共转Oldroyd B流体剪切-拉伸流动研究

应用宏观理论的共转模型研究纺丝拉伸过程中测粘-拉伸流动的流变学，以探讨液晶高分子流体纺丝拉伸初步机制。由共转Oldroyd B流体模型的本构方程导出了测粘-拉伸流动的法向应力差和拉伸粘度的解析表达式，利用边界条件及运动方程列出了主拉伸速度与纺程的微分方程。应用Matlab软件绘制出拉伸粘度和主拉伸速度随其它参数变化的曲线，从而得到这些参数对纺丝拉伸流动流变学性能的影响，这对纺丝过程的工艺控制有一定的指导意义。     

含瓦斯煤的破坏和流动法则

讨论了含瓦斯煤破坏形式及相应的破坏条件,以应变分量表示应力分量建立了关联于Drucker-Prager准则和Lagrange准则的正则流动法则,考虑了剪切屈服和拉伸破坏两种状态之间的转换。剪切屈服后的流动是双向的,而拉伸破坏后流动是单向的;对于剪切屈服和拉伸破坏后的流动,应变变化路径不同,应变增量与应力增量之间的关系也不同;应力增量与应变增量的关系,不能由几个方程简捷地表示,需要用流程才能表达。     

HOPKINSON冲击拉杆的改进及应用

本文给出用Hopkinson空心杆代替实心杆进行材料动态拉伸性能测试实验研究。实践证明,Hopkinson空心杆比实心杆有明显优点,我们利用了空心杆测试材料动态拉伸性能,使测试结果较实心杆有明显改进。 为了证明空心杆的动态可靠性,本文用二维动力有限元法分析了空心杆的一维性。     

用蒙特卡罗方法模拟单向复合材料的拉伸断裂过程

通过采用改进的剪滞模型，假定界面不发生破坏，求得不同基体纤维刚度比μ（μ＝ＥｍＶｍ／ＥｆＶｆ）不同基体韧性情况下断裂纤维附近的应力集中系数，然后通过蒙特卡罗方法模拟单向复合材料的拉伸断裂过程，比较若干情况下复合材料的拉伸强度，找出提高复合材料拉伸强度的方法。     

表面活性剂溶液中弹性胶束断裂作用下圆柱绕流特征研究

表面活性剂分子溶于水自组装形成的蠕虫状胶束溶液由于其高表面活性和高黏弹性,具有独特的力学响应特性,呈现出与牛顿流体迥异的流动特征。采用考虑溶液中胶束可逆断裂和重构效应的双组分VCM本构方程,研究了溶液流变学特性,发现溶液拉伸应力随应变率呈现出拉伸硬化-稀化-硬化的强非线性特征。研究了蠕虫状胶束溶液绕圆柱流动的特性,在低雷诺数(Re～0.01)下,当维森贝格数Wi>1时,流场出现较强的不稳定性,绕流尾迹区流场呈现随时间波动的特征,通过功率谱分析发现流场波动具有拟周期特征,当胶束断裂引起流体拉伸应力对弹性响应的非线性增强时,流场波动的不规则性增强。圆柱后缘附近出现一对周期性变化的对称涡,表明流体弹性会促进流动分离的发生,流体拉伸应力对弹性变化的强非线性响应是造成低雷诺数绕流流动不稳定性的根本原因,揭示了蠕虫状胶束溶液在低雷诺数高黏弹性时绕流流动不稳定性的产生机理。     

液晶高分子取向特征及其流变性质研究

研究液晶高分子取向特征及其流变性质，在向矢输运方程基础上，研究了管内Posieulle流动和纺丝拉伸流动中一维向矢部分，应用偏光显微镜研究了热致性和溶致性液晶高分子织构，显示出液晶态的各向异性特征，测定了溶致性液晶高分子羟基丙基纤维素（HPC）的流变特性。     

扰动本构方程及粘弹流体拉伸流动不稳定性

提出“准衰退记忆”新概念,发展了非牛顿流体扰动本构理论,并研究了粘弹流体拉伸流动的不稳定性规律     

套管式冲击拉伸实验装置的研制

介绍了几种常见的冲击拉伸实验装置,并做了简要的评述.提出了一种改进后的套管式冲击拉伸实验装置,该装置直接产生拉伸脉冲,消除了反射式冲击拉伸实验装置中两种干扰信号的影响,得到了远比反射式冲击拉伸实验更为理想的透射波形.运用改进后的套管式冲击拉伸试验装置对几种板材材料进行了动态拉伸实验,得到了这几种板材在600/s,1200/s,1800/s应变率下的应力应变曲线,与静态应力应变曲线相比较,反映了这几种板材具有明显的应变率效应.根据实验结果中动态与静态应力应变曲线的一致性,分析了这种套管式冲击拉伸实验装置的优越性与有效性,它能更好地反映材料的动态力学性能.     

冲压板材拉伸筋阻力的一种有效数值计算方法

将弹塑性有限变形的拟流动角点本构理论和厚向各向异性屈服函数引入弹塑性动力显式有限元列式,对板材通过拉伸筋的变形过程及拉伸筋阻力进行了数值模拟,并与有关实验结果进行了比较很好的一致性,表明了该计算方法的有效性。进而,数值研究了拉伸筋形状、界面摩擦状况以及材料的厚向各向异性对拉伸筋阻力的影响,为实际覆盖件冲压成形中拉伸筋的设置提供了重要的定量依据。     

套管式Hopkinson冲击拉伸实验相关问题的探讨

基于套管式Hopkinson冲击拉伸实验装置,对板状、棒状材料的冲击拉伸试验进行了简要介绍,重点讨论和解决材料冲击拉伸试验过程中出现的一些问题。通过提出的一种辅助式螺母连接方法,改进了棒状材料试件连接装置,解决了棒状试件试验过程中因连接拧紧度对实验结果的影响;通过建立其有限元模型,运用ABAQUS软件数值模拟分析入射杆端部拉伸螺母厚度对入射波形的影响,给出合理选择拉伸螺母的依据。     

The role of elongational viscosity in the mechanism of drag reduction by polymer additives

The role of elongational viscosity in the mechanism of drag reduction by polymer additives is investigated qualitatively by means of direct numerical simulations of a turbulent pipe flow. For the polymer solution, a generalised Newtonian constitutive model is utilised in which the viscosity depends on the second and third invariant of the rate-of-strain tensor via an elongation parameter. This elongation parameter is capable of identifying elongational type of regions within the flow. The simulations show that complementary to stretching of the polymers, also compression must be incorporated to have drag reduction, contrary to many suggestions done in the literature on the mechanism which assume that stretching of the polymers is most important.     

Branched viscoelastic surfactant solutions and their response to elongational flow

Several years ago, Münstedt and Laun reported on the influence of branching on the elongational flow properties of polymer chains (Münstedt and Laun, 1981). They concluded that, in addition to the molecular weight distribution, the degree of branching strongly affects the degree of strain thickening of the elongational viscosity in such a way that the maximum in this material function increases with branching. In a recent paper by Lin, a ternary system of dodecyldimethylamine oxide-sodium laureth sulphate-sodium chloride surfactant solutions was investigated by CryoTEM and rheology (Lin, 1996). He reported a linear relation between the added sodium chloride and the branching of the wormlike micelles. In this paper we present an investigation of these surfactant solutions in elongational flow. Our results indicate that for branched micellar systems the presence of branching enhances the maximum of the elongational viscosity in the same manner as in the case of polymer melts.     

Morphology development in polystyrene/polyethylene blends during uniaxial elongational flow

The deformation of linear low-density and low-density polyethylene particles dispersed in a polystyrene matrix was studied during defined uniaxial elongational flow conditions for different capillarity numbers and different temperatures. The morphology of the elongated samples was analysed by quenching the specimens in liquid nitrogen directly after the deformation. Furthermore, morphology development after recovery was investigated. By measuring the transient elongational viscosity of the blend matrix the true hydrodynamic stress during the flow process was calculated. Using a modified critical capillarity number, the fibril formation of the dispersed phase could be described at all test conditions. Virtually no break-up processes were observed. This finding could be explained by calculating the characteristic time of fibril break-up due to Rayleigh instabilities. By annealing the elongated samples a spherical shape of the dispersed droplets was regained. Compared with the initial sample morphology a pronounced increase of the particle sizes due to coalescence processes during elongation was observed.     

Design and operation of the free jet elongational rheometer

The controlled free jet instability is used for elongational rheometry of polymer solutions. The instantaneous elongational viscosity represents a convenient comparative parameter. Its dependence on the operating parameters and the conditions of operation will be discussed.     

Material functions for constant-strain-rate elongational flows

The problem of determination of invariant material functions for elongational flows in which two components of the constant strain-rate tensor are equal is briefly discussed, and a method of its solution described. The method is based on simultaneous modeling of the elongational viscosity as measured in uniform uniaxial elongational flow, and the shear viscosity as measured in steady viscometric flow. A single integral model with a strain-rate dependent memory is used to correlate both viscosities over a given experimental range of strain rates. The procedure has been applied to a set of experimental data obtained for a low-density polyethylene melt by Laun and Münstedt.     

Imperfect lubricated squeezing flow viscometry for foods

Commercial mayonnaise and mustard samples placed in a wide, shallow Teflon container were compressed by a wide Teflon plate to induce an imperfect lubricated squeezing flow. A dominant squeezing flow regime could be clearly identified as a linear region in the log F(t) vs log H(t) relationship, F(t) and H(t) being the momentary force and specimen height respectively. The slope of the relationship enabled the estimation of the flow index, n, and the consistency coefficient K. The n values of the mayonnaise were on the order of 0.6–0.85 and those of the mustard about 0.7. The corresponding K values were on the order of 6–13 and 4–5 kPasⁿ respectively. Considering the crudeness of the array the measurements were highly reproducible and sensitive enough to detect differences (mayonnaise) or establish similarities (mustard) in products of different brands. The calculated flow index was practically independent of the plate's radius and of the consistency coefficient, which had a weak dependency on the latter. The calculated elongational viscosity vs biaxial strain rate relationship could also be used to compare the different products and brands. At 0.01 s^–1 the elongational viscosity of the maynonnaise was on the order of 150 kPas, and of the mustard 60 kPas.     

Rheotens-mastercurves and elongational viscosity of polymer melts

In a Rheotens experiment, the tensile force needed for elongation of an extruded filament is measured as a function of the draw ratio. For thermo-rheologically simple polymer melts, the existence of Rheotens-mastercurves was proved by Wagner, Schulze, and Göttfert (1995). Rheotens-mastercurves are invariant with respect to changes in melt temperature and changes in the average molar mass. By use of purely viscous models, we convert Rheotens-mastercurves of a branched and a linear polyethylene melt to elongational viscosity as a function of strain rate. The resulting elongational viscosity from constant force extension experiments is found to be in general agreement with what is expected as steady-state viscosity of polyethylene melts measured in either constant strain-rate or constant stress mode.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. J. Meissner on the occasion of his retirement from the chair of Polymer Physics at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Switzerland     

Comparison of the predictions of viscoelastic and plastic-viscoelastic fluid model to the rheological behaviour of polystyrene and polystyrene-carbon black compounds

The rheological properties of a polystyrene melt and its compounds with carbon black are compared with a non-linear viscoelastic fluid theory and a plastic-viscoelastic fluid model. Shear viscosities, principal normal stresses and elongational viscosities are investigated for melt and compound. The relaxation spectra for the melt was determined with an eccentric disc rheometer. The Bogue-White model gave satisfactory agreement for the melt with an a parameter of 0.5. For the plastic-viscoelastic fluid theory, a Bogue-White model was used to represent theH functional. The _i and a parameters were taken to be the same as for the pure melt while theG _i were increased by a hydrodynamic factor. A yield value was obtained from the compound data. Generally good agreement was found but some discrepancy exists for the elongational flow experiments.     

Multiaxial elongation of polyisobutylene with various and changing strain rate ratios

The multiaxial elongational rheometer equipped with rotary clamps is modified such that in addition to simple, equibiaxial and multiaxial elongations also tests with new modes of elongation can be performed. As an example, polyisobutylene is elongated with a ratio of the principal strain rates of and magnitudes of the maximum strain rate , 0.04 and 0.08 s^–1. As a test result, the first elongational viscosityµ ₁ (t) is obtained which follows closely the linear viscoelastic shear viscosity . In contrast, the second elongational viscosityµ ₂ (t) remains below . By means of a further modification of the rheometer, the test modes can be varied during the deformation period. This allows one to investigate the influence of a well-defined rheological pre-history on the following rheological behaviour. As an example a variation ofm = 0.5 2 was performed. The measured normal-stress differences superpose from the single steps of deformation similar to the linear viscoelastic prediction.Dedicated to Prof. F. R. Schwarzl on the occasion of his 60th birthday