垂直裂缝在砂泥岩层理界面上拐折扩展特性研究

首先以大庆油田薄差油藏的砂泥岩储层力学参数为基础,根据相似原理,制备了砂泥岩相似材料试件。然后通过三点弯曲实验构建了Ⅰ型裂缝扩展,并采用数字散斑相关方法,获得了裂缝扩展过程中试件表面散斑场的变化规律。由此给出了界面位置处裂尖的应力奇异性阶数及应力强度因子,了解了材料强度差异对裂缝在界面扩展特性的影响。分析表明,当垂直裂缝从高强度材料一侧扩展时,界面的应力奇异性阶数大,界面的应力集中效应高,KⅡ/KⅠ比值小,裂缝拐折程度小,反之亦然。     

不同材料界面Ⅲ型裂纹尖端场实验研究

本文应用激光全息干涉法获得了两种材料Ⅲ型界面裂纹试件的离面位移场,通过试验数据处理求得了裂纹尖端附近位移、应力场强度的控制参量K_(Ⅲ),J值,给出了局部解的适用区域。还研究了两种材料粘结界面处的连续条件,分析了结果的合理性。为了对比和分析界面裂纹问题,还对同种材料试件进行了试验和数据处理。     

光弹法实测正交异性双材料界面裂纹断裂参数

采用光弹贴片法实测正交异性双材料界面裂纹尖端区域的应力应变场, 进而求出界面裂纹的断裂力学参量. 将正交异性双材料板加工成拉伸试件,在聚碳酸酯贴片 的单侧表面镀金属铝膜,以提高贴片的反射效率. 沿贴片后的双材料界面预制裂缝,逐渐加 大载荷,得到一系列清晰的等差线条纹图. 利用正交异性双材料界面裂纹尖端应力分量表达 式计算出应力强度因子. 实验表明,光弹贴片法可有效地分析正交异性双材料界面裂纹问题.     

金瓷双材料力学行为的现代光力学实验研究

金瓷修复体兼具金属强度及陶瓷美观的优点,在口腔医学上得到了广泛应用,但临床上时有发生脱瓷并且又多发生在界面处,针对这种情况,通过研究不同层厚比的金瓷修复体试件梁的界面力学行为,以分析其破坏机理。采用云纹干涉法和电子散斑法对界面具有缺陷形式的试件进行了实验研究。得到裂纹尖端及界面处的位移场,计算了界面断裂强度等参量,并给出了试件制备、实验方法。实验结果表明不同层厚比的试件以及不同界面缺陷形式的试件对抵抗破坏能力均有不同影响;现代光力学实验方法对研究具有小变形的双材料结构力学行为可行、有效。     

EXPERIMENT STUDY OF I TYPE CRACK BLUNT EXTENSION INDUCED BY WEAK PLANE1)

天然裂缝或层理等弱界面的剪切破坏是体积压裂裂缝网络形成的关键因素。利用数字散斑相关技术,通过三点弯曲构建了I型裂缝经过弱界面时的扩展特性实验,获得了试件表面位移场和应变场的变化规律。实验结果表明：I型裂缝扩展至弱界面层后,裂缝发生短暂停滞扩展,裂缝尖端张开位移迅速增加,I型裂缝尖端钝化,弱界面剪切应变迅速增加,裂缝由I型裂缝转变为I-II复合型裂缝并转向扩展。     

Ⅰ型裂缝经弱界面钝化扩展实验研究

天然裂缝或层理等弱界面的剪切破坏是体积压裂裂缝网络形成的关键因素。利用数字散斑相关技术,通过三点弯曲构建了Ⅰ型裂缝经过弱界面时的扩展特性实验,获得了试件表面位移场和应变场的变化规律。实验结果表明:Ⅰ型裂缝扩展至弱界面层后,裂缝发生短暂停滞扩展,裂缝尖端张开位移迅速增加,Ⅰ型裂缝尖端钝化,弱界面剪切应变迅速增加,裂缝由Ⅰ型裂缝转变为Ⅰ--Ⅱ复合型裂缝并转向扩展。     

表面形貌变形对塑性成形滑动接触界面摩擦的影响

为了更好地理解塑性成形滑动接触界面的摩擦行为,构建了一种新型的摩擦试验装置,运用表面纹理化技术制备了两类表面形貌的1050铝材试件,在不同的接触压力和滑动速度条件下进行一系列拉伸摩擦试验.对试验前后试件三维表面形貌进行了测量;提取真实接触面积比、封闭空体面积比和开放空体面积比等三维表面参数,来描述试件表面形貌的变化.试验发现:摩擦系数随名义接触压力和滑动速度增加而逐渐减小;试件初始表面形貌对摩擦有明显的影响;试件表面形貌和参数随接触条件出现了规律性变化.基于机械流变模型的分析表明:随着试件表面形貌变形,不同的机理决定界面摩擦行为,摩擦系数对名义接触压力和滑动速度的依赖性可分别归因于微观塑性流体动压润滑效应和入口区流体动压牵引效应.     

SiC/Al梯度功能材料紧凑拉伸试件裂纹扩展分析

SiC/Al梯度功能材料各梯度层由不同体积浓度的陶瓷和金属组成,由于材料组分梯度变化,克服了双材料界面的应力突变问题,获得了优异的使用性能.本文首先采用激光云纹干涉法,对具有四个梯度层的SiC/Al梯度功能材料紧凑拉伸试件在机械荷载作用下的拉伸实验位移场进行记录,进而获得紧凑拉伸试件裂纹口位移P-V曲线以及材料断裂韧度实验值;然后根据层合梯度功能材料理论分析模型,建立FGM紧凑拉伸试件的渐近分网有限元平面应变模型,采用通用有限元软件的单元删除模块对试件模型进行裂纹扩展单元的应变模拟分析,从计算所得的裂纹尖端应变图像分析得出梯度材料试件的裂纹扩展规律.     

薄膜涂层材料界面纯剪破坏标准试验法的开发

界面强度是薄膜涂层材料的最重要的性能指标之一，目前尚缺乏有效的测量方法。测量界面强度的主要困难在于寻求一种便于试验的试件形状和加载方式，使得界面上能够产生不同的应力状态，即在不同的剥离应力和剪应力比的状态下发生破坏。本文采用有限元数值分析（ABAQUS），研究了几种具有简单几何形状的试件的界面应力，并基于大量的数值试验，设计了剪应力为破坏支配因素的试件形状和加载方式，并且给出了便于应用的最大界面剪应力的经验估算公式。该经验公式可以适用于各种材料组合和薄膜涂层的厚度。研究结果表明，通过对薄膜涂层材料试件的基体引入缺口以产生应力集中，进行普通的四点弯曲试验，可以进行剪应力占支配地位的界面破坏试验。利用本文提出的试件形状和相应的最大界面剪应力经验公式，可以通过破坏试验简单地得到界面的剪切强度。     

基于数字图像相关性方法的脆性材料拉氏反分析实验技术

利用分离式Hopkinson压杆作为加载系统,借助超高速数字图像相关性分析方法,发展了长杆试件拉氏反分析实验技术,并用于研究脆性材料在小变形条件下的动态本构特性。通过超高速相机实时拍摄冲击加载下长杆试件变形的散斑图像,再对散斑图像进行数字图像相关性（digital image correlation,DIC）分析,获得长杆试件表面速度场和应变场。随后,以脆性材料PMMA（polymethyl methacrylate）为例,从DIC分析得到的速度场中提取出不同拉格朗日位置上质点速度时程曲线,构建路径线连接整个速度场,再结合零初始条件,数值求解得到了试件中的应力时程曲线,消去时间参数后,获得了脆性材料PMMA的动态应力-应变曲线,并与Hopkinson压杆实验和准静态压缩实验的结果进行了对比,揭示了PMMA材料在小应变条件下的黏弹性本构响应特征。     

Gaussian beam formulations and interface conditions for the one-dimensional linear Schrödinger equation

Gaussian beams are asymptotic solutions of linear wave-like equations in the high frequency regime. This paper is concerned with the beam formulations for the Schrödinger equation and the interface conditions while beams pass through a singular point of the potential function. The equations satisfied by Gaussian beams up to the fourth order are given explicitly. When a Gaussian beam arrives at a singular point of the potential, it typically splits into a reflected wave and a transmitted wave. Under suitable conditions, the reflected wave and/or the transmitted wave will maintain a beam profile. We study the interface conditions which specify the relations between the split waves and the incident Gaussian beam. Numerical tests are presented to validate the beam formulations and interface conditions.     

Mechanics and fracture of crack tip deformable bi-material interface

Novel interface deformable bi-layer beam theory is developed to account for local effects at crack tip of bi-material interface by modeling a bi-layer composite beam as two separate shear deformable sub-layers with consideration of crack tip deformation. Unlike the sub-layer model in the literature in which the crack tip deformations under the interface peel and shear stresses are ignored and thus a “rigid” joint is used, the present study introduces two interface compliances to account for the effect of interface stresses on the crack tip deformation which is referred to as the elastic foundation effect; thus a flexible condition along the interface is considered. Closed-form solutions of resultant forces, deformations, and interface stresses are obtained for each sub-layer in the bi-layer beam, of which the local effects at the crack tip are demonstrated. In this study, an elastic deformable crack tip model is presented for the first time which can improve the split beam solution. The present model is in excellent agreements with analytical 2-D continuum solutions and finite element analyses. The resulting crack tip rotation is then used to calculate the energy release rate (ERR) and stress intensity factor (SIF) of interface fracture in bi-layer materials. Explicit closed-form solutions for ERR and SIF are obtained for which both the transverse shear and crack tip deformation effects are accounted. Compared to the full continuum elasticity analysis, such as finite element analysis, the present solutions are much explicit, more applicable, while comparable in accuracy. Further, the concept of deformable crack tip model can be applied to other bi-layer beam analyses (e.g., delamination buckling and vibration, etc.).     

考虑界面滑移效应的组合裂纹梁弯曲解析解

将上部子梁的裂纹等效为线性扭转弹簧,考虑组合梁连接面的滑移位移,建立了以组合裂纹梁挠度和滑移位移为基本未知量的组合裂纹梁弯曲变形一维数学模型．利用Laplace变换及其逆变换,给出了组合裂纹梁弯曲变形一维数学模型的解析通解．在此基础上,研究了均布载荷作用下简支组合裂纹梁的弯曲变形问题,数值分析了连接面剪切刚度、裂纹深度、数目和位置等参数对组合裂纹梁弯曲变形的影响,结果表明：在裂纹处,组合裂纹梁挠度曲线存在尖点,而横截面转角曲线存在跳跃,且随着裂纹数目和深度的增加,挠度和横截面转角跳跃值增大;随着连接面剪切刚度的增加,挠度和横截面转角减小,并最终趋于定值．并且,随着组合梁跨高比的增加,连接面剪切刚度对梁挠度影响逐渐减弱．     

Focusing of an ultrasonic beam by a curved interface

We calculate the wavefields near the caustics, and their cusps, formed when a well collimated, ultrasonic beam scatters from a concave fluid-solid interface. The radius of curvature of the interface is assumed to be sufficiently large and the angle of incidence sufficiently small that only reflection and transmission of the beam need be considered. The incident beam is modeled as a two-dimensional wavefield whose initial profile is rectangular. The aperture is assumed to be sufficiently large (in wavelengths) that a well collimated beam is radiated, and the interface is assumed to lie close enough to the aperture that it is struck by a wavefield that has not yet evolved into a cylindrical wave. The scattered wavefields are represented as multiple integrals and are evaluated using a combination of asymptotic and numerical analysis. Special attention is given to the sometimes competing effects of the shadow boundary of each scattered beam with its corresponding caustic, and cusp if one is formed.     

双材料界面断裂力学模型与实验方法

纤维增强聚合物(FRP)质轻、高强, 可提高结构的刚度、强度、抗震性能和耐久性, 近年来在结构加固及工程改造中得到广泛应用. FRP与传统复合材料之间形成双材料黏结界面, 界面断裂特性是决定双材料结构性能的关键因素. 对双材料界面裂纹尖端应力场理论、界面裂纹模型、黏结界面I型、II型及混合型断裂试验及理论研究现状进行综合评述和分析. 界面模型主要有经典梁/板理论和刚性节点模型、考虑剪切变形的双亚层理论和半刚性节点模型、基于双亚层理论的柔性节点模型、考虑剪切变形的多层亚层理论和多亚层柔性节点模型、弹性地基梁模型以及黏聚模型. 还介绍了双材料界面断裂力学在FRP-混凝土研究中的应用.      

钢框架翼缘削弱型和扩翼型节点受力性能研究

采用翼缘削弱型节点及扩翼型节点可以使塑性铰外移,缓解梁柱节点连接处应力集中,避免在焊接热影响区发生脆性破坏.针对削弱型节点、扩翼型和普通刚性节点进行了数值分析,结果表明:削弱型节点由于梁翼缘削弱,导致节点承载力降低,扩翼型节点增加了梁端翼缘板宽度,承载力高于削弱型节点和普通刚性节点.通过计算模型分析了节点的设计参数,并给出节点设计参数取值范围,为钢框架节点抗震设计提供理论分析依据.     

Simulation of an optically induced asymmetric deformation of a liquid–liquid interface

Deformations of liquid interfaces by the optical radiation pressure of a focused laser wave were generally expected to display similar behavior, whatever the direction of propagation of the incident beam. Recent experiments showed that the invariance of interface deformations with respect to the direction of propagation of the incident wave is broken at high laser intensities. In the case of a beam propagating from the liquid of smaller refractive index to that of larger one, the interface remains stable, forming a nipple-like shape, while for the opposite direction of propagation, an instability occurs, leading to a long needle-like deformation emitting micro-droplets. While an analytical model successfully predicts the equilibrium shape of weakly deformed interface, very few work has been accomplished in the regime of large interface deformations. In this work, we use the Boundary Integral Element Method (BIEM) to compute the evolution of the shape of a fluid–fluid interface under the effect of a continuous laser wave, and we compare our numerical simulations to experimental data in the regime of large deformations for both upward and downward beam propagation. We confirm the invariance breakdown observed experimentally and find good agreement between predicted and experimental interface hump heights below the instability threshold.     

Cohesive zone model of intermediate crack-induced debonding of FRP-plated concrete beam

External bonding of FRP plates or sheets has emerged as a popular method for strengthening reinforced concrete structures. Debonding along the FPR–concrete interface can lead to premature failure of the structures. In this study, debonding induced by a flexural crack in a FRP-plated concrete beam is analyzed through a nonlinear fracture mechanics method. The concrete beam and FRP plate are modeled as linearly elastic simple beams connected together through a thin layer of FRP–concrete interface. A bi-linear cohesive (bond-slip) law, which has been verified by experiments, is used to model the FRP–concrete interface as a cohesive zone. Thus a cohesive zone model for intermediate crack-induced debonding is established with a unique feature of unifying the debonding initiation and growth into one model. Closed-form solutions of interfacial stress, FRP stress and ultimate load of the plated beam are obtained and then verified with the numerical solutions based on finite element analysis. Parametric studies are carried out to demonstrate the significant effect of FRP thickness on the interface debonding. The bond-slip shape is examined specifically. In spite of its profound effect on softening zone size, the bond-slip shape has been found to have little effect on the ultimate load of the plated beam. By making use of such a unique feature, a simplified explicit expression is obtained to determine the ultimate load of the plated concrete beam with a flexural crack conveniently. The cohesive zone model in this study also provides an efficient and effective way to analyze more general FRP–concrete interface debonding.     

SHEAR BEAM MODEL FOR INTERFACE FAILURE UNDER ANTIPLANE SHEAR (Ⅰ)—FUNDAMENTAL BEHAVIOR

The propagation of interlayer cracks and the resulting failure of the interface is a typical mode occurring in rock engineering and masonry structure. On the basis of the theory of elasto~plasticity and fracture mechanics, the shear beam model for the solution of interface failure was presented. The concept of `cohesive crack’ was adopted to describe the constitutive behavior of the cohesive interfacial layer. Related fundamental equations such as equilibrium equation, constitutive equations were presented. The behavior of a double shear beam bonded through cohesive layer was analytically calculated. The stable propagation of interface crack and process zone was investigated.