镜研究了Zr₆₅Al_7.5Ni₁₀Cu_12.5Ag₅非晶合金的Vickers压痕内微观结构的变化. 结果发现，压痕塑性变形诱导非晶合金发生了晶化，在压头棱角下面的区域内有尺寸大于1 μm的晶体析出. 选区电子衍射分析表明，该析出相是稳定的CuZr₂或NiZr₂四方晶体，而没有析出该非晶合金在加热过程中的初生相二十面体准晶相,说明非晶合金的机械稳定性与热稳定性是有区别的. 打压痕过程中的温度升高是可以忽略的，本工作进一步证实了塑性变形诱导非晶合金晶化的主要动力是粘性流动而非局部热效应. 关键词： 非晶合金 塑性变形 粘性流动 局部热效应     

非晶合金中的流变单元

非晶合金是一类具有诸多优异性能的先进金属材料,同时也是研究非晶态物质的模型体系.最近,大量的实验和模拟证据显示,在非晶合金中可能存在类似晶体中缺陷的"流变单元",这些动力学单元和非晶合金的的流变、物理、力学性能密切关联.本文主要综述了流变单元提出的背景、实验证据、流变单元的特征、激活与演化过程、相互作用以及相关的理论.文中提供了大量实验证据证明流变单元模型不仅可以帮助理解非晶态物质中如形变、玻璃转变、弛豫动力学以及非晶结构和性能的关系等重要的基本物理问题,而且可以指导非晶合金性能的调控和设计,获得性能优异的非晶合金材料.     

非晶力学流变的自组织临界行为

非晶材料是由液体快冷冻结而成的结构无序的亚稳态固体.在受力条件下,非晶材料表现出独特和复杂的流变行为,具有跨尺度的高度时空不均匀特征,并在一定条件下表现出自组织临界行为,和自然界以及物理系统中许多复杂体系的动力学行为相似.本文结合作者近年来在非晶合金流变行为方面的研究结果,对非晶材料流变的研究进展和物理机制的认识进行介绍,包括非晶材料流变的跨尺度特征、表征和微观结构机制,以及近年来发现的非晶力学流变的自组织临界行为、物理机制等.最后,对非晶材料流变行为研究中亟需解决的问题进行了总结和展望.     

新型Pr基大块非晶及其特性研究

用铜模吸铸法获得了直径为5mm的一种新的Pr基大块非晶.与以往其他稀土-过渡金属(RE-TM)大块非晶不同的是，这种新的Pr基大块非晶具有明显的玻璃转变和稳定的过冷液相区，且其玻璃转变温度在目前已知的大块非晶中是最低的，T_g=409K.研究了该大块非晶的玻璃转变动力学，并给出了Kauzmann温度T_k、Vogel-Fulcher温度T⁰_g及脆性参数m等重要参数. 关键词： 大块非晶 玻璃转变 脆性参数m     

Zr基大块非晶合金的热膨胀与超塑性

关键词：     

退火态Zr55A110Ni5Cu30块体非晶合金在轧制过程中的自由体积演化

将Zr55All0Ni5Cu30块体非晶合金在715K等温退火30min,引入少量纳米晶,然后于室温以不同的应变速率进行轧制,用差示扫描量热仪考察不同应变量样品的热稳定性和自由体积演化．结果表明：即使轧制到95％的最大应变量,样品的热稳定性也几乎没有发生改变．在各种应变速率下,随着应变量的增加,自由体积含量持续上升．但随着应变速率的增加,相同应变量下自由体积的含量先上升后降低,该规律与单一非晶态结构合金在塑性变形过程中自由体积的变化情况截然不同．     

Nb添加对Cu-Zr非晶合金玻璃转变和晶化动力学的影响

采用铜模吸铸法制备出直径为2 mm的Cu_50.3Zr_49.7-xNb_x(x=0,2)大块非晶合金，利用示差扫描量热分析(DSC)研究了2at%Nb元素添加对Cu-Zr非晶合金玻璃转变动力学和晶化动力学的影响，发现含Nb合金具有较低的脆性指数，和较高的晶化激活能.这表明微量Nb的添加提高了该二元Cu基非晶合金过冷金属液相的热稳定性，从而有利于其非晶合金的形成. 关键词： Cu-Zr非晶合金 Nb添加 玻璃转变动力学 晶化动力学     

非晶合金的高通量制备与表征

非晶合金是一种不同于传统合金材料的新型合金,其突出的机械、物理、化学等性能在工程应用领域备受关注.作为一种具有无序原子结构的新型合金,非晶合金中蕴含的丰富的物理现象在基础研究领域也备受瞩目.非晶合金往往由多个组元构成,这给成分优化和性能调制带来了巨大的挑战.材料基因组方法是最近发展起来的新方法,通过高通量制备和结构表征以及性能筛选有望加快新型非晶合金材料的探索,在高通量表征中获得的大量实验数据可以帮助人们理解非晶合金中的科学问题.本文主要介绍高通量制备和表征在非晶合金中的应用,通过列举典型案例,展示通过高通量方法探索新型非晶合金材料的作用.     

退火态Zr55Al10Ni5Cu30块体非晶合金在轧制过程中的自由体积演化

将Zr₅₅Al₁₀Ni₅Cu₃₀块体非晶合金在715 K等温退火30 min, 引入少量纳米晶, 然后于室温以不同的应变速率进行轧制, 用差示扫描量热仪考察不同应变量样品的热稳定性和自由体积演化. 结果表明:即使轧制到95%的最大应变量, 样品的热稳定性也几乎没有发生改变. 在各种应变速率下, 随着应变量的增加, 自由体积含量持续上升. 但随着应变速率的增加, 相同应变量下自由体积的含量先上升后降低, 该规律与单一非晶态结构合金在塑性变形过程中自由体积的变化情况截然不同.     

Structural signature of plastic deformation in metallic glasses

The structure feature of a model CuZr metallic glass during deformation is investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. A spatially heterogeneous irreversible rearrangement is observed in terms of nonaffine displacement. We find that regions with smaller nonaffine displacement have more Voronoi pentagons, while in those with larger nonaffine displacement other types of faces are more populated. We use the degree of local fivefold symmetry (LFFS) as the structural indicator to predict plastic deformation of local structures and find that the plastic events prefer to be initiated in regions with a lower degree of LFFS and propagate toward regions with a higher degree of LFFS.     

探索塑性金属玻璃

缺乏室温宏观塑性是限制金属玻璃应用,制约金属玻璃形变机理研究的主要障碍,因此探索具有室温宏观塑性的金属玻璃材料成为金属玻璃研究领域的热点.文章首先介绍了作者为提高金属玻璃室温塑性所采用的三种在实践中可行的方法,然后根据金属玻璃的弹性模量(泊松比)与塑性的关系,报道了作者在设计大塑性金属玻璃材料方面的最新进展.     

探索塑性金属玻璃

缺乏室温宏观塑性是限制金属玻璃应用,制约金属玻璃形变机理研究的主要障碍,因此探索具有室温宏观塑性的金属玻璃材料成为金属玻璃研究领域的热点.文章首先介绍了作者为提高金属玻璃室温塑性所采用的三种在实践中可行的方法,然后根据金属玻璃的弹性模量（泊松比）与塑性的关系,报道了作者在设计大塑性金属玻璃材料方面的最新进展.     

Mechanisms of inelastic deformation in metallic glasses

The phenomenology of inelastic deformation in metallic glasses is briefly reviewed. This is followed by a short review of methods used to characterize the glassy structure. Considerable emphasis is put on the amorphous soap bubble raft as a two-dimensional analog medium that can give quantitatively accurate simulations of both the structural properties ofmetallic glasses and the mechanisms of their inelastic deformation. Analysis of such sheared bubble rafts has established that the basic ingredient of inelastic deformation in these materials is shear transformations occurring in small, atomic size volume elements that are only weakly interacting. Through the use of an inter-bubble potential, the changes in energy of these shear transformations can be analyzed in great detail. This has disclosed a remarkable capability in the model to parallel and predict complex relaxation phenomena in metallic glasses down to the detail of simulating the distributed nature of the structure and the free energies for transformation. This has led further to a very satisfactory model for the kinetics of anelastic and viscoplastic response of the structure for processes on shear localization, and nas led even to a semi-quantitative model for embrittlement resulting from physical ageing.     

On the structural stability of metallic glasses

We discuss the various possibilities advanced to account for the structural stability of metallic glasses. Using a formalism based on the pseudopotential theory and the Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality we calculate the free energies and free energies of formation for the glassy phase of MgCa at various concentrations and compare these results with those for the corresponding solid and liquid phases of the same system. Subsequently, we attempt to explain the stability of the metallic glasses by noting a matching between the positions of the first peakq _m in the relevant structure factor and the maximumq _s in the relevant screened pseudopotential.The major part of this work was done in the H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, England     

Kinetics of structural relaxation and regularities of plastic flow of metallic glasses

On the basis of a calculation of the structural relaxation rate and an experimental acoustical-emission determination of the temperature of the transition from localized to uniform flow it is argued that the type of plastic deformation of metallic glasses is uniquely determined by the kinetic structure of the relaxation. In the case of a kinetically hindered structural relaxation, which is characteristic for tests of initial samples at temperatures T<380–420 K, a localized dislocational deformation is realized. At higher temperatures, “memory” of the thermal prehistory of the samples is lost (aging at room temperature), the structural relaxation rate grows abruptly and plastic flow becomes uniform viscoplastic flow. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 41, 2167–2173 (December 1999)     

Internal stresses of deformation origin in bulk metallic glasses of the Pd-Cu-Ni-P system

The effective internal shear stresses arising during unloading of bulk Pd-Cu-Ni-P metallic glasses deformed under conditions of homogeneous flow below the glass transition temperature T _g have been determined using measurements of the torque relaxation. It has been shown that the level of effective internal stresses gradually decreases with increasing temperature and approaches zero at T ?? T _g . Possible mechanisms of the formation of internal stresses with variations in the experimental conditions have been discussed.